Infectious coryza in chickens

Infectious coryza is a serious bacterial disease of chickens, which affects respiratory system, and it is manifested by inflammation of the area below the eye, nasal discharge, and sneezing.^[1][2] The disease is found all over the world, causing high economic losses, which are due to stumping off and reduction of egg production in case of laying chickens. The disease was discovered early 1930s by considering clinical signs.^[1]

Signs and symptoms

Clinical appearance of the disease includes depression, a serous nasal discharge, and sporadically minor facial inflammation in the mild form of the disease. In severe form, severe inflammation of one or both infraorbital sinuses with edema of the surrounding tissue occurs. The swelling can cause closure of one or both eyes. Intermandibular space and wattles of cocks do swell in the course of the disease.^[2][3]

Cause

The disease is caused by the bacterium Avibacterium paragallinarum, which is Gram-negative. The bacterium is microaerophilic, rod-shaped, and nonmotile. Its growth requires the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. The three serovars of A. paragallinarum are A, B, and C, related by immunotype specificity.^[1][2]

Transmission

The reservoirs of the disease are carrier chickens that could be healthy, but harboring the disease, or chronically sick. The disease affects all ages of chickens. The disease can persist in the flock for 2-3 weeks and signs of the disease are seen 1–3 days after infection. Transmission of the disease is through direct interaction, airborne droplets, and drinking contaminated water. Chickens having infection and those carriers contribute highly to the disease transmission.^[2][3]

Diagnosis

Diagnosis is by isolation of bacteria from chickens suspected to have a history of coryza and clinical findings from infected chickens.^[1][4] Polymerase chain reaction testing is a reliable means of diagnosis of the disease.^[5][6][7][8]

Treatment

Prevention is through use of stock coryza-free birds. In other cases, culling of the whole flock is a good means of disease control. Bacterin also is used to reduce the severity of the disease. Precise exposure has also has been used, but it should be done with care.^{[citation needed]} Vaccination of chicks is done in areas with high disease occurrence. Treatment consists of using antibiotics such as erythromycin, dihydrostreptomycin, streptomycin, sulfonamides, tylosin, and fluoroquinolones.^[2][3]

References

1. Blackall P J, Matsumoto M., Yamamoto R. Infectious coryza. In: Calnek B W, Barnes H J, Beard C W, McDougald L R, Saif Y M, editors. Diseases of poultry. 10th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press; 1997. pp. 179–190
2. Merck Veterinary Manual, 2016
3. "Poultry, Poultry Health, Welfare, Diseases, Poultry News, Articles, Photos of Chickens, Poultry Photo". The Poultry Site.
4. Bragg R R, Greyling J M, Verschoor J A. Isolation and identification of NAD-independent bacteria from chickens with symptoms of infectious coryza. Avian Pathol. 1997;26:595–606
5. Blackall P J, Yamamoto R. Infectious coryza. In: Swayne D E, editor. A laboratory manual for the isolation and identification of avian pathogens. 4th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: American Association of Avian Pathologists; 1998. pp. 29–34
6. Chen X, Chen Q, Zhang P, Feng W, Blackall P J. Evaluation of a PCR test for the detection of Haemophilus paragallinarum in China. Avian Pathol. 1998;27:296–300.
7. Chen X, Miflin J K, Zhang P, Blackall P J. Development and application of DNA probes and PCR tests for Haemophilus paragallinarum. Avian Dis. 1996;40:398–407
8. Chen X, Song C, Gong Y, Blackall P J. Further studies on the use of a polymerase chain reaction test for the diagnosis of infectious coryza. Avian Pathol. 1998;27:618–624.