Inpatient care

Inpatient care is the care of patients whose condition requires admission to a hospital. Progress in modern medicine and the advent of comprehensive out-patient clinics ensure that patients are only admitted to a hospital when they are extremely ill or have severe physical trauma.^[1]

Progress

Patients enter inpatient care mainly from previous ambulatory care such as referral from a family doctor, or through emergency medicine departments. The patient formally becomes an "inpatient" at the writing of an admission note. Likewise, it is formally ended by writing a discharge note.

Planning for patient discharge

Health care professionals involved in rehabilitation are often involved in discharge planning for patients. When considering patient discharge, there are a number of factors to take into consideration: the patient's current state, their place of residence and the type of support available. When considering the patient's current state, although the patient may be eligible for discharge it is important to examine factors such as the likelihood of re-injury to avoid higher health care costs. Patients' homes should also be visited and examined before they are discharged from the hospital to determine any immediate challenges and corresponding goals, adaptations and assistive devices that need to be implemented. Follow-up appointments should also be coordinated with the patient prior to discharge to monitor the patient's progress as well as any potential complications that may have arisen.^[2] A 2016 Cochrane review showed some benefit to patient health when using individualised discharge planning over a standard format, though no reduction in health care costs.^[3]

History

Inpatient care goes back to 230 BC in India where Ashoka founded 18 hospitals. The Romans also adopted the concept of inpatient care by building a specialized temple for sick patients in 291 AD on the island of Tiber.

It is believed the first inpatient care in North America was provided by the Spanish in the Dominican Republic in 1502; the Hospital de Jesús Nazareno in Mexico City was founded in 1524 and is still providing inpatient care.

Perhaps the most famous provider of inpatient care was Florence Nightingale who was the leading advocate for improving medical care in the mid-19th century.

Nightingale gained fame and credibility during the Crimean War where she and 38 women volunteer nurses traveled to Crimea to treat wounded soldiers. During her first winter at the hospital 4077 soldiers died in the hospital there. She would use this experience to change the course of inpatient care by focusing on improving sanitary conditions and better living conditions within the hospital.

Nightingale became known as "The Lady with the Lamp" and is still considered the founder of modern nursing. The Nightingale School of Nursing continues today and her image is the one depicted each year on nurses' day.

Hospitalist medicine

The original model for inpatient care required a family physician to admit a patient and then make rounds and manage the patient's care during their hospital stay. That model is rapidly being replaced by hospitalist medicine a term first used by Robert Wachter in an article written for The New England Journal of Medicine in 1996.^[4]

The concept of hospitalist medicine provides around-the-clock inpatient care from physicians whose sole practice is the hospital itself. They work with the community of primary care physicians to provide inpatient care and transition patients back to the care of their primary care provider upon discharge. Using this approach, primary care physicians are no longer required to make rounds or be on call.

Today, hospitalist medicine is the fastest growing segment of medicine and is being adopted by hospitals worldwide for inpatient care.

Statistics

In 2011, there were approximately 39 million inpatient stays in the United States, with a national aggregate cost of $387 billion. U.S. programs Medicare and Medicaid bore responsibility for 63 percent of these total aggregate costs.^[5]

In 2011, approximately one quarter of hospital stays in the United States were in the intensive care unit; these accounted for nearly half the aggregate total hospital charges that year.^[6]

See also

• Medical observation, a type of care that takes place at the hospital as an outpatient

References

1. "The Impact of the Shift to Outpatient Care". University of North Carolina Wilmington Online. 2021-10-11. Retrieved 2023-10-03.
2. O'Sullivan, Susan B.; Schmitz, Thomas J. (2007). Physical Rehabilitation (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia: F.A. Davis. pp. 60, 512, 720. ISBN 978-0-8036-1247-1. LCCN 2006019334.
3. Gonçalves-Bradley, Daniela C.; Lannin, Natasha A; Clemson, Lindy M; Cameron, Ian D; Shepperd, Sasha (2016-01-27). "Discharge planning from hospital". Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (1): CD000313. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd000313.pub5. PMC 7073416. PMID 26816297.
4. Wachter, Robert M.; Goldman, Lee (15 August 1996). "The emerging role of "hospitalists" in the American healthcare system" (PDF). The New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (7): 514–7. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608153350713. PMID 8672160. (PDF) from the original on 10 February 2019 – via the Government of Paraná.
5. Torio CM, Andrews RM. National Inpatient Hospital Costs: The Most Expensive Conditions by Payer, 2011. HCUP Statistical Brief #160. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. August 2013. [1]
6. Barrett ML, Smith MW, Elizhauser A, Honigman LS, Pines JM (December 2014). "Utilization of Intensive Care Services, 2011". HCUP Statistical Brief #185. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 25654157.