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International non-governmental organization

April 09, 2024

An international non-governmental organization (INGO) is an organization which is independent of government involvement and extends the concept of a non-governmental organization (NGO) to an international scope.

NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen as two types: advocacy NGOs, which aim to influence governments with a specific goal, and operational NGOs, which provide services.[1] Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation, human rights promotions or the advancement of women. NGOs are typically not-for-profit, but receive funding from companies or membership fees.[2] Many large INGOs have components of operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries.

The technical term "international organizations" describes intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) and includes groups such as the United Nations or the International Labour Organization, which are formed by treaties among sovereign states.[3] In contrast, INGOs are defined as "any internationally operating organization which is not established by inter-governmental agreement".[4]

An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy, such as the Carnegie, Rockefeller, Gates and Ford Foundations, or as an adjunct to existing international organizations, such as the Catholic or Lutheran churches. A surge in INGOs for economic development occurred during World War II, some of which would later become large organizations like SOS Children's Villages, Oxfam, Catholic Relief Services, Care International and Lutheran World Relief. The number of INGOs grew from 6,000 in 1990 to 26,000 in 1999, and a 2013 report estimated about 40,000.[5]

Except for incorporation under national laws, no current formal legal status exists for INGOs, which can lead to complications in international law.[5][dubious – discuss]

History edit

International non-governmental organizations emerged alongside humanitarian aid with the realization that no single government could single-handedly solve global crises.[6] Governments began offering greater support to private, international organizations and NGOs in the 1980s as a way of allowing more time and resources to be spent on national projects.[6] Often, a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government's approach to the unfolding domestic conflict. In such cases, INGOs have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation.[6]

In 1910, the Union of International Associations (UIA) were the first to suggest that a "super-national" status be given to international organizations with diplomatic intentions without governmental influence.[5] The International Law Association (ILA) modified this, adding that this "super-national" organizational status may be adopted[by whom?] for associations formed for no profit.[5]

Activities edit

The main focus of INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries. Health-related projects such as HIV/AIDS awareness, prevention and treatment, clean water, and malaria prevention—and education-related projects such as schools for girls and providing books—help to provide the social services that the country's government does not provide. International non-governmental organizations are some of the first responders to natural disasters, like hurricanes and floods, or crises that need emergency relief. Other organizations, like the International Justice Mission, are working to make judicial systems more effective and legitimate. Still others, such as those promoting micro-finance and education, directly impact citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement.

NGOs, in general, account for over 15% of total international development aid, which is linked to economic development.[7] As of 2007, aid (partly contributed to by INGOs) over the past thirty years is estimated to have increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent.[8]

Criticisms edit

Further information: Aid § Criticism

Given they are usually supported by donations, a popular concern about INGOs is where the money goes and whether it is spent efficiently.[9] High administrative costs can be an indication of inefficiency, enrichment of employees at the expense of beneficiaries, embezzlement or misdirection of funds to corrupt local officials or dictatorship.[10] Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability of INGOs surrounding where and for what their money is being used.[11] Websites like Charity Navigator and GiveWell attempt to provide transparency as to how much goes to administrative costs, what activities money is spent on, whether more donations would be helpful, and how cost-effective the activities are compared to other charities or potential activities.

Moreover, multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem. Rather than collaborating to address a given situation, organizations frequently interact as competitors, which creates bottlenecks of treatment and supplies.[12] Conflicts typically require organizations to quickly provide aid to regions with conflict. As such, ensuring immediate and future care quality is paramount.[6] To this point, INGOs must prepare regions for when they leave by providing the tools and guidance necessary to support their citizens.[13] More research must be done on the impacts of INGO support from the perspective of the recipient country or region, as much of currently published research has been completed from the lens of a Westernized donor or INGO.[14]

Another criticism is that many of the people benefiting from INGOs have no way to influence those activities and hold the organizations accountable.[15] (for example by threatening to withhold donations). Some charitable organizations solicit the participation of local communities to avoid problems related to intercultural competence, and avoid unintended consequences due to lack of buy-in or lack of knowledge about local conditions.

In March 2015, the European Journal of International Relations criticized the impact of INGOs on government decision-making, claiming they are slowing integration of developing countries into the global economy.[16]

Notable international NGOs edit

Multiple interdisciplinary projects edit

Research edit

  • ResearchX

Economics edit

Health edit

Children and youth edit

Education edit

Human rights edit

Environmental edit

Water, sanitation, and hygiene edit

Multilateralism edit

Religion edit

Space and technology edit

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ IGO-NGO Cooperation." .https://guides.library.duke.edu/c.php?g=289595&p=1930435 (accessed February 19, 2020).
  2. ^ Goode, Walter, ed. (2007). Dictionary of trade policy terms. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521885065.
  3. ^ Appel, Benjamin J. (January 2018). "Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises". The Journal of Politics. 80 (1): 274–287. doi:10.1086/694256.
  4. ^ Ahmed, Shamima; Potter, David M. (2006). NGOs in international politics. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press. ISBN 9781565493469. OCLC 732955747.
  5. ^ a b c d Ben-Ari, Rephael Harel (2013). The Legal Status of International Non-Governmental Organizations: Analysis of Past and Present Initiatives (1912-2012). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. ISBN 9789004254367.
  6. ^ a b c d Buse, Kent; Tanaka, Sonja (2011-08-01). "Global Public-Private Health Partnerships: lessons learned from ten years of experience and evaluation". International Dental Journal. Live.Learn.Laugh. A Unique Global Public-Private Partnership to Improve Oral Health. 61 (Suppl 2): 2–10. doi:10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00034.x. ISSN 0020-6539. PMC 9374971. PMID 21770935.
  7. ^ "World Bank and NGOs." October 3, 2007.http://library.duke.edu/research/subject/guides/ngo_guide/igo_ngo_coop/ngo_wb.html[dead link] (accessed November 10, 2010).
  8. ^ Collier, Paul. 2007. The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. (p.100).
  9. ^ Lorenz, Nicolaus (2007-07-01). "Effectiveness of global health partnerships: will the past repeat itself?". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 85 (7): 567–568. doi:10.2471/BLT.06.033597. PMC 2636373. PMID 17768507.
  10. ^ Collingwood, Vivien; Logister, Louis (April 2005). "State of the Art: Addressing the INGO 'Legitimacy Deficit'". Political Studies Review. 3 (2): 175–192. doi:10.1111/j.1478-9299.2005.00022.x.
  11. ^ Crack, Angela M. (2013-04-01). "INGO Accountability Deficits: The Imperatives for Further Reform". Globalizations. 10 (2): 293–308. doi:10.1080/14747731.2013.786253. ISSN 1474-7731.
  12. ^ Hunt, Matthew; Miao, Jingru (April 2017). "Moral Entanglement and the Ethics of Closing Humanitarian Medical Aid Projects". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 32 (S1): S47–S48. doi:10.1017/S1049023X17001376. ISSN 1049-023X.
  13. ^ Fourie, Carina (2018-05-15). "The trouble with inequalities in global health partnerships". Medicine Anthropology Theory. 5 (2). doi:10.17157/mat.5.2.525. ISSN 2405-691X.
  14. ^ Jammihal, Ravindra; Ralte, Harry; Roy, Nobhojit (February 2009). "Humanitarian Medical Aid to Developing Nations: A Recipient Country's Perspective". Prehospital and Disaster Medicine. 24 (S1).
  15. ^ Ebrahim, A.: 2003, 'Accountability in Practice: Mechanisms for NGOs', World Development 31(5), 813-829.
  16. ^ Pinheiro, Diogo; Chwieroth, Jeffrey M.; Hicks, Alexander (2014-05-21). "Do international non-governmental organizations inhibit globalization? The case of capital account liberalization in developing countries". European Journal of International Relations. 21 (1): 146–170. doi:10.1177/1354066114523656. ISSN 1354-0661.

Further reading edit

  • Atack Iain 1998. "Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy", in World Development 27(5), pp. 855–864.
  • Collier, Paul 2007. "Aid to the Rescue?", in The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It, pp. 99–123. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Haugen, Gary; Boutros, Victor (2010). "And Justice for All: Enforcing Human Rights for the World's Poor". Foreign Affairs. 89 (3): 51–62.
  • Singer, Peter 2009. "How Can You Tell Which Charities Do It Best?", in The Life You Can Save, pp. 82–125. New York: Random House.

April 09, 2024
international, governmental, organization, international, governmental, organization, ingo, organization, which, independent, government, involvement, extends, concept, governmental, organization, international, scope, ngos, independent, governments, seen, typ. An international non governmental organization INGO is an organization which is independent of government involvement and extends the concept of a non governmental organization NGO to an international scope NGOs are independent of governments and can be seen as two types advocacy NGOs which aim to influence governments with a specific goal and operational NGOs which provide services 1 Examples of NGO mandates are environmental preservation human rights promotions or the advancement of women NGOs are typically not for profit but receive funding from companies or membership fees 2 Many large INGOs have components of operational projects and advocacy initiatives working together within individual countries The technical term international organizations describes intergovernmental organizations IGOs and includes groups such as the United Nations or the International Labour Organization which are formed by treaties among sovereign states 3 In contrast INGOs are defined as any internationally operating organization which is not established by inter governmental agreement 4 An INGO may be founded by private philanthropy such as the Carnegie Rockefeller Gates and Ford Foundations or as an adjunct to existing international organizations such as the Catholic or Lutheran churches A surge in INGOs for economic development occurred during World War II some of which would later become large organizations like SOS Children s Villages Oxfam Catholic Relief Services Care International and Lutheran World Relief The number of INGOs grew from 6 000 in 1990 to 26 000 in 1999 and a 2013 report estimated about 40 000 5 Except for incorporation under national laws no current formal legal status exists for INGOs which can lead to complications in international law 5 dubious discuss Contents 1 History 2 Activities 3 Criticisms 4 Notable international NGOs 4 1 Multiple interdisciplinary projects 4 2 Research 4 3 Economics 4 4 Health 4 5 Children and youth 4 6 Education 4 7 Human rights 4 8 Environmental 4 9 Water sanitation and hygiene 4 10 Multilateralism 4 11 Religion 4 12 Space and technology 5 See also 6 References 7 Further readingHistory editInternational non governmental organizations emerged alongside humanitarian aid with the realization that no single government could single handedly solve global crises 6 Governments began offering greater support to private international organizations and NGOs in the 1980s as a way of allowing more time and resources to be spent on national projects 6 Often a humanitarian aid organization would clash with a government s approach to the unfolding domestic conflict In such cases INGOs have sought out autonomy to extend help regardless of political or ethnic affiliation 6 In 1910 the Union of International Associations UIA were the first to suggest that a super national status be given to international organizations with diplomatic intentions without governmental influence 5 The International Law Association ILA modified this adding that this super national organizational status may be adopted by whom for associations formed for no profit 5 Activities editThe main focus of INGOs is to provide relief and developmental aid to developing countries Health related projects such as HIV AIDS awareness prevention and treatment clean water and malaria prevention and education related projects such as schools for girls and providing books help to provide the social services that the country s government does not provide International non governmental organizations are some of the first responders to natural disasters like hurricanes and floods or crises that need emergency relief Other organizations like the International Justice Mission are working to make judicial systems more effective and legitimate Still others such as those promoting micro finance and education directly impact citizens and communities by developing skills and human capital while encouraging citizen empowerment and community involvement NGOs in general account for over 15 of total international development aid which is linked to economic development 7 As of 2007 aid partly contributed to by INGOs over the past thirty years is estimated to have increased the annual growth rate of the bottom billion by one percent 8 Criticisms editFurther information Aid Criticism Given they are usually supported by donations a popular concern about INGOs is where the money goes and whether it is spent efficiently 9 High administrative costs can be an indication of inefficiency enrichment of employees at the expense of beneficiaries embezzlement or misdirection of funds to corrupt local officials or dictatorship 10 Numerous attempts have been made to remedy the accountability of INGOs surrounding where and for what their money is being used 11 Websites like Charity Navigator and GiveWell attempt to provide transparency as to how much goes to administrative costs what activities money is spent on whether more donations would be helpful and how cost effective the activities are compared to other charities or potential activities Moreover multiple organizations often exist to solve the same problem Rather than collaborating to address a given situation organizations frequently interact as competitors which creates bottlenecks of treatment and supplies 12 Conflicts typically require organizations to quickly provide aid to regions with conflict As such ensuring immediate and future care quality is paramount 6 To this point INGOs must prepare regions for when they leave by providing the tools and guidance necessary to support their citizens 13 More research must be done on the impacts of INGO support from the perspective of the recipient country or region as much of currently published research has been completed from the lens of a Westernized donor or INGO 14 Another criticism is that many of the people benefiting from INGOs have no way to influence those activities and hold the organizations accountable 15 for example by threatening to withhold donations Some charitable organizations solicit the participation of local communities to avoid problems related to intercultural competence and avoid unintended consequences due to lack of buy in or lack of knowledge about local conditions In March 2015 the European Journal of International Relations criticized the impact of INGOs on government decision making claiming they are slowing integration of developing countries into the global economy 16 Notable international NGOs editMultiple interdisciplinary projects edit ActionAid ACTED ADRA AIESEC CAFOD CARE CRS Cuso International Danish Refugee Council Islamic Relief International Olympic Committee Mercy Corps Oxfam Save the Children SOS Children s Villages Tzu Chi Foundation World Vision International Plan InternationalResearch edit ResearchXEconomics edit International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations FIATA International Air Transport Association IATA Health edit Amref Health Africa Doctors Without Borders GAVI The Global Fund to Fight AIDS Tuberculosis and MalariaChildren and youth edit Compassion International International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements FIMCAP Plan Reggio Children Foundation Save the Children International SOS Children s Villages World Association of Girl Guides and Girl Scouts WAGGGS World Organization of the Scout Movement WOSM World Vision International AIESECEducation edit European Association of History Educators Junior Achievement The Library Project OpenmindProjects INGOHuman rights edit International Rescue Committee Human Rights Watch Human Rights Foundation Amnesty International Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative Friends of Peoples Close to Nature Humanists International International Christian Concern International Commission against the Death Penalty International Federation for Human Rights Protection International Survival InternationalEnvironmental edit Greenpeace International POPs Elimination Network International Union for Conservation of Nature World Wide Fund for NatureWater sanitation and hygiene edit WaterAid Water org Initiative Eau Water for PeopleMultilateralism edit Sister Cities International World Federation of United Nations AssociationsReligion edit International Federation of Catholic Parochial Youth Movements FIMCAP Lutheran World ReliefSpace and technology edit COSPAR RIPE NCC IMIRADSee also editEuropean Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non Governmental Organizations Foundation non profit International Non Governmental Organisations Accountability Charter Nonprofit organization Think tank World Polity TheoryReferences edit IGO NGO Cooperation https guides library duke edu c php g 289595 amp p 1930435 accessed February 19 2020 Goode Walter ed 2007 Dictionary of trade policy terms Cambridge University Press ISBN 9780521885065 Appel Benjamin J January 2018 Intergovernmental Organizations and Democratic Victory in International Crises The Journal of Politics 80 1 274 287 doi 10 1086 694256 Ahmed Shamima Potter David M 2006 NGOs in international politics Bloomfield CT Kumarian Press ISBN 9781565493469 OCLC 732955747 a b c d Ben Ari Rephael Harel 2013 The Legal Status of International Non Governmental Organizations Analysis of Past and Present Initiatives 1912 2012 Martinus Nijhoff Publishers ISBN 9789004254367 a b c d Buse Kent Tanaka Sonja 2011 08 01 Global Public Private Health Partnerships lessons learned from ten years of experience and evaluation International Dental Journal Live Learn Laugh A Unique Global Public Private Partnership to Improve Oral Health 61 Suppl 2 2 10 doi 10 1111 j 1875 595X 2011 00034 x ISSN 0020 6539 PMC 9374971 PMID 21770935 World Bank and NGOs October 3 2007 http library duke edu research subject guides ngo guide igo ngo coop ngo wb html dead link accessed November 10 2010 Collier Paul 2007 The Bottom Billion Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It Oxford and New York Oxford University Press p 100 Lorenz Nicolaus 2007 07 01 Effectiveness of global health partnerships will the past repeat itself Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85 7 567 568 doi 10 2471 BLT 06 033597 PMC 2636373 PMID 17768507 Collingwood Vivien Logister Louis April 2005 State of the Art Addressing the INGO Legitimacy Deficit Political Studies Review 3 2 175 192 doi 10 1111 j 1478 9299 2005 00022 x Crack Angela M 2013 04 01 INGO Accountability Deficits The Imperatives for Further Reform Globalizations 10 2 293 308 doi 10 1080 14747731 2013 786253 ISSN 1474 7731 Hunt Matthew Miao Jingru April 2017 Moral Entanglement and the Ethics of Closing Humanitarian Medical Aid Projects Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32 S1 S47 S48 doi 10 1017 S1049023X17001376 ISSN 1049 023X Fourie Carina 2018 05 15 The trouble with inequalities in global health partnerships Medicine Anthropology Theory 5 2 doi 10 17157 mat 5 2 525 ISSN 2405 691X Jammihal Ravindra Ralte Harry Roy Nobhojit February 2009 Humanitarian Medical Aid to Developing Nations A Recipient Country s Perspective Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 24 S1 Ebrahim A 2003 Accountability in Practice Mechanisms for NGOs World Development 31 5 813 829 Pinheiro Diogo Chwieroth Jeffrey M Hicks Alexander 2014 05 21 Do international non governmental organizations inhibit globalization The case of capital account liberalization in developing countries European Journal of International Relations 21 1 146 170 doi 10 1177 1354066114523656 ISSN 1354 0661 Further reading editAtack Iain 1998 Four Criteria of Development NGO Legitimacy in World Development 27 5 pp 855 864 Collier Paul 2007 Aid to the Rescue in The Bottom Billion Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It pp 99 123 Oxford and New York Oxford University Press Haugen Gary Boutros Victor 2010 And Justice for All Enforcing Human Rights for the World s Poor Foreign Affairs 89 3 51 62 Singer Peter 2009 How Can You Tell Which Charities Do It Best in The Life You Can Save pp 82 125 New York Random House Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title International non governmental organization amp oldid 1209711068, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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