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Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo

January 31, 2023

Islam is a minority religion within the Democratic Republic of the Congo where the large majority is affiliated to various Christian denominations and sects. It was first introduced to the Congo basin from the East African coast during the Arab slave trade in the 19th century and remains largely concentrated in parts of Eastern Congo, notably in Maniema Province. Most Congolese Muslims are Sunni and follow the Shafi‘i and Maliki school of jurisprudence (fiqh). Though estimates vary, it is generally believed that between one and 10 percent of the country's population identify as Muslim.

A Congolese Quran-stand, used for supporting the scriptures during prayer

Religion

History

Islam was spread to the Congo in the 18th or 19th century by Afro-Arab traders, such as Tippo Tip or Rumaliza, from the East African coast as part of the Arab slave trade which increasingly drew coastal traders into the interior in search of slaves and ivory.[1] Although the Arabs did not expressly intend to spread their religion or culture, many African peoples adopted the ideas they brought and the Swahili language was often associated with them.[1] With the expansion of European colonial rule into the eastern Congo under the auspices of the Congo Free State, European colonists came into conflict and defeated the Arabs, largely ending this process. Under Belgian colonial rule (1908–60), Muslims were distrusted and considered a potential source of sedition and Christianity, especially Catholicism, was promoted by the state.[1] The religion suffered repression during this period.[2] The arrival of the Qadiriyya, a branch of Sufism, from Tanganyika in the 1920s was particularly repressed by the colonial government.[1]

The independence of the Congo in 1960 brought greater religious tolerance and allowed the Muslim community to organise publicly for the first time.[1] Muslim communities received foreign support, notably from Muammar Gaddafi in the 1990s whose regime in Libya financed the construction of mosques in Eastern Congo.[3] Since the end of the Second Congo War, the Congo's Muslim community has been increasingly united with the emergence of a national leadership.[1]

Today

 
View of the mosque at Kindu (Maniema Province)

Today, Islam is a major religion within the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is particularly prominent in the east of the country where it has been present since the 18th century. The highest concentration of Muslims is in Maniema Province and especially its cities of Kasongo and Kindu where they represent 80–90 percent and 25 percent of the population respectively.[1] Besides indigenous Muslims, the population also includes recent immigrants from Lebanon, India, Pakistan and other parts of the African continent.

Congolese Muslims are represented at a national level by the Islamic Community of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (Communauté islamique du République démocratique du Congo, or Comico) which succeeded the Islamic Community of Zaire (Communauté islamique du Zaïre, Comiza) founded in the 1970s. However, the religion has little political influence in national politics and are underrepresented in its institutions. In the 2006 general elections, just four Muslims deputies and three senators were elected out of 500 and 108 respectively.[4]

The vast majority of Muslims in the country identify themselves as Sunni, following the Maliki school of jurisprudence (fiqh). 10 percent are Shia and six percent are Ahmadi.[5] Congolese Muslims are frequently divided between conservative Sufis and Reformists (Salafists) as well as along local ethnic, geographical, and generational lines.[1]

Violence between Muslims and other religious groups in the Congo, especially Congolese Christians, has been attested in North Kivu since 2014 in connection with the Allied Democratic Forces insurgency which originated in neighbouring Uganda.[6] The Allied Democratic Forces, whose political ideology is based on Islamism, is widely suspected of having perpetrated the Beni massacre in August 2016. It was reported in 2019 that the Pakistani contingent of the United Nations MONUSCO force was reported to have financed the construction of new mosques in the region, contributing to an "islamisation" of Eastern Congo.[3]

Numbers

Recent estimates of the proportion of the Congolese population who self-identify as Muslim vary considerably and range between approximately one and 10 percent. According to the political scientist Ashley E. Leinweber, it is generally estimated that around 10 percent of the national population identifies as Muslim.[1] In 2012, the Pew Research Center estimated the figure at 12 percent.[7] However, another Pew estimate in 2007 put the figure at just 1.4 percent.[8] An estimate by the US Department of State put the figure at 5% in 2015, and the CIA World Factbook at 1.3%.[9][10]

Notable people

Main page: Category:Democratic Republic of the Congo Muslims

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Leinweber 2012.
  2. ^ Leinweber, Ashley E. (2022-06-06). "The Quest for Survival, Cohesion and Voice for the Muslim Minority in Maniema, DR Congo". Islamic Africa. 13 (1): 27–46. doi:10.1163/21540993-01202001. ISSN 0803-0685.
  3. ^ a b Braeckman 2019.
  4. ^ Battory & Vircoulon 2017, p. 6.
  5. ^ "The World's Muslims: Unity and Diversity" (PDF). Pew Research Center. 9 August 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
  6. ^ "Villages 'obliterated' as Christian persecution grows in eastern Congo". The Catholic Herald. 19 Aug 2016. Retrieved 16 October 2016.
  7. ^ "Islam and Christianity in Sub-Saharan Africa" (PDF). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  8. ^ "Mapping the Global Muslim Population: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Muslim Population" (PDF). Pew Research Center. October 2009. p. 30. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
  9. ^ International Religious Freedom Report for 2015 Congo, Democratic Republic of the
  10. ^ "Congo, Democratic Republic of the". CIA World Factbook. Retrieved 21 May 2021.

Bibliography

  • Leinweber, Ashley E. (2012). "The Muslim Minority of the Democratic Republic of Congo: From Historic Marginalization and Internal Division to Collective Action". Cahiers d'études africaines. 2 (206–7): 517–44.
  • Battory, Jean; Vircoulon, Thierry (February 2017). "L'islam radicale en République démocratique du Congo: Entre mythe et manipulation'" (PDF). Notes de l'Ifri. Institut français des relations internationales. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  • Braeckman, Colette (7 December 2019). "L'Est du Congo, nouvelle cible du combat djihadiste?". Le Carnet de Colette Braeckman. Le Soir. Retrieved 17 December 2019.

Further reading

  • Luffin, Xavier (2014). "Le "danger musulman" au Congo belge et au Ruanda-Urundi". Cahiers du CIERL. 4: 11–18.

External links

  Media related to Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at Wikimedia Commons

January 31, 2023
islam, democratic, republic, congo, islam, minority, religion, within, democratic, republic, congo, where, large, majority, affiliated, various, christian, denominations, sects, first, introduced, congo, basin, from, east, african, coast, during, arab, slave, . Islam is a minority religion within the Democratic Republic of the Congo where the large majority is affiliated to various Christian denominations and sects It was first introduced to the Congo basin from the East African coast during the Arab slave trade in the 19th century and remains largely concentrated in parts of Eastern Congo notably in Maniema Province Most Congolese Muslims are Sunni and follow the Shafi i and Maliki school of jurisprudence fiqh Though estimates vary it is generally believed that between one and 10 percent of the country s population identify as Muslim A Congolese Quran stand used for supporting the scriptures during prayer Contents 1 Religion 1 1 History 1 2 Today 2 Numbers 3 Notable people 4 See also 5 Notes 5 1 Bibliography 6 Further reading 7 External linksReligion EditHistory Edit Islam was spread to the Congo in the 18th or 19th century by Afro Arab traders such as Tippo Tip or Rumaliza from the East African coast as part of the Arab slave trade which increasingly drew coastal traders into the interior in search of slaves and ivory 1 Although the Arabs did not expressly intend to spread their religion or culture many African peoples adopted the ideas they brought and the Swahili language was often associated with them 1 With the expansion of European colonial rule into the eastern Congo under the auspices of the Congo Free State European colonists came into conflict and defeated the Arabs largely ending this process Under Belgian colonial rule 1908 60 Muslims were distrusted and considered a potential source of sedition and Christianity especially Catholicism was promoted by the state 1 The religion suffered repression during this period 2 The arrival of the Qadiriyya a branch of Sufism from Tanganyika in the 1920s was particularly repressed by the colonial government 1 The independence of the Congo in 1960 brought greater religious tolerance and allowed the Muslim community to organise publicly for the first time 1 Muslim communities received foreign support notably from Muammar Gaddafi in the 1990s whose regime in Libya financed the construction of mosques in Eastern Congo 3 Since the end of the Second Congo War the Congo s Muslim community has been increasingly united with the emergence of a national leadership 1 Today Edit View of the mosque at Kindu Maniema Province Today Islam is a major religion within the Democratic Republic of the Congo It is particularly prominent in the east of the country where it has been present since the 18th century The highest concentration of Muslims is in Maniema Province and especially its cities of Kasongo and Kindu where they represent 80 90 percent and 25 percent of the population respectively 1 Besides indigenous Muslims the population also includes recent immigrants from Lebanon India Pakistan and other parts of the African continent Congolese Muslims are represented at a national level by the Islamic Community of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Communaute islamique du Republique democratique du Congo or Comico which succeeded the Islamic Community of Zaire Communaute islamique du Zaire Comiza founded in the 1970s However the religion has little political influence in national politics and are underrepresented in its institutions In the 2006 general elections just four Muslims deputies and three senators were elected out of 500 and 108 respectively 4 The vast majority of Muslims in the country identify themselves as Sunni following the Maliki school of jurisprudence fiqh 10 percent are Shia and six percent are Ahmadi 5 Congolese Muslims are frequently divided between conservative Sufis and Reformists Salafists as well as along local ethnic geographical and generational lines 1 Violence between Muslims and other religious groups in the Congo especially Congolese Christians has been attested in North Kivu since 2014 in connection with the Allied Democratic Forces insurgency which originated in neighbouring Uganda 6 The Allied Democratic Forces whose political ideology is based on Islamism is widely suspected of having perpetrated the Beni massacre in August 2016 It was reported in 2019 that the Pakistani contingent of the United Nations MONUSCO force was reported to have financed the construction of new mosques in the region contributing to an islamisation of Eastern Congo 3 Numbers EditRecent estimates of the proportion of the Congolese population who self identify as Muslim vary considerably and range between approximately one and 10 percent According to the political scientist Ashley E Leinweber it is generally estimated that around 10 percent of the national population identifies as Muslim 1 In 2012 the Pew Research Center estimated the figure at 12 percent 7 However another Pew estimate in 2007 put the figure at just 1 4 percent 8 An estimate by the US Department of State put the figure at 5 in 2015 and the CIA World Factbook at 1 3 9 10 Notable people EditMain page Category Democratic Republic of the Congo MuslimsSee also EditIslam in Africa Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo Christianity in the Democratic Republic of the CongoNotes Edit a b c d e f g h i Leinweber 2012 Leinweber Ashley E 2022 06 06 The Quest for Survival Cohesion and Voice for the Muslim Minority in Maniema DR Congo Islamic Africa 13 1 27 46 doi 10 1163 21540993 01202001 ISSN 0803 0685 a b Braeckman 2019 Battory amp Vircoulon 2017 p 6 The World s Muslims Unity and Diversity PDF Pew Research Center 9 August 2012 Retrieved 14 August 2012 Villages obliterated as Christian persecution grows in eastern Congo The Catholic Herald 19 Aug 2016 Retrieved 16 October 2016 Islam and Christianity in Sub Saharan Africa PDF Pew Forum on Religion amp Public Life Retrieved 17 October 2016 Mapping the Global Muslim Population A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World s Muslim Population PDF Pew Research Center October 2009 p 30 Retrieved 29 November 2016 International Religious Freedom Report for 2015 Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the CIA World Factbook Retrieved 21 May 2021 Bibliography Edit Leinweber Ashley E 2012 The Muslim Minority of the Democratic Republic of Congo From Historic Marginalization and Internal Division to Collective Action Cahiers d etudes africaines 2 206 7 517 44 Battory Jean Vircoulon Thierry February 2017 L islam radicale en Republique democratique du Congo Entre mythe et manipulation PDF Notes de l Ifri Institut francais des relations internationales Retrieved 16 March 2019 Braeckman Colette 7 December 2019 L Est du Congo nouvelle cible du combat djihadiste Le Carnet de Colette Braeckman Le Soir Retrieved 17 December 2019 Further reading EditLuffin Xavier 2014 Le danger musulman au Congo belge et au Ruanda Urundi Cahiers du CIERL 4 11 18 External links Edit Media related to Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Islam in the Democratic Republic of the Congo amp oldid 1110539490, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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