The interregnum in the British Isles began with the execution of Charles I in January 1649 (and from September 1651 in Scotland) and ended in May 1660 when his son Charles II was restored to the thrones of the three realms, although he had been already acclaimed king in Scotland since 1649. During this time the monarchial system of government was replaced with the Commonwealth of England.
The precise start and end of the interregnum, as well as the social and political events that occurred during the interregnum, varied in the three kingdoms and the English dominions.
After the Second English Civil War, the leadership of the New Model Army felt deeply betrayed by the King because they thought that while they had been negotiating in good faith he had duplicitously gone behind their backs in making The Engagement with the Scots and encouraging a new civil war. In April 1648, the Grandees of the Army met for a three-day meeting in Windsor Castle. At the end of the meeting, the Grandees accepted that it was their duty "to call Charles Stuart, that man of blood, to an account for that blood he had shed, and mischief he had done".[1][2][3][4]
The Army and the Independents conducted "Pride's Purge" of the House of Commons removing their ill-wishers, and created a court for the trial and sentence of King Charles I.[5] At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners (judges) found Charles I guilty of high treason, as a "tyrant, traitor, murderer and public enemy".[6][7] He was beheaded on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649.
The execution of Charles I ushered in the period known as the Interregnum. The reactions to the regicide and to subsequent events varied considerably between the three Kingdoms and the English Dominions.
After the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649, the Scots declared his son king as Charles II. The English responded with an invasion led by Oliver Cromwell, resulting in defeats for the Scots at Dunbar in 1650 and then at Worcester 1651, opening the way for the English conquest of the country. The interregnum has been referred to as "the Cromwellian ascendancy and military occupation of Scotland" in the Oxford Companion to Scottish History under the heading 'Restoration'.
Under the Tender of Union Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland in 1652, but despite repeated attempts, an act was not passed in Westminster to ratify the union until 1657. Under the terms of the union the Scots gained 30 members of parliament in the Protectorate (the Commonwealth of England, Scotland and Ireland), but many posts were not filled, or fell to English agents of the government, and had very little say at Westminster. Initially the government was run by eight commissioners and adopted a policy of undermining the political power of the nobility in favour of the "meaner sort".[attribution needed] From 1655 it was replaced by a new Council of Scotland, headed by Irish peer Lord Broghill, and began to attempt to win over the traditional landholders.
The regime built a series of major citadels and minor forts at immense cost. The Scottish legal system was suspended, but some courts and institutions were gradually restored. Generally the regime was successful in enforcing law and order and suppressing banditry. There was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands in 1653–1655 led by William Cunningham, Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton. After initial success, it suffered from internal divisions and petered out after defeat at the Battle of Dalnaspidal in 1654.
The regime extended toleration to Protestants, including sectaries, but the only significant groups were a small number of Quakers. The Kirk was divided by the issue of co-operation with the crown into Resolutioners and more hard line Protesters. The regime tended to favour the Protestors giving them control over the universities. The country was relatively highly taxed, but gained access to English markets. The era was remembered as one of prosperity, but not everywhere benefitted from economic expansion. There was an attempt to create national symbols with the revival of the union flag and unite coin.
After the death of the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and the fall of his son Richard's regime, General George Monck, the military governor of Scotland, marched the English army in Scotland south and facilitated a Restoration of the monarchy in June 1660.
^Dzelzainis, Martin (2002). "Anti-monarchism in English Republicanism" (PDF). In Van Gelderen, Martin; Skinner, Quentin (eds.). Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage (The repository version is the author's final draft.). Vol. 1: Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. pp. 27–41. ISBN052167235X. OCLC 277395532.
Anonymous (1847), "A review of The Protector: A Vindication by J. H. Merle D'Aurigne, D.D. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd. 1847", The Church of England quarterly review, vol. 21, pp. 367
Corns, Thomas N. (1999), The Royal Image: Representations of Charles I, Cambridge University Press, p. 88, ISBN978-0-5215-9047-1
Farr, David (2006), Henry Ireton and the English Revolution, Boydell Press, p. 125, ISBN978-1-8438-3235-5
Kelsey, Sean (2003), , English Historical Review, vol. 118, no. 477, pp. 583–616, doi:10.1093/ehr/118.477.583, archived from the original on 2006-12-01
Kirby, Michael (22 January 1999), The trial of King Charles I – defining moment for our constitutional liberties, speech to the Anglo-Australasian Lawers' association
Attribution
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Atkinson, Charles Francis (1911). "Great Rebellion". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 403–421.
April 12, 2024
british, interregnum, interregnum, british, isles, began, with, execution, charles, january, 1649, from, september, 1651, scotland, ended, 1660, when, charles, restored, thrones, three, realms, although, been, already, acclaimed, king, scotland, since, 1649, d. The interregnum in the British Isles began with the execution of Charles I in January 1649 and from September 1651 in Scotland and ended in May 1660 when his son Charles II was restored to the thrones of the three realms although he had been already acclaimed king in Scotland since 1649 During this time the monarchial system of government was replaced with the Commonwealth of England British Interregnum1649 1651 1660Coat of arms of the ProtectorateIncludingThird English Civil WarLeader s Oliver CromwellRichard CromwellChronology Caroline era RestorationThe precise start and end of the interregnum as well as the social and political events that occurred during the interregnum varied in the three kingdoms and the English dominions Contents 1 Prelude 2 England 3 Ireland 4 Scotland 5 See also 6 Notes 7 ReferencesPrelude editAfter the Second English Civil War the leadership of the New Model Army felt deeply betrayed by the King because they thought that while they had been negotiating in good faith he had duplicitously gone behind their backs in making The Engagement with the Scots and encouraging a new civil war In April 1648 the Grandees of the Army met for a three day meeting in Windsor Castle At the end of the meeting the Grandees accepted that it was their duty to call Charles Stuart that man of blood to an account for that blood he had shed and mischief he had done 1 2 3 4 The Army and the Independents conducted Pride s Purge of the House of Commons removing their ill wishers and created a court for the trial and sentence of King Charles I 5 At the end of the trial the 59 Commissioners judges found Charles I guilty of high treason as a tyrant traitor murderer and public enemy 6 7 He was beheaded on a scaffold in front of the Banqueting House of the Palace of Whitehall on 30 January 1649 The execution of Charles I ushered in the period known as the Interregnum The reactions to the regicide and to subsequent events varied considerably between the three Kingdoms and the English Dominions England editMain article Interregnum England Ireland editMain article Interregnum Ireland Scotland editMain article Interregnum Scotland After the execution of Charles I on 30 January 1649 the Scots declared his son king as Charles II The English responded with an invasion led by Oliver Cromwell resulting in defeats for the Scots at Dunbar in 1650 and then at Worcester 1651 opening the way for the English conquest of the country The interregnum has been referred to as the Cromwellian ascendancy and military occupation of Scotland in the Oxford Companion to Scottish History under the heading Restoration Under the Tender of Union Scotland was declared part of a Commonwealth with England and Ireland in 1652 but despite repeated attempts an act was not passed in Westminster to ratify the union until 1657 Under the terms of the union the Scots gained 30 members of parliament in the Protectorate the Commonwealth of England Scotland and Ireland but many posts were not filled or fell to English agents of the government and had very little say at Westminster Initially the government was run by eight commissioners and adopted a policy of undermining the political power of the nobility in favour of the meaner sort attribution needed From 1655 it was replaced by a new Council of Scotland headed by Irish peer Lord Broghill and began to attempt to win over the traditional landholders The regime built a series of major citadels and minor forts at immense cost The Scottish legal system was suspended but some courts and institutions were gradually restored Generally the regime was successful in enforcing law and order and suppressing banditry There was a major Royalist rising in the Highlands in 1653 1655 led by William Cunningham Earl of Glencairn and John Middleton After initial success it suffered from internal divisions and petered out after defeat at the Battle of Dalnaspidal in 1654 The regime extended toleration to Protestants including sectaries but the only significant groups were a small number of Quakers The Kirk was divided by the issue of co operation with the crown into Resolutioners and more hard line Protesters The regime tended to favour the Protestors giving them control over the universities The country was relatively highly taxed but gained access to English markets The era was remembered as one of prosperity but not everywhere benefitted from economic expansion There was an attempt to create national symbols with the revival of the union flag and unite coin After the death of the Lord Protector Oliver Cromwell and the fall of his son Richard s regime General George Monck the military governor of Scotland marched the English army in Scotland south and facilitated a Restoration of the monarchy in June 1660 See also editList of ordinances and acts of the Parliament of England 1642 1660 Commonwealth of England The ProtectorateNotes edit Corns 1999 p 88 Dzelzainis Martin 2002 Anti monarchism in English Republicanism PDF In Van Gelderen Martin Skinner Quentin eds Republicanism A Shared European Heritage The repository version is the author s final draft Vol 1 Republicanism and Constitutionalism in Early Modern Europe Cambridge U K Cambridge University Press pp 27 41 ISBN 052167235X OCLC 277395532 Farr 2006 p 125 Anonymous 1847 p 367 Atkinson 1911 49 Preston Fight Kelsey 2003 pp 583 616 Kirby 1999 The trial of King Charles I References editAnonymous 1847 A review of The Protector A Vindication by J H Merle D Aurigne D D Edinburgh Oliver and Boyd 1847 The Church of England quarterly review vol 21 pp 367 Corns Thomas N 1999 The Royal Image Representations of Charles I Cambridge University Press p 88 ISBN 978 0 5215 9047 1 Farr David 2006 Henry Ireton and the English Revolution Boydell Press p 125 ISBN 978 1 8438 3235 5 Kelsey Sean 2003 The Trial of Charles I English Historical Review vol 118 no 477 pp 583 616 doi 10 1093 ehr 118 477 583 archived from the original on 2006 12 01 Kirby Michael 22 January 1999 The trial of King Charles I defining moment for our constitutional liberties speech to the Anglo Australasian Lawers associationAttribution nbsp This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain Atkinson Charles Francis 1911 Great Rebellion In Chisholm Hugh ed Encyclopaedia Britannica Vol 12 11th ed Cambridge University Press pp 403 421 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title British Interregnum amp oldid 1195697198, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
