The Ato Institucional Número Cinco – AI-5 (English: Institutional Act Number Five) was the fifth of seventeen major decrees issued by the military dictatorship in the years following the 1964 coup d'état in Brazil. Institutional Acts were the highest form of legislation during the military regime, given that they overruled even the highly authoritarian Constitution, and were enforced without the possibility of judicial review. They were issued on behalf of the "Supreme Command of the Revolution" (the regime's leadership).[1][2] By suspending habeas corpus, the AI-5 enabled worst of the human rights abuses of the military dictatorship.[3]
AI-5, the most infamous of all Institutional Acts and sometimes called o golpe dentro do golpe ('the coup within the coup'), was issued by dictator Artur da Costa e Silva, president at the time on December 13, 1968.[4] It resulted in the forfeiture of mandates, interventions ordered by the President in municipalities and states and also in the suspension of any constitutional guarantees which eventually resulted in the institutionalization of the torture commonly used as a tool by the State.
Written by then Minister of Justice, Luís Antônio da Gama e Silva, it came as a response to earlier events such as a march of over fifty thousand people in Rio de Janeiro to protest against the murder of student Edson Luís de Lima Souto by a member of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro, the March of the One Hundred Thousand, and the decision of the Chamber of Deputies denying authorization to prosecute Congressman Márcio Moreira Alves, which called Brazilians to boycott the celebrations of September 7 (Independence of Brazil). It also aimed to consolidate the ambitions of a group inside the military, known as "hardline", unwilling to give the power back to the civilians anytime soon.
The President of the Republic was given authority to order the National Congress and the State Legislative Assemblies into forced recess. [5] This Unclassified document shows how AI-5 forced Municipal Councils to recess. [6] This document, which was declassified, discusses how a powerful military General thought that the Congress being closed was a "blessing." Costa e Silva used this power almost as soon as AI-5 was signed, resulting in the closure of the National Congress and all state legislatures except that of São Paulo for almost a year. The power to order the National Congress into recess would be used again in 1977.[7]
The assumption by the President of the Republic and the Governors of the States, during the periods of forced recess of the federal and state Legislatures, respectively, of the fullness of the legislative power, enabling the President and the Governors to legislate by decrees with the same force and effect as statutes passed by the legislative Chambers. This power included the power to legislate constitutional amendments. A sweeping amendment of Brazil's 1967 Constitution (already adopted under the Military Regime) was promulgated in 1969 (Constitutional Amendment number 1, also known as the 1969 Constitution, because the entire altered and consolidated text of the Constitution was re-published as part of the Amendment), under the authority transferred to the Executive Branch by the AI-5.
the permission for the federal government, under the pretext of "national security", to intervene in states and municipalities, suspending the local authorities and appointing federal interventors to run the states and the municipalities;
the preliminary censorship of music, films, theater and television (a work could be censored if it was understood as subverting the political and moral values) and the censorship of the press and of other means of mass communication;[2]
the illegality of political meetings not authorized by the police;
the suspension of habeas corpus for crimes of political motivation.
the assumption by the President of the Republic of the power of sacking summarily any public servant, including elected political officers and judges, if they were found to be subversive or un-cooperative with the regime. This power was widely used to vacate the seats of Opposition members in the Legislative branch, so that elections would be held as usual, but the composition of the Legislature resulting from the elections would be dramatically changed by the deprivation of office of Opposition legislators, effectively transforming the Federal, State and even municipal legislatures in rubber-stamp bodies. The deprivation of office of Opposition legislators also affected the makeup of the Electoral College of the President of the Republic (under the 1967 and 1969 Constitutions, adopted under the military regime, the President was chosen by an Electoral College made up of the entire National Congress, and of delegates chosen by the State Assemblies). Thus, not only elections for the Executive Branch were indirect, but the vacancies created in the composition of the Legislative bodies affected the makeup of the Electoral College, so that it also became a rubber-stamp body of the military regime.
[8] By passing AI-5 the dictatorship could take away anyone's political rights for up to ten years, and put the death penalty back into effect
the instant legitimacy of certain types of decrees issued by the President, that were made not liable to judicial review. Under those provisions, the Institutional Acts themselves, and any action based on an Institutional Act (such as a decree suspending political rights or removing someone from office), were not subject to judicial review.
Rebel ARENA
The AI-5 did not silence a group of Senators from ARENA, the political party created to give support for the dictatorship. Under the leadership of Daniel Krieger, the following Senators signed a disagreement message addressed to the president: Gilberto Marinho, Miltom Campos, Carvalho Pinto, Eurico Resende, Manoel Villaça, Wilson Gonçalves, Aloisio de Carvalho Filho, Antonio Carlos Konder Reis, Ney Braga, Mem de Sá, Rui Palmeira, Teotônio Vilela, José Cândido Ferraz, Leandro Maciel, Vitorino Freire, Arnon de Melo, Clodomir Milet, José Guiomard, Valdemar Alcântara and Júlio Leite.[9][10] And this unclassified document gives more background into how the ARENA political party was discriminated by the dictatorship and the AI-5 decree.
In October 13, 1978, President Ernesto Geisel allowed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment putting an end to AI-5 and restoring habeas corpus, as part of his policy of distensão (détente) and abertura política (political opening).[2] The constitutional amendment came into force on January 1, 1979.[11]
In 2004, the celebrated television documentary titled AI-5 – O Dia Que Não Existiu (AI-5 – The Day That Never Existed), was released. The documentary analyzes the events prior to the decree and its consequences.
^Situation in Brazil. CIA analysis and full text of AI-5
^ abcStein, E. A. (2012). "The Unraveling of Support for Authoritarianism: The Dynamic Relationship of Media, Elites, and Public Opinion in Brazil, 1972-82". The International Journal of Press/Politics. 18 (1): 85–107. doi:10.1177/1940161212460762. ISSN 1940-1612. S2CID 147226345.
^"No Justice for Horrors of Brazil's Military Dictatorship 50 Years On". Human Rights Watch. 2018-12-13. Retrieved 2023-03-08.
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This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Institutional Act Number Five news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2008 Learn how and when to remove this template message The Ato Institucional Numero Cinco AI 5 English Institutional Act Number Five was the fifth of seventeen major decrees issued by the military dictatorship in the years following the 1964 coup d etat in Brazil Institutional Acts were the highest form of legislation during the military regime given that they overruled even the highly authoritarian Constitution and were enforced without the possibility of judicial review They were issued on behalf of the Supreme Command of the Revolution the regime s leadership 1 2 By suspending habeas corpus the AI 5 enabled worst of the human rights abuses of the military dictatorship 3 First page of the AI 5 Artur da Costa e Silva President when AI 5 was put into effect AI 5 the most infamous of all Institutional Acts and sometimes called o golpe dentro do golpe the coup within the coup was issued by dictator Artur da Costa e Silva president at the time on December 13 1968 4 It resulted in the forfeiture of mandates interventions ordered by the President in municipalities and states and also in the suspension of any constitutional guarantees which eventually resulted in the institutionalization of the torture commonly used as a tool by the State Written by then Minister of Justice Luis Antonio da Gama e Silva it came as a response to earlier events such as a march of over fifty thousand people in Rio de Janeiro to protest against the murder of student Edson Luis de Lima Souto by a member of the Military Police of Rio de Janeiro the March of the One Hundred Thousand and the decision of the Chamber of Deputies denying authorization to prosecute Congressman Marcio Moreira Alves which called Brazilians to boycott the celebrations of September 7 Independence of Brazil It also aimed to consolidate the ambitions of a group inside the military known as hardline unwilling to give the power back to the civilians anytime soon Contents 1 Consequences 2 Rebel ARENA 3 The end of AI 5 4 Gallery 5 References 6 External linksConsequences EditThe immediate consequences of the AI 5 were The President of the Republic was given authority to order the National Congress and the State Legislative Assemblies into forced recess 5 This Unclassified document shows how AI 5 forced Municipal Councils to recess 6 This document which was declassified discusses how a powerful military General thought that the Congress being closed was a blessing Costa e Silva used this power almost as soon as AI 5 was signed resulting in the closure of the National Congress and all state legislatures except that of Sao Paulo for almost a year The power to order the National Congress into recess would be used again in 1977 7 The assumption by the President of the Republic and the Governors of the States during the periods of forced recess of the federal and state Legislatures respectively of the fullness of the legislative power enabling the President and the Governors to legislate by decrees with the same force and effect as statutes passed by the legislative Chambers This power included the power to legislate constitutional amendments A sweeping amendment of Brazil s 1967 Constitution already adopted under the Military Regime was promulgated in 1969 Constitutional Amendment number 1 also known as the 1969 Constitution because the entire altered and consolidated text of the Constitution was re published as part of the Amendment under the authority transferred to the Executive Branch by the AI 5 the permission for the federal government under the pretext of national security to intervene in states and municipalities suspending the local authorities and appointing federal interventors to run the states and the municipalities the preliminary censorship of music films theater and television a work could be censored if it was understood as subverting the political and moral values and the censorship of the press and of other means of mass communication 2 the illegality of political meetings not authorized by the police the suspension of habeas corpus for crimes of political motivation the assumption by the President of the Republic of the power of sacking summarily any public servant including elected political officers and judges if they were found to be subversive or un cooperative with the regime This power was widely used to vacate the seats of Opposition members in the Legislative branch so that elections would be held as usual but the composition of the Legislature resulting from the elections would be dramatically changed by the deprivation of office of Opposition legislators effectively transforming the Federal State and even municipal legislatures in rubber stamp bodies The deprivation of office of Opposition legislators also affected the makeup of the Electoral College of the President of the Republic under the 1967 and 1969 Constitutions adopted under the military regime the President was chosen by an Electoral College made up of the entire National Congress and of delegates chosen by the State Assemblies Thus not only elections for the Executive Branch were indirect but the vacancies created in the composition of the Legislative bodies affected the makeup of the Electoral College so that it also became a rubber stamp body of the military regime 8 By passing AI 5 the dictatorship could take away anyone s political rights for up to ten years and put the death penalty back into effect the instant legitimacy of certain types of decrees issued by the President that were made not liable to judicial review Under those provisions the Institutional Acts themselves and any action based on an Institutional Act such as a decree suspending political rights or removing someone from office were not subject to judicial review Rebel ARENA EditThe AI 5 did not silence a group of Senators from ARENA the political party created to give support for the dictatorship Under the leadership of Daniel Krieger the following Senators signed a disagreement message addressed to the president Gilberto Marinho Miltom Campos Carvalho Pinto Eurico Resende Manoel Villaca Wilson Goncalves Aloisio de Carvalho Filho Antonio Carlos Konder Reis Ney Braga Mem de Sa Rui Palmeira Teotonio Vilela Jose Candido Ferraz Leandro Maciel Vitorino Freire Arnon de Melo Clodomir Milet Jose Guiomard Valdemar Alcantara and Julio Leite 9 10 And this unclassified document gives more background into how the ARENA political party was discriminated by the dictatorship and the AI 5 decree The end of AI 5 EditMain article Political opening of Brazil In October 13 1978 President Ernesto Geisel allowed Congress to pass a constitutional amendment putting an end to AI 5 and restoring habeas corpus as part of his policy of distensao detente and abertura politica political opening 2 The constitutional amendment came into force on January 1 1979 11 In 2004 the celebrated television documentary titled AI 5 O Dia Que Nao Existiu AI 5 The Day That Never Existed was released The documentary analyzes the events prior to the decree and its consequences Gallery EditPages of the Institutional Act Number Five National Archives of Brazil Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Page 8 Page 9References Edit Situation in Brazil CIA analysis and full text of AI 5 a b c Stein E A 2012 The Unraveling of Support for Authoritarianism The Dynamic Relationship of Media Elites and Public Opinion in Brazil 1972 82 The International Journal of Press Politics 18 1 85 107 doi 10 1177 1940161212460762 ISSN 1940 1612 S2CID 147226345 No Justice for Horrors of Brazil s Military Dictatorship 50 Years On Human Rights Watch 2018 12 13 Retrieved 2023 03 08 Governo Baixa Novo Ato Folha de S Paulo December 14 1968 Brown University Library Item bdr 366676 repository library brown edu Retrieved 2018 04 24 Brown University Library Item bdr 690110 repository library brown edu Retrieved 2018 04 24 AI 5 o mais cruel dos Atos Institucionais in Portuguese Archived from the original on 18 December 2008 Retrieved 2008 11 10 Costa e Silva Brazil Five Centuries of Change library brown edu Retrieved 2018 04 24 Sem acesso ao presidente senadores deixam mensagem de protesto no portao do Palacio das Laranjeiras Archived December 19 2008 at the Wayback Machine Brown University Library Item bdr 367083 repository library brown edu Retrieved 2018 04 24 Veja as nove paginas do Ato Institucional nº 5 Folha de S Paulo in Brazilian Portuguese Retrieved 18 February 2021 External links Edit 30 Years Tonight Retrieved 2008 11 10 AI 5 O Dia Que Nao Existiu at IMDb Official text of Institutional Act 5 from the Brazilian Civil House site in Portuguese Text of Institutional Act 5 from Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro in Portuguese Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Institutional Act Number Five amp oldid 1144890146, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
