Injun (satellite)
The Injun program was a series of six satellites designed and built by researchers at the University of Iowa to observe various radiation and magnetic phenomena in the ionosphere and beyond.
The design specifics of the satellites had little in common, though all were solar-powered and the first five used magnetic stabilization to control spacecraft attitude. (The last in the series was spin-stabilized). Instruments included particle detectors of varying types, magnetometers, and photometers for observing auroras.[1] The last three satellites were launched as part of the Explorer program of the NASA.
In spite of various hardware difficulties and the loss of Injun 2 due to an upper stage failure, the program was generally successful. In particular, they produced data on the Van Allen radiation belts including electrical convection in the magnetosphere,[2] and the radiation after effects of the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test.[3]
Launch edit
| Name | Also known as | Launched | Vehicle | Ceased operation | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Injun 1 | 29 June 1961 | Thor-Able | 6 March 1963 | Failed to separate from Solrad 3; still in orbit.[4] | ||
| Injun 2 | 24 January 1962 | Thor-Able | Failed to orbit | Upper stage produced insufficient thrust. | ||
| Injun 3 | 12 December 1962 | Thor-Agena | 25 August 1968 | Deorbited on 25 August 1968. | ||
| Injun 4 | IE-B, Explorer 25 | 21 November 1964 | Scout X-4 | December 1966 | Still in orbit.[5] | |
| Injun 5 | IE-C, Explorer 40 | 8 August 1968 | Scout X-4 | June 1971 | Still in orbit.[6] | |
| Injun 6 | IE-D, Hawkeye, Neutral Point Explorer, Explorer 52 | 3 June 1974 | Scout X-4 | 28 April 1978 | Main article: Explorer 52 |
See also edit
References edit
- ^ Swift, Daniel W.; Gurnett, Donald A. (1973). "Direct comparison between satellite electric field measurements and the visual aurora". Journal of Geophysical Research. 78 (31): 7306–7313. Bibcode:1973JGR....78.7306S. doi:10.1029/JA078i031p07306. hdl:2060/19730016689.
- ^ Gurnett, Donald. Dyer, E.R. (ed.). Electrical Fields and Plasma Observations in the Magnetosphere, in Critical Problems in Magnetospheric Physics (PDF). American Geophyscial Union. pp. 123–138. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
- ^ Hess, Wilmot N. (September 1964). (PDF). NASA. NASA TN D-2402. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 7 October 2007. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Injun 1". NASA. 28 October 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "Explorer 25 (Injun 4)". NASA. 28 October 2021. Retrieved 8 November 2021. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
- ^ "IE C (Injun 5, Explorer 40)". Gunter's Space Page. Retrieved 6 February 2022.
External links edit
- "Injun 1". Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- "Injun 2". Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- "Injun 3". Gunter's Space Page. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- "IE B (Injun 4, Explorer 25)". Gunter's Space Page. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- "IE C (Injun 5, Explorer 40)". Gunter's Space Page. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
- "IE D (Injun 6, Hawkeye, Neutral Point Explorer, Explorer 52)". Gunter's Space Page. 8 April 2020. Retrieved 8 November 2021.