The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion. All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc. The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc, which is activated by cytokines, and a motor or efferent arc, which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production. Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage.
The molecular basis of cytokine-inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitteracetylcholine, and the Alpha-7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine-producing cells.[3][4] The release of acetylcholine in spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation.[5] Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex, termed the "Cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway," provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury. The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen, where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine. The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production.[6]
Therapeutic potentialedit
Evidence from experimental disease models of arthritis, colitis, sepsis, hemorrhagic shock, and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases.[7] Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti-inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity (e.g. anti-TNF and anti-IL-1 antibodies).[8]
^L, Esther; huis (2021-11-08). "The Brain Can Recall and Reawaken Past Immune Responses". Quanta Magazine. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
^Tracey KJ (June 2009). "Reflex control of immunity". Nat Rev Immunol. 9 (6): 418–28. doi:10.1038/nri2566. PMC4535331. PMID 19461672.
^Tracey, Kevin J. (December 2002). "The inflammatory reflex". Nature. 420 (6917): 853–859. Bibcode:2002Natur.420..853T. doi:10.1038/nature01321. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 12490958. S2CID 1791045.
^Rosas-Ballina M, Ochani M, Parrish WR, et al. (August 2008). "Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (31): 11008–13. Bibcode:2008PNAS..10511008R. doi:10.1073/pnas.0803237105. PMC2504833. PMID 18669662.
^Rosas-Ballina M, Olofsson PS, Ochani M, et al. (2011). "Acetylcholine-Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit". Science. 334 (6052): 98–101. Bibcode:2011Sci...334...98R. doi:10.1126/science.1209985. PMC4548937. PMID 21921156.
^Tracey KJ (February 2007). "Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway". Journal of Clinical Investigation. 117 (2): 289–96. doi:10.1172/JCI30555. PMC1783813. PMID 17273548.
^Fox, Douglas (2017). "The shock tactics set to shake up immunology". Nature. 545 (7652): 20–22. Bibcode:2017Natur.545...20F. doi:10.1038/545020a. PMID 28470211. S2CID 4385501.
February 14, 2024
inflammatory, reflex, this, article, multiple, issues, please, help, improve, discuss, these, issues, talk, page, learn, when, remove, these, template, messages, major, contributor, this, article, appears, have, close, connection, with, subject, require, clean. This article has multiple issues Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page Learn how and when to remove these template messages A major contributor to this article appears to have a close connection with its subject It may require cleanup to comply with Wikipedia s content policies particularly neutral point of view Please discuss further on the talk page November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject s importance use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article contains content that is written like an advertisement Please help improve it by removing promotional content and inappropriate external links and by adding encyclopedic content written from a neutral point of view November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message This article may present fringe theories without giving appropriate weight to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories Please help improve it or discuss the issue on the talk page November 2017 Learn how and when to remove this template message Learn how and when to remove this template message The inflammatory reflex is a neural circuit that regulates the immune response to injury and invasion All reflexes have an afferent and efferent arc The Inflammatory reflex has a sensory afferent arc which is activated by cytokines and a motor or efferent arc which transmits action potentials in the vagus nerve to suppress cytokine production Increased signaling in the efferent arc inhibits inflammation and prevents organ damage It has also been shown that the brain can use this circuit not only to regulate the immune response but also to extend the immunological memory 1 2 Contents 1 Molecular mechanism 2 Therapeutic potential 3 See also 4 ReferencesMolecular mechanism editThe molecular basis of cytokine inhibiting signals requires the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and the Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor receptor expressed on cytokine producing cells 3 4 The release of acetylcholine in spleen suppresses the production of TNF and other cytokines which causes damaging inflammation 5 Signaling in the efferent arc of the inflammatory reflex termed the Cholinergic anti inflammatory pathway provides a regulatory check on the innate immune system response to invasion and injury The action potentials that arise in the vagus nerve are transmitted to the spleen where a subset of specialized T cells are activated to secrete acetylcholine The net effect of the reflex is to prevent the damage caused by excessive cytokine production 6 Therapeutic potential editEvidence from experimental disease models of arthritis colitis sepsis hemorrhagic shock and congestive heart failure indicate that electrical stimulation of the vagus nerve can prevent or reverse these diseases 7 Some research suggests that it is possible to implant nerve stimulants to replace anti inflammatory drugs that target cytokine activity e g anti TNF and anti IL 1 antibodies 8 See also editInteroception Pavlovian conditioningReferences edit Koren Tamar Yifa Re ee Amer Mariam Krot Maria Boshnak Nadia Ben Shaanan Tamar L Azulay Debby Hilla Zalayat Itay Avishai Eden Hajjo Haitham Schiller Maya 2021 11 08 Insular cortex neurons encode and retrieve specific immune responses Cell 184 24 5902 5915 e17 doi 10 1016 j cell 2021 10 013 ISSN 0092 8674 PMID 34752731 S2CID 243843719 L Esther huis 2021 11 08 The Brain Can Recall and Reawaken Past Immune Responses Quanta Magazine Retrieved 2021 11 17 Tracey KJ June 2009 Reflex control of immunity Nat Rev Immunol 9 6 418 28 doi 10 1038 nri2566 PMC 4535331 PMID 19461672 Tracey Kevin J December 2002 The inflammatory reflex Nature 420 6917 853 859 Bibcode 2002Natur 420 853T doi 10 1038 nature01321 ISSN 1476 4687 PMID 12490958 S2CID 1791045 Rosas Ballina M Ochani M Parrish WR et al August 2008 Splenic nerve is required for cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway control of TNF in endotoxemia Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105 31 11008 13 Bibcode 2008PNAS 10511008R doi 10 1073 pnas 0803237105 PMC 2504833 PMID 18669662 Rosas Ballina M Olofsson PS Ochani M et al 2011 Acetylcholine Synthesizing T Cells Relay Neural Signals in a Vagus Nerve Circuit Science 334 6052 98 101 Bibcode 2011Sci 334 98R doi 10 1126 science 1209985 PMC 4548937 PMID 21921156 Tracey KJ February 2007 Physiology and immunology of the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 2 289 96 doi 10 1172 JCI30555 PMC 1783813 PMID 17273548 Fox Douglas 2017 The shock tactics set to shake up immunology Nature 545 7652 20 22 Bibcode 2017Natur 545 20F doi 10 1038 545020a PMID 28470211 S2CID 4385501 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w 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