International Brigades order of battle
The International Brigades (IB) were volunteer military units of foreigners who fought on the side of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. The number of combatant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time.[1] A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combatant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM.[1] They came from a claimed "53 nations" to fight against the Spanish Nationalist forces led by General Francisco Franco and assisted by German and Italian forces.[2]
The volunteers were motivated to fight on political or social grounds and made their way to Spain independently of the Spanish government. The brigades were not initially formally conceived and methodically recruited. Instead, they evolved as a means of organising the streams of volunteers arriving from every quarter of the world. It has been estimated that up to 25% of IB volunteers were Jewish.[3] This article describes the order of battle of each of the International Brigades, describing the order and manner in which each brigade was mustered and formed, and following the progress of individual battalions throughout the conflict.
Introduction edit
Early International units edit
The first volunteers arrived in Spain in mid-August 1936. These were mostly Franco-Belgian, German, British and Italian. At first, they grouped themselves into sections, called Columns or Centuria (nominally of a hundred men). These were mostly formed in August/September 1936.
- The Tom Mann Centuria, named after English trade unionist leader Tom Mann, became part of the Thaelmann Battalion
- The Thaelmann Centuria (the nucleus of the Thaelmann Battalion), named for Ernst Thälmann.
- Gastone Sozzi Centuria, named for Gastone Sozzi
- Rosselli's Italian Column
- Colonna Giustizia e Libertà
Brigade structure edit
Each brigade was a mixed brigade consisting of four battalions, sometimes with an ancillary specialist support company. They had a brigade commander and a political commissar, and a small brigade staff. Initially, the battalions were formed entirely of foreign volunteers but, increasingly, it became practice to have at least one Spanish battalion in each brigade (and, from spring 1937, one Spanish company in each battalion). As time went on, and the difficulties of recruiting new international volunteers increased, the percentage of Spaniards went up. At first, these were volunteers but conscription was later introduced. The brigades were formally incorporated into the Spanish Army in September 1937, as Spanish Foreign Legion units.[4]
Battalion structure edit
The battalions were originally organised by language, with volunteers sharing the same (or similar languages) and given names that reflected the groups. To develop an esprit de corps, these names were replaced by names of inspirational figures or events, for example, Garibaldi, or Commune de Paris.
"Theoretically, the Battalion organisation consisted of the Battalion Commander, his Second in Command, the Political Commissar, the Adjutant and orderly room staff, three Companies of infantry, one machine-gun Company, Battalion scouts, and the Quartermaster and cookhouse staff. There were three platoons in each company, each divided into [four] sections of ten men, so that the Battalion at full strength would number more than 500 men...."[5]
Political commissars edit
See article: Political commissar
International brigade depots edit
- Albacete - Headquarters
- Madrigueras - Training camp
- Tiflis - Officer training school[6]
- Camp Lukácz - Penal battalion
XI International Brigade edit
Names:
- The Hans Beimler Brigade (after Hans Beimler)
- The Thälmann Brigade (after Ernst Thälmann)[7]
Songs by Ernst Busch and the choir of the XI Brigade:
- (in German) Hans Beimler Lied 2007-01-28 at the Wayback Machine
- (in German) Lied von XI Brigade 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine ("Song of the XIth Brigade")
- (in German) Lied der XI Brigade Or Ballade or Marsch der XI Brigade)
Detailed Order of Battle
- (in Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website 2006-02-18 at the Wayback Machine
- (in Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
Formation edit
- Formed at Albacete: 14–17 October 1936 as IX Brigada Movil ("Mobile Brigade").
- 1st Bn Franco-Belgian (14 October 1936)
- 2nd Bn Austro-German (14 October 1936)
- 3rd Bn Italo-Spanish (14 October 1936)
- 4th Bn Polish-Balkan (17 October 1936)
- Re-Organised: 14–22 October 1936 as XI "Hans Beimler" International Brigade. The battalions were renamed as follows:
- Commune de Paris Battalion (after the Paris Commune. (Formerly 1st Franco-Belge)
- Edgar André Battalion (after Edgar André). (Formerly 2nd Austro-German)
- Garibaldi Battalion (after Giuseppe Garibaldi). (Formerly 3rd Italo-Español)
- Dabrowski Battalion (pronounced Dombrowski), (after Jarosław Dąbrowski). (Formerly 4th Polish-Balkan)
- Minor Re-Organisation: 3 November 1936
- Garibaldi Battalion, as it had no rifles, was transferred to XII Brigade
- Thaelmann Battalion joined XI Brigade from XII Brigade
- Asturias-Heredia Battalion (Spanish) joined XI Brigade.
Brigade staff edit
| Brigade Commanders:)[8]
Chiefs of Staff:
| Brigade Commissars:
|
Division "Kléber" (XI and XII Brigade 20 Nov.36 - 4 Feb 37 ) edit
- Commander: General "Kléber" (Manfred Stern)[9]
XII International Brigade edit
Name: The Garibaldi Brigade
Detailed Order of Battle
- (in Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (in Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
Formation edit
Raised 22 October 1936 at Albacete, General "Lukàcs" (Mate Zalka) commanding.[9] (Lukàcs was killed during the Huesca Offensive.)
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- André Marty Battalion
- Dabrowski Battalion a.k.a. Dombrowski Battalion
- Figlio Battalion
- Garibaldi Battalion
- Madrid Battalion
- Prieto Battalion
- Thaelmann Battalion
XIII International Brigade edit
Names: The Dabrowski Brigade, The Dombrowski Brigade
Detailed Order of Battle
- (in Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (in Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
1st formation edit
Raised: 12 December 1936
- Louise Michel (II) Battalion
- Chapaev Battalion (Tchapaiev, Czapiaew; named for Vasily Chapayev)
- Vuillemin Battalion
- One Balkan Company
- 1st Battery "Ernst Thaelmann"
- 2nd Battery "Karl Liebknecht"
- 3rd Battery "Antoni Gramsci"
2nd formation edit
Reformed: 4 August 1937
3rd formation edit
Reformed (in Monredón): 1 October 1938 (exclusively Spanish battalions)
4th formation edit
Reformed: 23 January 1939 (from demobilised International Brigade members who had remained in Spain)
Brigade staff edit
| Brigade Commanders:
Chiefs of Staff:
| Brigade Commissars:
|
XIV International Brigade edit
Name: The Marseillaise Brigade
Order of Battle
- (in Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website
- (in Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
Formation edit
Raised 20 December 1936 with volunteers mainly from France and Belgium, under General "Walter" (Karol Świerczewski). After the Battle of Brunete (6–25 July 1937), brigade strength was reduced from four to two battalions.[10] The battalions attached to this Brigade at different times were:
- Commune de Paris Battalion
- Domingo Germinal Battalion
- Henri Barbusse Battalion
- Louise Michel I Battalion
- Louise Michel II Battalion
- Marsellaise Battalion
- Pierre Brachet Battalion
- Primera Unidad de Avance Battalion
- Nine Nations Battalion a.k.a. Sans noms or Des Neuf Nationalités Battalion
- Sixth February Battalion
- Vaillant-Couturier Battalion
XV International Brigade edit
- Name: The Abraham Lincoln Brigade
- Raised: Albacete, 31 January 1937
- Brigade songs: Jarama Valley, An tldirnisinta (Internationale), Viva la Quinta Brigada, Ay Carmela (song) (Viva La Quince Brigada)
- Battles: Jarama, Brunete, Boadilla, Belchite, Fuentes de Ebro, Teruel, Ebro
Order of Battle
Date joined Number Battalion Name Composition Date left Comments 31 January 1937 16th British Battalion Irish, Basque, Catalan & British 23 September 1938 Demobilised 31 January 1937 17th Lincoln Battalion US, Canada, Irish, British 23 September 1938 Demobilised 31 January 1937 18th Dimitrov Battalion Balkan 20 September 1937 Moved to 45th Div. Reserve 31 January 1937 19th Sixth February Battalion French & Belgian 4 August 1937 Moved to 14th Brigade 14 March 1937 24th Volontario 24 Spanish volunteers Destroyed in the Ebro Battles 5 April 1937 ~ Español Battalion Latin Americans 23 September 1938 Demobilised 29 June 1937 ~ Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion Canadian & US 23 September 1938 Demobilised 4 July 1937 20th Washington Battalion US 14 July 1937 Merged with Lincoln Battalion[11]
- Main Sources: (i) (in Spanish) EPR Order of Battle Website, (ii) *(in Spanish) Associació Catalana Website
- Sub-battalion units attached to Brigade
- Connolly Column (Irish volunteers operating as a unit of the Lincoln Battalion)
- Brigade Anti-Tank Company
- XVth Brigade Photographic Unit (August 1937 – September 1938) Archive
- Re-organised May/June 1937, into two regiments:
- First regiment, commanded by George Nathan[12]
- Lincoln Bn, commanded by Robert Hale Merriman
- Washington Bn, commanded by Mirko Markovic
- British Bn, commanded by Fred Copeman
- Second regiment, commanded by Major "Chapaiev"[13]
- Dimitrov Battalion
- Sixth February Battalion
- Voluntario 24 Battalion (Spanish) (Capitano Aquilla)[14]
- First regiment, commanded by George Nathan[12]
- Post-Brunete, reinforced by:
- Mackenzie-Papineau Battalion
- International Volunteers Demobilised
- Barcelona, 23 September 1938
Other International Brigades edit
86th Brigade edit
Raised 13 February 1938
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- Veinte Battalion (Twentieth Battalion)
CXXIX / 129th Brigade edit
Name/s: Central European Brigade Raised 13 February 1938
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- Dimitrov Battalion
- Djuro Djakovic Battalion (after Đuro Đaković)
- Thomas Mazaryk Battalion (after Tomáš Masaryk)
- Tschapaiew Battalion
CL / 150th Brigade edit
Name/s: Dabowski Brigade Raised 27 May 1937
- Units that formed part of the Brigade at different times:
- André Marty Battalion (after André Marty)
- Mathis Rakosi Battalion (after Mátyás Rákosi)
Ad hoc units edit
- Agrupació Torunczyk (21 January 1939 – 9 February 1939)
- Elements from XI, XIII and XV Brigades
- Agrupació Szuster (1 February 1939 – 9 February 1939)
- Elements from XII and CXXIX Brigades
Notes edit
- ^ a b Thomas (2003), pp 941-5; Beevor (2006), p. 257.
- ^ Thomas (2003), pp 941-5
- ^ Sugarman, pp 1-2
- ^ Thomas (2001), p. 759
- ^ Gurney (1974), p. 64
- ^ Beevor (2006), p. 163
- ^ Boadilla by Esmond Romilly. The Clapton Press Limited, London. 2018. ISBN 978-1999654306
- ^ (in Spanish) XI Thaelmann Brigade 2011-07-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Beevor (2006) p. 167
- ^ Beevor (2006), p 285
- ^ Briefly known as the Washington-Lincoln Battalion
- ^ Thomas (1961), p. 460
- ^ Thomas (1961), p. 461
- ^ (in Russian) Combat use of BT-5 in Spain (Боевое применение танков БТ-5 в Испании)
References edit
- Beevor, Antony. (2006). The Battle for Spain: The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2006. ISBN 978-0-297-84832-5
- Gurney, Jason (1974) Crusade in Spain. London: Faber, 1974. ISBN 978-0-571-10310-2
- Thomas, Hugh. (1961) The Spanish Civil War. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1961.
- Thomas, Hugh. (2003) The Spanish Civil War, 2003. London: Penguin (Revised 4th edition), 2003. ISBN 978-0-14-101161-5
- O'Riordan, Michael. "The Connolly Column", 1979. Reprinted by Warren and Pell, 2005.
- Rust, William (2003). "Britons in Spain", 1939. Reprinted by Warren and Pell, 2003.
- Ryan, Frank (ed.) "The Book of the XV Brigade", 1938. Reprinted by Warren and Pell, 2003. ()
- Sugarman, Martin. Jews Who Served in The Spanish Civil War PDF file