fbpx
Wikipedia

Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario

January 01, 1970

Between 1665 and 1670, seven Iroquois settlements on the north shore of Lake Ontario in present-day Ontario, collectively known as the "Iroquois du Nord" villages, were established by Senecas, Cayugas, and Oneidas. The villages consisted of Ganneious, Kente, Kentsio, Ganaraske, Ganatsekwyagon, Teiaiagon, and Quinaouatoua. The villages were all abandoned by 1701.[1]

Arrival edit

 
Iroquois Settlement on the north shore of Lake Ontario 1665–1701

The northern shores of Lake Ontario were first settled as early as eleven thousand years ago. While humans have lived along the northern shores of Lake Ontario for a long time, they have not been continuously settled. The Huron-Wendat had developed a distinct homeland along the northern shores of Lake Ontario in the 15th century, but moved north toward Georgian Bay by 1615, abandoning the northern shores of Lake Ontario.[2] The Iroquois raided the Huron in Ontario during the first half of the 17th century and began to establish greater control over the hunting grounds that existed between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe. By the 1640s the Huron-Wendat population had been reduced considerably by epidemics. In 1649, the Iroquois defeated the Huron, Petun, and then the Neutral, effectively destroying their enemies in Ontario.[3]

After the destruction of the Huron in southern Ontario the Iroquois began to make more frequent excursions on the northern shores of Lake Ontario. In the 1660s, the Iroquois began to expand their settlements north. A number of theories try to explain why the Iroquois began settling the northern shores of Lake Ontario. Economic reasons are considered the strongest motivation. By the 1640s the beaver had disappeared through over hunting in the traditional Iroquois homeland in modern-day New York state. The Iroquois were competing with both the Huron, Ottawa, and Algonquins for the fur trade. By establishing settlements on the northern shores of Lake Ontario the Iroquois were able to re-establish control on the flow of furs from the north and west towards Albany and Montreal.[4]

The Iroquois settlement into Ontario was part of a broader expansion of Iroquois groups in the mid 17th century. During this time the Iroquois also moved into what is today Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Quebec. Often these settlements were significantly closer to European settlements and have been characterized as Iroquois Colonies.[5]

Description edit

The seven villages that were settled on the northern shores of Lake Ontario from east to west are:

Little is known about the seven villages due to an absence of detailed archaeological evidence. The most comprehensive archaeological evidence gathered to date is from Bead Hill, which is believed to be the site of Ganatsekwyagon along the Rouge River.

The villages do share some common traits that are evident from the available sources. The northern villages were likely seasonal campsites prior to becoming larger settlements. They are located at strategic points controlling access to Lake Ontario and near seasonally abundant fish and games. Six of the seven villages are all located on the best agricultural land found along the northern shores of the lake, according to the Canada Land Inventory. The Iroquois likely grew squash, corn, and beans.[4]

The villages were also significant staging points for hunting parties moving north and for fur trading. The villages were the scene of extensive trade between both French, Dutch, English, and Ottawa traders and the Iroquois. The villages were also the site of violence due to the exchange of fur for liquor. There are number of incidents that record instances of maiming and death at Ganneious, Teiaiagon, and Ganatsekwyagon due to drinking.

As in other Iroquois settlements longhouses were in parallel to each other and surrounded by palisades. The estimated size of the villages varies from 500 to 800 persons. The villages would have had 20 to 30 structures. Quinaouatoua, was perhaps the smallest with a population of less than 100 in the fall of 1669.[7]

The villages were settled by different tribes. The Seneca settled the westernmost villages of Quinaouatoua, Teiaiagon, and Ganatsekwyagon. The Cayuga settled Ganaraske, Kente, and Kentsio, and the Oneida settled Ganneious along the eastern edge of the lake. The villages were connected to each other by a system of trail and water routes.

While each village is identified with one group, there is a strong likelihood that the villages continued a common Iroquois practice of incorporating and adopting large groups of outsiders into settlements. For example, a Neutral style longhouse was found at Bead Hill, which was initially settled by the Seneca. Existing texts also characterized populations in Iroquois communities distant from the homeland as being multinational and multilingual.[5]

Relations with the French edit

In 1668, the French began to visit the Iroquois villages to convert the local population to Christianity. Abbé Trouvé and François de Salignac de la Mothe-Fénelon were sent by François de Laval from Montreal to establish a Sulpician mission in the village of Kente. The mission was deserted in 1680 due to a lack of success and funding.[8] Abbé Fénelon then went on a tour of other villages and would spend the winter of 1669 in the village of Ganatsekwyagon. François-Saturnin Lascaris d'Urfé visited a number of the towns on the North shore of Lake Ontario. French explorers Jean Peré and Adrien Jolliet also passed through the village of Ganatsekwyagon in 1669 on their way to Lake Superior.[9]

Relations between the Iroquois du Nord and the French were tense due to the intermediate conflicts known as the Beaver Wars. The villages were settled during a time of relative peace. In 1673 when the French established their first settlement along Lake Ontario, Fort Frontenac, in present-day Kingston, Ontario, many Iroquois from the nearby village of Ganneious resettled closer to the Fort.[10] Relations deteriorated as the political situation in present-day New York state changed, and in 1687 the French attacked the Iroquois, destroying villages in both New York state and along the northern shores of Lake Ontario.

The establishment of Fort Frontenac also appears to have shifted influence from Ganatsekwyagon to Teiaiagon. Most evidence indicates that Ganatsekwyagon was the more important settlement on the north shore due to its strategic position on the Rouge River arm of the Toronto Carrying-Place Trail. Following the construction of Fort Frontenac, Teiaiagon became more travelled for two reasons. First, the construction of the fort shifted the Iroquois toward the western route around Lake Ontario and second the French anchored at Teiaiagon instead of Ganatsekwyagon due to the superior anchorage for French trade barques.[11]

Abandonment edit

In Anishinaabe oral tradition holds that the Iroquois abandoned their villages north of Lake Ontario following a number of decisive battles won by the Anishinaabe in south and central Ontario during the Beaver Wars. In the Great Peace of Montreal, signed in 1701, the Iroquois Confederacy agreed to remain on the south shore of Lake Ontario. By 1701 the Anishinaabe group called the Mississauga had moved into the area between Lake Erie and the Rouge River.[12]

The easternmost villages of Kente and Ganneious were reportedly destroyed in 1687 by Jacques René de Brisay de Denonville. His troops took 200 prisoners from both villages, to fight in the Beaver Wars, before destroying them.[13] There are no accounts on the fate or condition of either Ganatsekwyagon or Teiaiagon after fighting broke out in 1687. It is assumed that, since both villages were no longer secure, they were abandoned some weeks earlier and the inhabitants fled to the south shore of Lake Ontario.[14]

Following the abandonment of the north of Lake Ontario by Iroquois some French geographers incorrectly place the Iroqouis du Nord and their villages on maps of southern Ontario as late as 1755. This would cause confusion among historians in the future when the Mississauga took possession of the northern shore of Lake Ontario.[15]

Historical maps showing Iroquois settlement on the north shore edit

 
A map from the late 17th century

The following maps show evidence of the Iroquois settlements on the north shore of Lake Ontario.[16]

  • Plans des forts faicts par le RegimentlCarignan salieres sur la Riviere de/Richelieu dicte autrement des Iroquois en/la Nouvelle France. Le Mercier. 1666. 1 printed map. France, Minis&e des Colonies, No. 493; Public Archives of Canada (hereafter PAC), National Map Collection (hereafter NMC), H3/901/1666
  • "Carte du Lac Ontario . . .," Galinee. 1670. 1 ms. map. France, Archives des Cartes et Plans de la Marine imperiale; PAC, NMC, A/902/1670. In: Plans, Cartes, Vues et Dessins relatifs h 1’Histoire de la Nouvelle France. P. L. Morin. Paris, 1852–53, V. 1, No. 15; J. H. Coyne "Exploration of the Great Lakes, 1669-70 . . ." Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records, V. 4, Toronto, [1903]
  • "Carte de la decouverte du Sr Jolliet . . .," [Jolliet]. [1674]. 1 ms. map France, Bibliothèque Nationale (hereafter BN), Service hydrographique, Recueil 67, NO. 52; PAC, NMC, Ph/900 [1674-1701]
  • "Carte de la descouverte du Sr Jolliet . . .," [Jolliet]. 1674–51. 1 ms. map. France, Service Historique de la Marine, Bibliothèque, (hereafter SHM, B), 4044B, No. 37; PAC, NMC, H2/903/ [1675]
  • "Carte g[e]ne[ra]lle de la France septentrionnale, contenant la decouverte du Pays des Ilinois . . .," [Franquelin]. 1678. 1 ms. map. France, SHM, B, Recueil66, No. 11; PAC, NMC, H3/900/[16781]
  • "Carte/pour servir a l’Cclaircissement/du Papier Terrier/de la Nouvelle France", Franquelin. 1678. 1 section of a ms. map. France, BN, Cartes et plans, Service hydrographique, pf. 125, div. 1, p. 1; PAC, NMC, H2/900/1678
  • "Cartes des Grands Lacs . . .," Franquelin. 1679. 1 ms. map. France, Depot des cartes et plans de la Marine, Service hydrographique, Bibliothèque (hereafter DMSH, B) Recueil 67, No. 43; PAC, NMC, H3/902/1679
  • "Carte du tours du Saint-Laurent . . .," Belmont. 1680. 1 ms. map. France, BN, Geographic, Ge. DD. 2989, Ministere des affaires etrangeres, Depot geographique, Archives, No. 8662; PAC, NMC, H1/902/[1680]
  • [Carte des Grands Lacs] "Lac Ontario/Ott/De Frontenac." Bernou. 1680. 1 of a series of 6 ms. maps. France, DMSH, B, Recueil 67, No. 47; PAC, NMC, H3/902/[1680]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Jordan (2013), p. 37.
  2. ^ Pendergast (1998).
  3. ^ Myrvold (1997), p. 13-14.
  4. ^ a b Adams (1986), p. 8.
  5. ^ a b Jordan (2013), p. 37-39.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Robinson, Percy J. (2019). Toronto During the French Regime. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 243. doi:10.3138/9781487584504-019. ISBN 9781487584504. Retrieved Feb 18, 2022.
  7. ^ Konrad (1981), p. 138.
  8. ^ "Settlers to Prince Edward County: A historical examination of who they were and why they came". Naval Marine Archive: The Canadian Collection. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
  9. ^ Marcel 2006.
  10. ^ Adams (1986), p. 9.
  11. ^ Konrad (1981), p. 134.
  12. ^ Fairburn (2013), p. 36.
  13. ^ Barr (2006), p. 87.
  14. ^ Myrvold (1997), p. 18.
  15. ^ Schmalz (1991), p. 29.
  16. ^ Konrad (1981), p. 130.

References edit

  • Adams, Nick (1986). (PDF). Ontario Archaeology. 46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 September 2017. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  • Barr, Daniel P. (2006). Unconquered: The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America. Westport CT: Praeger Publishers. ISBN 978-0275984663.
  • Fairburn, Jane (2013). Along the Shore: Rediscovering Toronto's Waterfront Heritage. Toronto: ECW Press. ISBN 978-1770410992.
  • Jordan, Kurt A. (2013). "Incorporation and Colonization: Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy". American Anthropologist. 115 (1): 29–43. doi:10.1111/j.1548-1433.2012.01533.x.
  • Konrad, Victor (1981). "An Iroquois frontier: the north shore of Lake Ontario during the late seventeenth century". Journal of Historical Geography. 7 (2): 129–144. doi:10.1016/0305-7488(81)90116-x.
  • Marcel, C.M.W (6 August 2006). "Iroquois origins of modern Toronto". counterweights. Retrieved 2 February 2014.
  • Myrvold, Barbara (1997). The people of Scarborough : a history (PDF). Toronto: City of Scarborough Public Library Board. ISBN 0968308600.
  • Pendergast, James F. (1998). "The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga". Journal of Canadian Studies. 32 (4): 149–167. doi:10.3138/jcs.32.4.149. S2CID 141363427.
  • Schmalz, Peter S. (1991). The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0802067784.
  • "Settlers to Prince Edward County: A historical examination of who they were and why they came". Naval Marine Archive: The Canadian Collection. Retrieved 5 February 2014.

January 01, 1970
iroquois, settlement, north, shore, lake, ontario, between, 1665, 1670, seven, iroquois, settlements, north, shore, lake, ontarioin, present, ontario, collectively, known, iroquois, nord, villages, were, established, senecas, cayugas, oneidas, villages, consis. Between 1665 and 1670 seven Iroquois settlements on the north shore of Lake Ontarioin present day Ontario collectively known as the Iroquois du Nord villages were established by Senecas Cayugas and Oneidas The villages consisted of Ganneious Kente Kentsio Ganaraske Ganatsekwyagon Teiaiagon and Quinaouatoua The villages were all abandoned by 1701 1 Contents 1 Arrival 2 Description 3 Relations with the French 4 Abandonment 5 Historical maps showing Iroquois settlement on the north shore 6 See also 7 Notes 8 ReferencesArrival edit nbsp Iroquois Settlement on the north shore of Lake Ontario 1665 1701 The northern shores of Lake Ontario were first settled as early as eleven thousand years ago While humans have lived along the northern shores of Lake Ontario for a long time they have not been continuously settled The Huron Wendat had developed a distinct homeland along the northern shores of Lake Ontario in the 15th century but moved north toward Georgian Bay by 1615 abandoning the northern shores of Lake Ontario 2 The Iroquois raided the Huron in Ontario during the first half of the 17th century and began to establish greater control over the hunting grounds that existed between Lake Ontario and Lake Simcoe By the 1640s the Huron Wendat population had been reduced considerably by epidemics In 1649 the Iroquois defeated the Huron Petun and then the Neutral effectively destroying their enemies in Ontario 3 After the destruction of the Huron in southern Ontario the Iroquois began to make more frequent excursions on the northern shores of Lake Ontario In the 1660s the Iroquois began to expand their settlements north A number of theories try to explain why the Iroquois began settling the northern shores of Lake Ontario Economic reasons are considered the strongest motivation By the 1640s the beaver had disappeared through over hunting in the traditional Iroquois homeland in modern day New York state The Iroquois were competing with both the Huron Ottawa and Algonquins for the fur trade By establishing settlements on the northern shores of Lake Ontario the Iroquois were able to re establish control on the flow of furs from the north and west towards Albany and Montreal 4 The Iroquois settlement into Ontario was part of a broader expansion of Iroquois groups in the mid 17th century During this time the Iroquois also moved into what is today Ohio Pennsylvania and Quebec Often these settlements were significantly closer to European settlements and have been characterized as Iroquois Colonies 5 Description editThe seven villages that were settled on the northern shores of Lake Ontario from east to west are Ganneious likely misprint for the French Gannejout s Oneida 6 on the site of present day Napanee Kente prairie or meadow 6 on the Bay of Quinte Kentsio abounding in fish 6 on Rice Lake Ganaraske at the spawning place 6 on the site of present day Port Hope Ganatsekwyagon among the birches 6 at the mouth of the Rouge River Teiaiagon It crosses the stream 6 at the mouth of the Humber River Quinaouatoua or Tinawatawa Near modern day Hamilton Little is known about the seven villages due to an absence of detailed archaeological evidence The most comprehensive archaeological evidence gathered to date is from Bead Hill which is believed to be the site of Ganatsekwyagon along the Rouge River The villages do share some common traits that are evident from the available sources The northern villages were likely seasonal campsites prior to becoming larger settlements They are located at strategic points controlling access to Lake Ontario and near seasonally abundant fish and games Six of the seven villages are all located on the best agricultural land found along the northern shores of the lake according to the Canada Land Inventory The Iroquois likely grew squash corn and beans 4 The villages were also significant staging points for hunting parties moving north and for fur trading The villages were the scene of extensive trade between both French Dutch English and Ottawa traders and the Iroquois The villages were also the site of violence due to the exchange of fur for liquor There are number of incidents that record instances of maiming and death at Ganneious Teiaiagon and Ganatsekwyagon due to drinking As in other Iroquois settlements longhouses were in parallel to each other and surrounded by palisades The estimated size of the villages varies from 500 to 800 persons The villages would have had 20 to 30 structures Quinaouatoua was perhaps the smallest with a population of less than 100 in the fall of 1669 7 The villages were settled by different tribes The Seneca settled the westernmost villages of Quinaouatoua Teiaiagon and Ganatsekwyagon The Cayuga settled Ganaraske Kente and Kentsio and the Oneida settled Ganneious along the eastern edge of the lake The villages were connected to each other by a system of trail and water routes While each village is identified with one group there is a strong likelihood that the villages continued a common Iroquois practice of incorporating and adopting large groups of outsiders into settlements For example a Neutral style longhouse was found at Bead Hill which was initially settled by the Seneca Existing texts also characterized populations in Iroquois communities distant from the homeland as being multinational and multilingual 5 Relations with the French editIn 1668 the French began to visit the Iroquois villages to convert the local population to Christianity Abbe Trouve and Francois de Salignac de la Mothe Fenelon were sent by Francois de Laval from Montreal to establish a Sulpician mission in the village of Kente The mission was deserted in 1680 due to a lack of success and funding 8 Abbe Fenelon then went on a tour of other villages and would spend the winter of 1669 in the village of Ganatsekwyagon Francois Saturnin Lascaris d Urfe visited a number of the towns on the North shore of Lake Ontario French explorers Jean Pere and Adrien Jolliet also passed through the village of Ganatsekwyagon in 1669 on their way to Lake Superior 9 Relations between the Iroquois du Nord and the French were tense due to the intermediate conflicts known as the Beaver Wars The villages were settled during a time of relative peace In 1673 when the French established their first settlement along Lake Ontario Fort Frontenac in present day Kingston Ontario many Iroquois from the nearby village of Ganneious resettled closer to the Fort 10 Relations deteriorated as the political situation in present day New York state changed and in 1687 the French attacked the Iroquois destroying villages in both New York state and along the northern shores of Lake Ontario The establishment of Fort Frontenac also appears to have shifted influence from Ganatsekwyagon to Teiaiagon Most evidence indicates that Ganatsekwyagon was the more important settlement on the north shore due to its strategic position on the Rouge River arm of the Toronto Carrying Place Trail Following the construction of Fort Frontenac Teiaiagon became more travelled for two reasons First the construction of the fort shifted the Iroquois toward the western route around Lake Ontario and second the French anchored at Teiaiagon instead of Ganatsekwyagon due to the superior anchorage for French trade barques 11 Abandonment editIn Anishinaabe oral tradition holds that the Iroquois abandoned their villages north of Lake Ontario following a number of decisive battles won by the Anishinaabe in south and central Ontario during the Beaver Wars In the Great Peace of Montreal signed in 1701 the Iroquois Confederacy agreed to remain on the south shore of Lake Ontario By 1701 the Anishinaabe group called the Mississauga had moved into the area between Lake Erie and the Rouge River 12 The easternmost villages of Kente and Ganneious were reportedly destroyed in 1687 by Jacques Rene de Brisay de Denonville His troops took 200 prisoners from both villages to fight in the Beaver Wars before destroying them 13 There are no accounts on the fate or condition of either Ganatsekwyagon or Teiaiagon after fighting broke out in 1687 It is assumed that since both villages were no longer secure they were abandoned some weeks earlier and the inhabitants fled to the south shore of Lake Ontario 14 Following the abandonment of the north of Lake Ontario by Iroquois some French geographers incorrectly place the Iroqouis du Nord and their villages on maps of southern Ontario as late as 1755 This would cause confusion among historians in the future when the Mississauga took possession of the northern shore of Lake Ontario 15 Historical maps showing Iroquois settlement on the north shore edit nbsp A map from the late 17th century The following maps show evidence of the Iroquois settlements on the north shore of Lake Ontario 16 Plans des forts faicts par le RegimentlCarignan salieres sur la Riviere de Richelieu dicte autrement des Iroquois en la Nouvelle France Le Mercier 1666 1 printed map France Minis amp e des Colonies No 493 Public Archives of Canada hereafter PAC National Map Collection hereafter NMC H3 901 1666 Carte du Lac Ontario Galinee 1670 1 ms map France Archives des Cartes et Plans de la Marine imperiale PAC NMC A 902 1670 In Plans Cartes Vues et Dessins relatifs h 1 Histoire de la Nouvelle France P L Morin Paris 1852 53 V 1 No 15 J H Coyne Exploration of the Great Lakes 1669 70 Ontario Historical Society Papers and Records V 4 Toronto 1903 Carte de la decouverte du Sr Jolliet Jolliet 1674 1 ms map France Bibliotheque Nationale hereafter BN Service hydrographique Recueil 67 NO 52 PAC NMC Ph 900 1674 1701 Carte de la descouverte du Sr Jolliet Jolliet 1674 51 1 ms map France Service Historique de la Marine Bibliotheque hereafter SHM B 4044B No 37 PAC NMC H2 903 1675 Carte g e ne ra lle de la France septentrionnale contenant la decouverte du Pays des Ilinois Franquelin 1678 1 ms map France SHM B Recueil66 No 11 PAC NMC H3 900 16781 Carte pour servir a l Cclaircissement du Papier Terrier de la Nouvelle France Franquelin 1678 1 section of a ms map France BN Cartes et plans Service hydrographique pf 125 div 1 p 1 PAC NMC H2 900 1678 Cartes des Grands Lacs Franquelin 1679 1 ms map France Depot des cartes et plans de la Marine Service hydrographique Bibliotheque hereafter DMSH B Recueil 67 No 43 PAC NMC H3 902 1679 Carte du tours du Saint Laurent Belmont 1680 1 ms map France BN Geographic Ge DD 2989 Ministere des affaires etrangeres Depot geographique Archives No 8662 PAC NMC H1 902 1680 Carte des Grands Lacs Lac Ontario Ott De Frontenac Bernou 1680 1 of a series of 6 ms maps France DMSH B Recueil 67 No 47 PAC NMC H3 902 1680 See also editSt Lawrence IroquoiansNotes edit Jordan 2013 p 37 Pendergast 1998 Myrvold 1997 p 13 14 a b Adams 1986 p 8 a b Jordan 2013 p 37 39 a b c d e f Robinson Percy J 2019 Toronto During the French Regime Toronto University of Toronto Press p 243 doi 10 3138 9781487584504 019 ISBN 9781487584504 Retrieved Feb 18 2022 Konrad 1981 p 138 Settlers to Prince Edward County A historical examination of who they were and why they came Naval Marine Archive The Canadian Collection Retrieved 5 February 2014 Marcel 2006 Adams 1986 p 9 Konrad 1981 p 134 Fairburn 2013 p 36 Barr 2006 p 87 Myrvold 1997 p 18 Schmalz 1991 p 29 Konrad 1981 p 130 References editAdams Nick 1986 Iroquois Settlement at Fort Frontenac in the Seventeenth and Early Eighteenth Centuries PDF Ontario Archaeology 46 Archived from the original PDF on 13 September 2017 Retrieved 4 February 2014 Barr Daniel P 2006 Unconquered The Iroquois League at War in Colonial America Westport CT Praeger Publishers ISBN 978 0275984663 Fairburn Jane 2013 Along the Shore Rediscovering Toronto s Waterfront Heritage Toronto ECW Press ISBN 978 1770410992 Jordan Kurt A 2013 Incorporation and Colonization Postcolumbian Iroquois Satellite Communities and Processes of Indigenous Autonomy American Anthropologist 115 1 29 43 doi 10 1111 j 1548 1433 2012 01533 x Konrad Victor 1981 An Iroquois frontier the north shore of Lake Ontario during the late seventeenth century Journal of Historical Geography 7 2 129 144 doi 10 1016 0305 7488 81 90116 x Marcel C M W 6 August 2006 Iroquois origins of modern Toronto counterweights Retrieved 2 February 2014 Myrvold Barbara 1997 The people of Scarborough a history PDF Toronto City of Scarborough Public Library Board ISBN 0968308600 Pendergast James F 1998 The Confusing Identities Attributed to Stadacona and Hochelaga Journal of Canadian Studies 32 4 149 167 doi 10 3138 jcs 32 4 149 S2CID 141363427 Schmalz Peter S 1991 The Ojibwa of Southern Ontario Toronto University of Toronto Press ISBN 978 0802067784 Settlers to Prince Edward County A historical examination of who they were and why they came Naval Marine Archive The Canadian Collection Retrieved 5 February 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Iroquois settlement of the north shore of Lake Ontario amp oldid 1202939212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.