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Plant-induced systemic resistance

January 01, 1970

Induced systemic resistance (ISR) is a resistance mechanism in plants that is activated by infection. Its mode of action does not depend on direct killing or inhibition of the invading pathogen, but rather on increasing physical or chemical barrier of the host plant.[1] Like the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) a plant can develop defenses against an invader such as a pathogen or parasite if an infection takes place. In contrast to SAR which is triggered by the accumulation of salicylic acid, ISR instead relies on signal transduction pathways activated by jasmonate and ethylene.[2]

Discovery edit

The induction of plant-induced resistance to pathogen protection was identified in 1901 and was described as the "system of acquired resistance." Subsequently, several different terms have been used, namely, "acquired physiological immunity", "resistance displacement", "plant immune function" and "induced system resistance."[3] Many forms of stimulus have been found to induce the plant to the virus, bacteria and fungi and other disease resistance including Mechanical factors (dry ice damage, electromagnetic, ultraviolet, and low temperature and high temperature treatment, etc.) Chemical factors (heavy metal salts, water, salicylic acid) and Biological factors (fungi, bacteria, viruses, and their metabolites).[4]

Mode of action edit

Induced resistance of plants has 2 major modes of action: the SAR pathway and the ISR pathway. SAR can elicit a rapid local reaction, or hypersensitive response, the pathogen is limited to a small area of the site of infection. As mentioned, salicylic acid is the mode of action for the SAR pathway. ISR enhances the defense systems of the plant by jasmonic acid (JA) mode of action. Both act on the effect of the NPR-1, but SAR utilizes PR genes. It is important to note that the two mediated responses have regulatory effects on one another. As SA goes up, it can inhibit the effect of JA. There is a balance to be maintained when activating both responses.[5]

ISR responses can be mediated by rhizobacteria which has shown to be effective against necrotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores that are sensitive to JA/ET defenses.[6] The importance of rhizobacteria-mediated ISR has been widely reported.[7][8][9]

The biological factors of plant-induced system resistance generally include two broad categories, namely classical plant-induced resistance to disease induction (PGPR) or fungi that promote plant growth (PGPF), and plant growth-promoting rhizosphere bacteria (PGPR) or plant growth promoting fungi (PGPF). The difference is mainly due to the fact that the latter can effectively promote plant growth and increase crop yield while causing (or increasing) plant resistance to diseases (sometimes including pests).[10]

Effects on insects edit

Some studies have also reported negative effects of beneficial microbes on plant-insect interactions as well.[11]

Applied research edit

To date, work on induction of plant systemic resistance has shown that inducing plant system resistance work has important implications for basic and applied research.

Induced resistance applications in melons, tobacco, bean, potato, and rice have achieved significant success. Over the past decade, the study of induced system resistance has become a very active field of research.[12]


Methods to artificially activate the ISR pathway is an active area of research.[13] The research and application of inducing plant system resistance have been encouraging but are not yet a major factor in controlling plant pathogens. Incorporation into integrated pest management programs have shown some promising results. There is research regarding defense against leaf chewing insect pests, by the activation of jasmonic acid signalling triggered by root-associated microorganisms.[14]

Some ongoing research into ISR includes (1) how to systematically improve the selection of induction factors; (2) the injury of induced factors; (3) the phenomenon of multi-effect of induced factors; (4) the effects of chemical induction factors on environmental factors; (5) Establishment of population stability of multivariate biological inducible factor. Research into ISR is driven largely by a response to pesticide use including 1) Increasing resistance by pathogens to pesticides, 2) the necessity to remove some of the more toxic pesticides from the market, 3) health and environment problems caused as an effect of pesticide use, and 4) the inability of certain pesticides to control some pathogens.[15]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Choudhary DK, Prakash A, Johri BN (December 2007). "Induced systemic resistance (ISR) in plants: mechanism of action". Indian Journal of Microbiology. 47 (4): 289–97. doi:10.1007/s12088-007-0054-2. PMC 3450033. PMID 23100680.
  2. ^ Yan Z, Reddy MS, Ryu CM, McInroy JA, Wilson M, Kloepper JW (December 2002). "Induced systemic protection against tomato late blight elicited by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria". Phytopathology. 92 (12): 1329–33. doi:10.1094/phyto.2002.92.12.1329. PMID 18943888.
  3. ^ Conrath U (July 2006). "Systemic acquired resistance". Plant Signaling & Behavior. 1 (4): 179–84. doi:10.4161/psb.1.4.3221. PMC 2634024. PMID 19521483.
  4. ^ Walters DR, Ratsep J, Havis ND (March 2013). "Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance: challenges for the future". Journal of Experimental Botany. 64 (5): 1263–80. doi:10.1093/jxb/ert026. PMID 23386685.
  5. ^ Traw MB, Bergelson J (November 2003). "Interactive effects of jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellin on induction of trichomes in Arabidopsis". Plant Physiology. 133 (3): 1367–75. doi:10.1104/pp.103.027086. PMC 281631. PMID 14551332.
  6. ^ Pieterse CM, Zamioudis C, Berendsen RL, Weller DM, Van Wees SC, Bakker PA (2014-08-04). "Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes". Annual Review of Phytopathology. 52 (1): 347–75. doi:10.1146/annurev-phyto-082712-102340. hdl:1874/297859. PMID 24906124. S2CID 207551516.
  7. ^ Pieterse CM, Van Pelt JA, Van Wees SC, Ton J, Léon-Kloosterziel KM, Keurentjes JJ, Verhagen BW, Knoester M, Van der Sluis I, Bakker PA, Van Loon LC (2001). "Rhizobacteria-mediated Induced Systemic Resistance: Triggering, Signalling and Expression". European Journal of Plant Pathology. 107 (1): 51–61. doi:10.1023/a:1008747926678. hdl:1874/7715. S2CID 24450948.
  8. ^ Siddiqui IA, Shaukat SS (September 2002). "Rhizobacteria-mediated Induction of Systemic Resistance (ISR) in Tomato against Meloidogyne javanica". Journal of Phytopathology. 150 (8–9): 469–473. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0434.2002.00784.x.
  9. ^ Bakker PA, Ran LX, Pieterse CM, Van Loon LC (March 2003). "Understanding the involvement of rhizobacteria-mediated induction of systemic resistance in biocontrol of plant diseases". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology. 25 (1): 5–9. doi:10.1080/07060660309507043. hdl:1874/7767. S2CID 15977931.
  10. ^ Beneduzi A, Ambrosini A, Passaglia LM (December 2012). "Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR): Their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents". Genetics and Molecular Biology. 35 (4 (suppl)): 1044–51. doi:10.1590/S1415-47572012000600020. PMC 3571425. PMID 23411488.
  11. ^ Pineda A, Dicke M, Pieterse CM, Pozo MJ (2013-02-11). "Beneficial microbes in a changing environment: are they always helping plants to deal with insects?". Functional Ecology. 27 (3): 574–586. Bibcode:2013FuEco..27..574P. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12050. hdl:1874/276314.
  12. ^ Heil, M. (1 May 2002). "Induced Systemic Resistance (ISR) Against Pathogens in the Context of Induced Plant Defences". Annals of Botany. 89 (5): 503–512. doi:10.1093/aob/mcf076. PMC 4233886. PMID 12099523.
  13. ^ Welling LL (October 2001). "Induced resistance: from the basic to the applied". Trends in Plant Science. 6 (10): 445–7. doi:10.1016/S1360-1385(01)02046-5. PMID 11686134.
  14. ^ Jung SC, Martinez-Medina A, Lopez-Raez JA, Pozo MJ (June 2012). "Mycorrhiza-induced resistance and priming of plant defenses". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 38 (6): 651–64. doi:10.1007/s10886-012-0134-6. hdl:10261/344431. PMID 22623151. S2CID 12918193.
  15. ^ Sadik, Tuzun; Elizabeth, Bent (2006-10-26). Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-0-387-23266-9.

January 01, 1970
plant, induced, systemic, resistance, been, suggested, that, parts, biotic, stress, biotic, stress, response, stress, moved, into, this, page, discuss, november, 2021, induced, systemic, resistance, resistance, mechanism, plants, that, activated, infection, mo. It has been suggested that parts of Biotic stress Biotic stress Response to stress be moved into this page Discuss November 2021 Induced systemic resistance ISR is a resistance mechanism in plants that is activated by infection Its mode of action does not depend on direct killing or inhibition of the invading pathogen but rather on increasing physical or chemical barrier of the host plant 1 Like the Systemic Acquired Resistance SAR a plant can develop defenses against an invader such as a pathogen or parasite if an infection takes place In contrast to SAR which is triggered by the accumulation of salicylic acid ISR instead relies on signal transduction pathways activated by jasmonate and ethylene 2 Contents 1 Discovery 2 Mode of action 3 Effects on insects 4 Applied research 5 See also 6 ReferencesDiscovery editThe induction of plant induced resistance to pathogen protection was identified in 1901 and was described as the system of acquired resistance Subsequently several different terms have been used namely acquired physiological immunity resistance displacement plant immune function and induced system resistance 3 Many forms of stimulus have been found to induce the plant to the virus bacteria and fungi and other disease resistance including Mechanical factors dry ice damage electromagnetic ultraviolet and low temperature and high temperature treatment etc Chemical factors heavy metal salts water salicylic acid and Biological factors fungi bacteria viruses and their metabolites 4 Mode of action editInduced resistance of plants has 2 major modes of action the SAR pathway and the ISR pathway SAR can elicit a rapid local reaction or hypersensitive response the pathogen is limited to a small area of the site of infection As mentioned salicylic acid is the mode of action for the SAR pathway ISR enhances the defense systems of the plant by jasmonic acid JA mode of action Both act on the effect of the NPR 1 but SAR utilizes PR genes It is important to note that the two mediated responses have regulatory effects on one another As SA goes up it can inhibit the effect of JA There is a balance to be maintained when activating both responses 5 ISR responses can be mediated by rhizobacteria which has shown to be effective against necrotrophic pathogens and insect herbivores that are sensitive to JA ET defenses 6 The importance of rhizobacteria mediated ISR has been widely reported 7 8 9 The biological factors of plant induced system resistance generally include two broad categories namely classical plant induced resistance to disease induction PGPR or fungi that promote plant growth PGPF and plant growth promoting rhizosphere bacteria PGPR or plant growth promoting fungi PGPF The difference is mainly due to the fact that the latter can effectively promote plant growth and increase crop yield while causing or increasing plant resistance to diseases sometimes including pests 10 Effects on insects editSome studies have also reported negative effects of beneficial microbes on plant insect interactions as well 11 Applied research editTo date work on induction of plant systemic resistance has shown that inducing plant system resistance work has important implications for basic and applied research Induced resistance applications in melons tobacco bean potato and rice have achieved significant success Over the past decade the study of induced system resistance has become a very active field of research 12 Methods to artificially activate the ISR pathway is an active area of research 13 The research and application of inducing plant system resistance have been encouraging but are not yet a major factor in controlling plant pathogens Incorporation into integrated pest management programs have shown some promising results There is research regarding defense against leaf chewing insect pests by the activation of jasmonic acid signalling triggered by root associated microorganisms 14 Some ongoing research into ISR includes 1 how to systematically improve the selection of induction factors 2 the injury of induced factors 3 the phenomenon of multi effect of induced factors 4 the effects of chemical induction factors on environmental factors 5 Establishment of population stability of multivariate biological inducible factor Research into ISR is driven largely by a response to pesticide use including 1 Increasing resistance by pathogens to pesticides 2 the necessity to remove some of the more toxic pesticides from the market 3 health and environment problems caused as an effect of pesticide use and 4 the inability of certain pesticides to control some pathogens 15 See also editPlant disease resistance Systemic acquired resistanceReferences edit Choudhary DK Prakash A Johri BN December 2007 Induced systemic resistance ISR in plants mechanism of action Indian Journal of Microbiology 47 4 289 97 doi 10 1007 s12088 007 0054 2 PMC 3450033 PMID 23100680 Yan Z Reddy MS Ryu CM McInroy JA Wilson M Kloepper JW December 2002 Induced systemic protection against tomato late blight elicited by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria Phytopathology 92 12 1329 33 doi 10 1094 phyto 2002 92 12 1329 PMID 18943888 Conrath U July 2006 Systemic acquired resistance Plant Signaling amp Behavior 1 4 179 84 doi 10 4161 psb 1 4 3221 PMC 2634024 PMID 19521483 Walters DR Ratsep J Havis ND March 2013 Controlling crop diseases using induced resistance challenges for the future Journal of Experimental Botany 64 5 1263 80 doi 10 1093 jxb ert026 PMID 23386685 Traw MB Bergelson J November 2003 Interactive effects of jasmonic acid salicylic acid and gibberellin on induction of trichomes in Arabidopsis Plant Physiology 133 3 1367 75 doi 10 1104 pp 103 027086 PMC 281631 PMID 14551332 Pieterse CM Zamioudis C Berendsen RL Weller DM Van Wees SC Bakker PA 2014 08 04 Induced systemic resistance by beneficial microbes Annual Review of Phytopathology 52 1 347 75 doi 10 1146 annurev phyto 082712 102340 hdl 1874 297859 PMID 24906124 S2CID 207551516 Pieterse CM Van Pelt JA Van Wees SC Ton J Leon Kloosterziel KM Keurentjes JJ Verhagen BW Knoester M Van der Sluis I Bakker PA Van Loon LC 2001 Rhizobacteria mediated Induced Systemic Resistance Triggering Signalling and Expression European Journal of Plant Pathology 107 1 51 61 doi 10 1023 a 1008747926678 hdl 1874 7715 S2CID 24450948 Siddiqui IA Shaukat SS September 2002 Rhizobacteria mediated Induction of Systemic Resistance ISR in Tomato against Meloidogyne javanica Journal of Phytopathology 150 8 9 469 473 doi 10 1046 j 1439 0434 2002 00784 x Bakker PA Ran LX Pieterse CM Van Loon LC March 2003 Understanding the involvement of rhizobacteria mediated induction of systemic resistance in biocontrol of plant diseases Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 25 1 5 9 doi 10 1080 07060660309507043 hdl 1874 7767 S2CID 15977931 Beneduzi A Ambrosini A Passaglia LM December 2012 Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria PGPR Their potential as antagonists and biocontrol agents Genetics and Molecular Biology 35 4 suppl 1044 51 doi 10 1590 S1415 47572012000600020 PMC 3571425 PMID 23411488 Pineda A Dicke M Pieterse CM Pozo MJ 2013 02 11 Beneficial microbes in a changing environment are they always helping plants to deal with insects Functional Ecology 27 3 574 586 Bibcode 2013FuEco 27 574P doi 10 1111 1365 2435 12050 hdl 1874 276314 Heil M 1 May 2002 Induced Systemic Resistance ISR Against Pathogens in the Context of Induced Plant Defences Annals of Botany 89 5 503 512 doi 10 1093 aob mcf076 PMC 4233886 PMID 12099523 Welling LL October 2001 Induced resistance from the basic to the applied Trends in Plant Science 6 10 445 7 doi 10 1016 S1360 1385 01 02046 5 PMID 11686134 Jung SC Martinez Medina A Lopez Raez JA Pozo MJ June 2012 Mycorrhiza induced resistance and priming of plant defenses Journal of Chemical Ecology 38 6 651 64 doi 10 1007 s10886 012 0134 6 hdl 10261 344431 PMID 22623151 S2CID 12918193 Sadik Tuzun Elizabeth Bent 2006 10 26 Multigenic and Induced Systemic Resistance in Plants Springer Science amp Business Media ISBN 978 0 387 23266 9 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Plant induced systemic resistance amp oldid 1214689944, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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