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Irish revolutionary period

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see List of Irish uprisings.

The revolutionary period in Irish history was the period in the 1910s and early 1920s when Irish nationalist opinion shifted from the Home Rule-supporting Irish Parliamentary Party to the republican Sinn Féin movement. There were several waves of civil unrest linked to Ulster loyalism, trade unionism, and physical force republicanism, leading to the Irish War of Independence, the Partition of Ireland, the creation of the Irish Free State, and the Irish Civil War.

Irish revolutionary period
The Birth of the Irish Republic; painting by Walter Paget
Native name Tréimhse Réabhlóideach in Eirinn
Date1912 (1912) to 1923 (1923)
LocationIreland
OutcomePartition of Ireland; Anglo-Irish Treaty; establishment of Irish Free State and Northern Ireland

Some modern historians define the revolutionary period as the period from the introduction of the Third Home Rule Bill to the end of the Civil War (1912/1913 to 1923),[1][2] or sometimes more narrowly as the period from the Easter Rising to the end of the War of Independence or the Civil War (1916 to 1921/1923).[3][4]

The early years of the Free State, when it was governed by the pro-Treaty party Cumann na nGaedheal, have been described by at least one historian as a counter-revolution.[5]

Overview edit

See also: Irish Question, Irish nationalism § History, and Unionism in Ireland § Home Rule
 
Proclamation of the Irish Republic by the leaders of the Easter Rising

Home Rule seemed certain in 1910 when the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) under John Redmond held the balance of power in the British House of Commons. The third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912. Unionist resistance was immediate, with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers (UVF). In turn, the Irish Volunteers were established in 1913 to oppose them and prevent the UVF introduction of self-government in Ulster.[6] The Dublin lock-out in the same year led to creation of the Irish Citizen Army.

In September 1914, two months after the First World War broke out, the UK Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act 1914, known as the Home Rule Act, to establish self-government for Ireland, but the act was suspended for the duration of the war.[6] Irish nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported Ireland's participation in the British war effort, in the belief that it would ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war. A core of leaders within the Irish Volunteers' were against this decision, but the majority of the men left to form the National Volunteers, some of whom enlisted in Irish regiments of the New British Army, the 10th and 16th (Irish) Divisions, the counterparts of the unionist 36th (Ulster) Division. Before the war ended, Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule, one in May 1916 and again with the Irish Convention during 1917–1918, but nationalists and unionists were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions.[citation needed]

The period 1916–1921 was marked by political violence and upheaval, ending in the partition of Ireland and independence for 26 of its 32 counties. A failed militant attempt by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army was made to gain independence for Ireland with the 1916 Easter Rising, an insurrection in Dublin. Although support for the insurgents was small, the execution of fifteen people by firing squad, the imprisonment or internment of hundreds more, and the imposition of martial law caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland.[7] In addition, the unprecedented threat of Irishmen being conscripted to the British Army in 1918 (for service on the Western Front as a result of the German spring offensive) accelerated this change (see Conscription Crisis of 1918). In the December 1918 elections, Sinn Féin, the party of the rebels, won three-quarters of all seats in Ireland. Twenty-seven of these MPs assembled in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form a 32-county Irish Republic parliament. The First Dáil Éireann unilaterally declared sovereignty over the island of Ireland.[8]

Unwilling to negotiate any understanding with Britain short of complete independence, the Irish Republican Army, the army of the newly declared Irish Republic, waged a guerilla war (the Irish War of Independence) from 1919 to 1921. In the course of the fighting and amid much acrimony, the Fourth Government of Ireland Act 1920 implemented Home Rule while separating the island into what the British government's Act termed "Northern Ireland" and "Southern Ireland". In July 1921 the Irish and British governments agreed to a truce that halted the war. In December 1921 representatives of both governments signed the Anglo-Irish Treaty. The Irish delegation was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins. This created the Irish Free State, a self-governing Dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations in the manner of Canada and Australia. Under the Treaty, Northern Ireland could opt out of the Free State and stay within the United Kingdom: it promptly did so. In 1922, both parliaments ratified the Treaty, formalising dominion status for the 26-county Irish Free State (which renamed itself Ireland and claimed sovereignty over the entire island in 1937, and declared itself a republic in 1949), while Northern Ireland, gaining Home Rule for itself, remained part of the United Kingdom.

Timeline edit

Commemoration edit

Separate unionist and nationalist historical narratives exist for the historic events in question; nationalist perspectives are further divided by the Civil War which ended the revolutionary period. The Northern Ireland peace process, with its promotion of dialogue and reconciliation, has modified this separation.[19][20] The Bureau of Military History established by the Irish government in 1947 collected oral history accounts from republican veterans of the period 1913 to 1921. Its records were sealed until the last veteran's death in 2003; they were published online in 2012.[21]

In May 2010, the Institute for British Irish Studies in University College Dublin organised a conference on the theme A Decade of Centenaries: Commemorating Our Shared History.[22] Taoiseach Brian Cowen addressed the conference:[23]

This coming decade of commemorations, if well prepared and carefully considered, should enable all of us on this island to complete the journey we have started towards lasting peace and reconciliation. Twelve years have passed since the [Good Friday] Agreement. In the next twelve years we will witness a series of commemorations which will give us pause to reflect on where we have come from, and where we are going. With the centenaries of the Ulster Covenant, the Battle of the Somme, the Easter Rising, the War of Independence, the Government of Ireland Act and the Treaty, the events which led to the political division of this island come up for re-examination. We will also reflect on the crucial roles played by the Labour movement in that defining decade.

He later said "We believe that mutual respect should be central to all commemorative events and that historical accuracy should be paramount."[24]

The Oireachtas Joint Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement discussed commemoration on 13 October 2011, at which Ian Adamson said "The main problem that persists is one of two narratives. There is a Protestant, loyalist narrative and a republican narrative."[25]

On 27 February 2012, the Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion:[26]

That this Assembly notes the number of centenaries of significant historic events affecting the UK and Ireland in the next 10 years; calls on the Executive to ensure that these are marked in an inclusive manner; and further calls on the First Minister and deputy First Minister, the Minister of Culture, Arts and Leisure and the Minister of Enterprise, Trade and Investment to work together, with the British and Irish Governments, to develop a co-ordinated approach to the commemoration of these important events in our shared history.

An All-Party Oireachtas Consultation Group on Commemorations exists,[27] with an "Expert Advisory Group of eminent historians".[28] In April 2012, the National Commemorative Programme for the Decade of Centenaries, covering centenaries from 1912 to 1922, was announced in the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht under minister Jimmy Deenihan.[29] In June, Deenihan stated that consideration will initially be focused up to 2016, centenary of the Easter Rising.[30]

Hugo Swire told the UK parliament in May 2012 that the Northern Ireland Office was consulting with the Northern Ireland Executive and the Irish government, saying "All these discussions underpin the need to promote tolerance and mutual understanding to ensure that these anniversaries are commemorated with tolerance, dignity and respect for all."[31]

In a debate on the programme in the Seanad in June 2012, Martin McAleese said "It may be more accurate to regard not alone the decade from 1912 to 1922 but rather the 13-year period from 1911 to 1923, as representing the turbulent years that had such a dramatic impact on the course of our island's history. There are approximately 62 events in that period which constitute the package of centenary celebrations, from the arrival of James Connolly in Belfast in 1911 through to the ending of the Civil War in 1923."[32]

A series of conferences, Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912–1923 was organised by Universities Ireland starting in June 2012.[33]

Century Ireland is a website launched in May 2013 to track events as their centenaries pass, using both period documents and modern commentary. It is produced by Boston College's 'Center for Irish Programs', and is funded by the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht and hosted by RTÉ.ie.[34][35]

References edit

  1. ^ "History – The Irish Revolution 1912 – 1923 MA – CKE49". Course Description. University College, Cork. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Murphy, William. . DublinHeritage.ie. Dublin City Public Libraries. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Farry, Michael (2012). . Dublin: Four Courts Press. ISBN 978-1-84682-302-2. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Augusteijn, Joost (2002). The Irish Revolution, 1913–1923. Palgrave. ISBN 9780333982259. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Horne, John; Edward Madigan (2013). Towards Commemoration: Ireland in War and Revolution 1912-1923. Royal Irish Academy. ISBN 9781908996176. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  2. ^ "Atlas of the Irish Revolution is mammoth and magnificent". The Irish Times. 16 September 2017. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  3. ^ Costello, Francis J. (2011). The Irish Revolution and Its Aftermath, 1916–1923. Irish Academic Press. ISBN 9780716531371. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Ó Broin, León (1989). W.E. Wylie and the Irish Revolution 1916-1921. Gill and Macmillan. ISBN 9780717116379. Retrieved 7 July 2014.; Coleman, Marie (2013). The Irish Revolution 1916-1923. Routledge. ISBN 9781317801474. Retrieved 7 July 2014.
  4. ^ "Ireland: Revolutionary Period, 1916–1924". britishpathe.com. British Pathé. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  5. ^ Regan, John (1999). The Irish Counter-Revolution, 1921–36: Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland. Palgrave MacMillan. ISBN 0312227272.
  6. ^ a b "From brink of civil war". The Irish Times. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  7. ^ Marie Coleman (2013). "Chapter 2 "The Easter Rising"". The Republican Revolution, 1916–1923. Routledge. pp. 26–28. ISBN 978-1408279106.
  8. ^ "Declaration of independence – Reprinted from Minutes and Proceedings of the First Dáil". Documents on Irish Foreign Policy. National Archives of Ireland. 21 January 1919. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  9. ^ "Parliament Act 1911: Introduction". legislation.gov.uk. UK National Archives. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  10. ^ "The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E.A. Connell Jr". historyireland.com. History Ireland Magazine. 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  11. ^ "The Lockout of 1913". The Irish Times. 11 September 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  12. ^ "Government of Ireland Act 1914". parliament.uk. UK Parliament. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  13. ^ "Ireland unfree shall never be at peace". Century Ireland. RTÉ. 2015. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  14. ^ "Irish Convention comes to a close". Century Ireland. RTÉ. 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  15. ^ "Remembering 1918 in Ireland". rte.ie. RTÉ. 14 May 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  16. ^ . nationalarchives.ie. National Archives. Archived from the original on 7 December 2018. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  17. ^ "1921–22: The Irish Free State and civil war". The Search for Peace. BBC. 18 March 1999. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  18. ^ "Fianna Fáil & Arms Decommissioning 1923–32". historyireland.com. History Ireland Magazine. 1997. Retrieved 7 December 2018.
  19. ^ Regan, John (November 2010). "Irish public histories as an historiographical problem". Irish Historical Studies. 37 (146). Antrim W. & G. Baird Ltd: 88–115. doi:10.1017/S002112140000225X. S2CID 159868830.
  20. ^ Boland, Rosita (25 June 2012). "Caution against 'glory' commemorations as centenary of crucial decade beckons". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  21. ^ . Dublin: Military Archives and National Archives. 2012. Archived from the original on 16 August 2012. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
  22. ^ "IBIS Annual Conference 2010". UCD: Institute for British Irish Studies. May 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  23. ^ ""A Decade of Commemorations Commemorating Our Shared History" Speech by An Taoiseach, Mr Brian Cowen TD Institute for British Irish Studies UCD, 20 May 2010 at 11.00am". Department of the Taoiseach. pp. Taoiseach's Speeches 2010. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  24. ^ "Ceisteanna – Questions – Northern Ireland Issues". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 23 June 2010. pp. Vol.713 No.2 p.6. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  25. ^ "Northern Ireland Peace Process: Discussion". Joint Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement. Oireachtas. 13 October 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  26. ^ "Private Members' Business: Decade of Centenaries". Hansard. Northern Ireland Assembly. 27 February 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  27. ^ "Written Answers – Commemorative Events". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 6 March 2012. pp. Vol.758 No.1 p.47. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  28. ^ "Written Answers – Commemorative Events". Dáil Éireann debates. Oireachtas. 1 May 2012. pp. Vol.763 No.3 p.31. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  29. ^ (Press release). Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht. 19 April 2012. Archived from the original on 17 October 2013. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  30. ^ "Written Answers – Commemorative Events". Dáil debates. Oireachtas. 6 June 2012. pp. Vol.767 No.1 p.44. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  31. ^ "Written Answers to Questions: Dealing with the Past". House of Commons Hansard. 17 May 2012. pp. c 232W–233W. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  32. ^ "Decade of Commemorations: Statements". Seanad Éireann debates. 7 June 2012. pp. Vol.215 No.14 p.5. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
  33. ^ . News & Events. Universities Ireland. 16 May 2012. Archived from the original on 3 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2012.
  34. ^ Press Association (10 May 2013). "Virtual history newspaper goes live". Irish Independent. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  35. ^ . Century Ireland. Dublin, Ireland: RTÉ.ie. May 2013. Archived from the original on 12 May 2013. Retrieved 10 May 2013.

Further reading edit

  • Coleman, Marie. The Irish Revolution, 1916–1923 (2013)
  • Cottrell, Peter. The War for Ireland: 1913 – 1923 (2009)
  • Curran, Joseph Maroney. The Birth of the Irish Free State, 1921–1923 (Univ of Alabama Press, 1980)
  • Ferriter, Diarmaid. A Nation and not a Rabble: The Irish Revolutions 1913–1923 (2015)
  • Gillis, Liz (2014). Women of the Irish Revolution. Cork: Mercier Press. ISBN 978-1-78117-205-6.
  • Hanley, Brian. The IRA: A Documentary History 1916-2005 (Gill & Macmillan, 2010)
  • Hart, Peter. "The geography of revolution in Ireland 1917-1923." Past and Present (1997): 142–176. JSTOR
  • Knirck, Jason K. Imagining Ireland's independence: the debates over the Anglo-Irish treaty of 1921 (Rowman & Littlefield, 2006)
  • Laffan, Michael. The resurrection of Ireland: the Sinn Féin party, 1916–1923 (Cambridge University Press, 1999)
  • Leeson, David M. The Black and Tans: British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence, 1920–1921 (Oxford University Press, 2011)
  • Townshend, Charles. The Republic: The Fight for Irish Independence 1918–1923 (2014)

External links edit

January 01, 1970
irish, revolutionary, period, other, uses, list, irish, uprisings, revolutionary, period, irish, history, period, 1910s, early, 1920s, when, irish, nationalist, opinion, shifted, from, home, rule, supporting, irish, parliamentary, party, republican, sinn, féin. For other uses see List of Irish uprisings The revolutionary period in Irish history was the period in the 1910s and early 1920s when Irish nationalist opinion shifted from the Home Rule supporting Irish Parliamentary Party to the republican Sinn Fein movement There were several waves of civil unrest linked to Ulster loyalism trade unionism and physical force republicanism leading to the Irish War of Independence the Partition of Ireland the creation of the Irish Free State and the Irish Civil War Irish revolutionary periodThe Birth of the Irish Republic painting by Walter PagetNative nameTreimhse Reabhloideach in EirinnDate1912 1912 to 1923 1923 LocationIrelandOutcomePartition of Ireland Anglo Irish Treaty establishment of Irish Free State and Northern Ireland Some modern historians define the revolutionary period as the period from the introduction of the Third Home Rule Bill to the end of the Civil War 1912 1913 to 1923 1 2 or sometimes more narrowly as the period from the Easter Rising to the end of the War of Independence or the Civil War 1916 to 1921 1923 3 4 The early years of the Free State when it was governed by the pro Treaty party Cumann na nGaedheal have been described by at least one historian as a counter revolution 5 Contents 1 Overview 2 Timeline 3 Commemoration 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksOverview editSee also Irish Question Irish nationalism History and Unionism in Ireland Home Rule nbsp Proclamation of the Irish Republic by the leaders of the Easter Rising Home Rule seemed certain in 1910 when the Irish Parliamentary Party IPP under John Redmond held the balance of power in the British House of Commons The third Home Rule Bill was introduced in 1912 Unionist resistance was immediate with the formation of the Ulster Volunteers UVF In turn the Irish Volunteers were established in 1913 to oppose them and prevent the UVF introduction of self government in Ulster 6 The Dublin lock out in the same year led to creation of the Irish Citizen Army In September 1914 two months after the First World War broke out the UK Parliament passed the Government of Ireland Act 1914 known as the Home Rule Act to establish self government for Ireland but the act was suspended for the duration of the war 6 Irish nationalist leaders and the IPP under Redmond supported Ireland s participation in the British war effort in the belief that it would ensure implementation of Home Rule after the war A core of leaders within the Irish Volunteers were against this decision but the majority of the men left to form the National Volunteers some of whom enlisted in Irish regiments of the New British Army the 10th and 16th Irish Divisions the counterparts of the unionist 36th Ulster Division Before the war ended Britain made two concerted efforts to implement Home Rule one in May 1916 and again with the Irish Convention during 1917 1918 but nationalists and unionists were unable to agree to terms for the temporary or permanent exclusion of Ulster from its provisions citation needed The period 1916 1921 was marked by political violence and upheaval ending in the partition of Ireland and independence for 26 of its 32 counties A failed militant attempt by the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army was made to gain independence for Ireland with the 1916 Easter Rising an insurrection in Dublin Although support for the insurgents was small the execution of fifteen people by firing squad the imprisonment or internment of hundreds more and the imposition of martial law caused a profound shift in public opinion towards the republican cause in Ireland 7 In addition the unprecedented threat of Irishmen being conscripted to the British Army in 1918 for service on the Western Front as a result of the German spring offensive accelerated this change see Conscription Crisis of 1918 In the December 1918 elections Sinn Fein the party of the rebels won three quarters of all seats in Ireland Twenty seven of these MPs assembled in Dublin on 21 January 1919 to form a 32 county Irish Republic parliament The First Dail Eireann unilaterally declared sovereignty over the island of Ireland 8 Unwilling to negotiate any understanding with Britain short of complete independence the Irish Republican Army the army of the newly declared Irish Republic waged a guerilla war the Irish War of Independence from 1919 to 1921 In the course of the fighting and amid much acrimony the Fourth Government of Ireland Act 1920 implemented Home Rule while separating the island into what the British government s Act termed Northern Ireland and Southern Ireland In July 1921 the Irish and British governments agreed to a truce that halted the war In December 1921 representatives of both governments signed the Anglo Irish Treaty The Irish delegation was led by Arthur Griffith and Michael Collins This created the Irish Free State a self governing Dominion of the Commonwealth of Nations in the manner of Canada and Australia Under the Treaty Northern Ireland could opt out of the Free State and stay within the United Kingdom it promptly did so In 1922 both parliaments ratified the Treaty formalising dominion status for the 26 county Irish Free State which renamed itself Ireland and claimed sovereignty over the entire island in 1937 and declared itself a republic in 1949 while Northern Ireland gaining Home Rule for itself remained part of the United Kingdom Timeline edit1911 Parliament Act 1911 restricts House of Lords power to veto Home Rule 9 1912 Third Home Rule Bill introduced at Westminster Ulster Covenant signed by unionist opponents of Home Rule 10 1913 Dublin lock out labour dispute 11 1914 Curragh mutiny by unionist army officers First World War breaks out Third Home Rule Bill enacted but suspended for the duration of the war 12 1915 Patrick Pearse s graveside panegyric at the funeral of Jeremiah O Donovan Rossa Ireland unfree shall never be at peace 13 1916 Easter Rising by republicans Battle of the Somme in which Irish soldiers feature prominently including the mostly unionist 36th Ulster Division and nationalist 16th Irish Division 1917 Irish Convention fails to find a political compromise 14 1918 Conscription Crisis First World War ends general election sees Sinn Fein eclipse Irish Parliamentary Party 15 1919 First Dail proclaims an Irish Republic Irish Republican Army starts Irish War of Independence aka Anglo Irish War or Black and Tan War 1920 Government of Ireland Act 1920 establishes Partition of Ireland into two home rule jurisdictions unionist dominated Northern Ireland and the stillborn Southern Ireland 1921 Ceasefire in War of Independence Government of Northern Ireland takes office UK and Dail governments sign Anglo Irish Treaty 16 1922 Provisional Government begins administration in what becomes the Irish Free State Irish Civil War begins between Free State and anti Treaty republicans 17 1923 Free State wins the Civil War 1924 Army Mutiny suppressed 1925 Collapse of Irish Boundary Commission means 1920 boundary becomes permanent 1926 Fianna Fail splits from anti Treaty Sinn Fein 1927 Fianna Fail enters the Dail after disputably subscribing to the Oath of Allegiance becoming a slightly constitutional party 18 Commemoration editSeparate unionist and nationalist historical narratives exist for the historic events in question nationalist perspectives are further divided by the Civil War which ended the revolutionary period The Northern Ireland peace process with its promotion of dialogue and reconciliation has modified this separation 19 20 The Bureau of Military History established by the Irish government in 1947 collected oral history accounts from republican veterans of the period 1913 to 1921 Its records were sealed until the last veteran s death in 2003 they were published online in 2012 21 In May 2010 the Institute for British Irish Studies in University College Dublin organised a conference on the theme A Decade of Centenaries Commemorating Our Shared History 22 Taoiseach Brian Cowen addressed the conference 23 This coming decade of commemorations if well prepared and carefully considered should enable all of us on this island to complete the journey we have started towards lasting peace and reconciliation Twelve years have passed since the Good Friday Agreement In the next twelve years we will witness a series of commemorations which will give us pause to reflect on where we have come from and where we are going With the centenaries of the Ulster Covenant the Battle of the Somme the Easter Rising the War of Independence the Government of Ireland Act and the Treaty the events which led to the political division of this island come up for re examination We will also reflect on the crucial roles played by the Labour movement in that defining decade He later said We believe that mutual respect should be central to all commemorative events and that historical accuracy should be paramount 24 The Oireachtas Joint Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement discussed commemoration on 13 October 2011 at which Ian Adamson said The main problem that persists is one of two narratives There is a Protestant loyalist narrative and a republican narrative 25 On 27 February 2012 the Northern Ireland Assembly passed a motion 26 That this Assembly notes the number of centenaries of significant historic events affecting the UK and Ireland in the next 10 years calls on the Executive to ensure that these are marked in an inclusive manner and further calls on the First Minister and deputy First Minister the Minister of Culture Arts and Leisure and the Minister of Enterprise Trade and Investment to work together with the British and Irish Governments to develop a co ordinated approach to the commemoration of these important events in our shared history An All Party Oireachtas Consultation Group on Commemorations exists 27 with an Expert Advisory Group of eminent historians 28 In April 2012 the National Commemorative Programme for the Decade of Centenaries covering centenaries from 1912 to 1922 was announced in the Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht under minister Jimmy Deenihan 29 In June Deenihan stated that consideration will initially be focused up to 2016 centenary of the Easter Rising 30 Hugo Swire told the UK parliament in May 2012 that the Northern Ireland Office was consulting with the Northern Ireland Executive and the Irish government saying All these discussions underpin the need to promote tolerance and mutual understanding to ensure that these anniversaries are commemorated with tolerance dignity and respect for all 31 In a debate on the programme in the Seanad in June 2012 Martin McAleese said It may be more accurate to regard not alone the decade from 1912 to 1922 but rather the 13 year period from 1911 to 1923 as representing the turbulent years that had such a dramatic impact on the course of our island s history There are approximately 62 events in that period which constitute the package of centenary celebrations from the arrival of James Connolly in Belfast in 1911 through to the ending of the Civil War in 1923 32 A series of conferences Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912 1923 was organised by Universities Ireland starting in June 2012 33 Century Ireland is a website launched in May 2013 to track events as their centenaries pass using both period documents and modern commentary It is produced by Boston College s Center for Irish Programs and is funded by the Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht and hosted by RTE ie 34 35 References edit History The Irish Revolution 1912 1923 MA CKE49 Course Description University College Cork Retrieved 7 July 2014 Murphy William The Gaelic Athletic Association in Dublin during the Irish Revolution 1913 1923 DublinHeritage ie Dublin City Public Libraries Archived from the original on 12 April 2015 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Farry Michael 2012 The Irish Revolution 1912 23 Sligo Dublin Four Courts Press ISBN 978 1 84682 302 2 Archived from the original on 14 July 2014 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Augusteijn Joost 2002 The Irish Revolution 1913 1923 Palgrave ISBN 9780333982259 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Horne John Edward Madigan 2013 Towards Commemoration Ireland in War and Revolution 1912 1923 Royal Irish Academy ISBN 9781908996176 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Atlas of the Irish Revolution is mammoth and magnificent The Irish Times 16 September 2017 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Costello Francis J 2011 The Irish Revolution and Its Aftermath 1916 1923 Irish Academic Press ISBN 9780716531371 Retrieved 7 July 2014 o Broin Leon 1989 W E Wylie and the Irish Revolution 1916 1921 Gill and Macmillan ISBN 9780717116379 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Coleman Marie 2013 The Irish Revolution 1916 1923 Routledge ISBN 9781317801474 Retrieved 7 July 2014 Ireland Revolutionary Period 1916 1924 britishpathe com British Pathe Retrieved 7 December 2018 Regan John 1999 The Irish Counter Revolution 1921 36 Treatyite Politics and Settlement in Independent Ireland Palgrave MacMillan ISBN 0312227272 a b From brink of civil war The Irish Times 14 May 2014 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Marie Coleman 2013 Chapter 2 The Easter Rising The Republican Revolution 1916 1923 Routledge pp 26 28 ISBN 978 1408279106 Declaration of independence Reprinted from Minutes and Proceedings of the First Dail Documents on Irish Foreign Policy National Archives of Ireland 21 January 1919 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Parliament Act 1911 Introduction legislation gov uk UK National Archives Retrieved 7 December 2018 The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E A Connell Jr historyireland com History Ireland Magazine 2012 Retrieved 7 December 2018 The Lockout of 1913 The Irish Times 11 September 2013 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Government of Ireland Act 1914 parliament uk UK Parliament Retrieved 7 December 2018 Ireland unfree shall never be at peace Century Ireland RTE 2015 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Irish Convention comes to a close Century Ireland RTE 2018 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Remembering 1918 in Ireland rte ie RTE 14 May 2018 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Anglo Irish Treaty 6 December 1921 nationalarchives ie National Archives Archived from the original on 7 December 2018 Retrieved 7 December 2018 1921 22 The Irish Free State and civil war The Search for Peace BBC 18 March 1999 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Fianna Fail amp Arms Decommissioning 1923 32 historyireland com History Ireland Magazine 1997 Retrieved 7 December 2018 Regan John November 2010 Irish public histories as an historiographical problem Irish Historical Studies 37 146 Antrim W amp G Baird Ltd 88 115 doi 10 1017 S002112140000225X S2CID 159868830 Boland Rosita 25 June 2012 Caution against glory commemorations as centenary of crucial decade beckons The Irish Times Retrieved 19 July 2012 Bureau of Military History 1913 1921 Dublin Military Archives and National Archives 2012 Archived from the original on 16 August 2012 Retrieved 7 August 2012 IBIS Annual Conference 2010 UCD Institute for British Irish Studies May 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2012 A Decade of Commemorations Commemorating Our Shared History Speech by An Taoiseach Mr Brian Cowen TD Institute for British Irish Studies UCD 20 May 2010 at 11 00am Department of the Taoiseach pp Taoiseach s Speeches 2010 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Ceisteanna Questions Northern Ireland Issues Dail Eireann debates Oireachtas 23 June 2010 pp Vol 713 No 2 p 6 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Northern Ireland Peace Process Discussion Joint Committee on the Implementation of the Good Friday Agreement Oireachtas 13 October 2011 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Private Members Business Decade of Centenaries Hansard Northern Ireland Assembly 27 February 2012 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Written Answers Commemorative Events Dail Eireann debates Oireachtas 6 March 2012 pp Vol 758 No 1 p 47 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Written Answers Commemorative Events Dail Eireann debates Oireachtas 1 May 2012 pp Vol 763 No 3 p 31 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Minister Deenihan addresses Presbyterian Conference in Belfast Press release Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht 19 April 2012 Archived from the original on 17 October 2013 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Written Answers Commemorative Events Dail debates Oireachtas 6 June 2012 pp Vol 767 No 1 p 44 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Written Answers to Questions Dealing with the Past House of Commons Hansard 17 May 2012 pp c 232W 233W Retrieved 19 July 2012 Decade of Commemorations Statements Seanad Eireann debates 7 June 2012 pp Vol 215 No 14 p 5 Retrieved 15 June 2012 Conference Reflecting on a decade of War and Revolution in Ireland 1912 1923 Historians and Public History News amp Events Universities Ireland 16 May 2012 Archived from the original on 3 July 2012 Retrieved 19 July 2012 Press Association 10 May 2013 Virtual history newspaper goes live Irish Independent Retrieved 10 May 2013 About Century Ireland Century Ireland Dublin Ireland RTE ie May 2013 Archived from the original on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 10 May 2013 Further reading editColeman Marie The Irish Revolution 1916 1923 2013 Cottrell Peter The War for Ireland 1913 1923 2009 Curran Joseph Maroney The Birth of the Irish Free State 1921 1923 Univ of Alabama Press 1980 Ferriter Diarmaid A Nation and not a Rabble The Irish Revolutions 1913 1923 2015 Gillis Liz 2014 Women of the Irish Revolution Cork Mercier Press ISBN 978 1 78117 205 6 Hanley Brian The IRA A Documentary History 1916 2005 Gill amp Macmillan 2010 Hart Peter The geography of revolution in Ireland 1917 1923 Past and Present 1997 142 176 JSTOR Knirck Jason K Imagining Ireland s independence the debates over the Anglo Irish treaty of 1921 Rowman amp Littlefield 2006 Laffan Michael The resurrection of Ireland the Sinn Fein party 1916 1923 Cambridge University Press 1999 Leeson David M The Black and Tans British Police and Auxiliaries in the Irish War of Independence 1920 1921 Oxford University Press 2011 Townshend Charles The Republic The Fight for Irish Independence 1918 1923 2014 External links edit Decade of Centenaries Department of Arts Heritage and the Gaeltacht p Archived from the original on 28 September 2013 Decade of Centenaries University College Dublin Century Ireland RTE Irish Military Archives includes various digitised collections of documents from the revolutionary period Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Irish revolutionary period amp oldid 1214313672, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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