Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV-photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly.[2] Molecules that do not have this ability have a long-lived excited state. This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules—so-called bimolecular reactions.[2]Melanin[dubious – discuss][citation needed] and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds (10−15s).[3] The excited state lifetime of compounds used in sunscreens such as menthyl anthranilate, avobenzone or padimate O is 1,000 to 1,000,000 times longer than that of melanin,[2] and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them.[4][5][6][7]
Indirect DNA damage: The chromophore absorbs UV-light (* denotes an excited state), and the energy of the excited state is creating singlet oxygen (1O2) or a hydroxyl radical (•OH), which then damages DNA through oxidation.[1]
The molecule that originally absorbs the UV-photon is called a "chromophore". Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species, to produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species. These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA (oxidative stress). It is important to note that, unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn, indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body.
The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure:
Unlike direct DNA damage, which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV-B light, reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas—possibly even inner organs.[dubious – discuss] The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun—in contrast to basal-cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body.[dubious – discuss][citation needed]
^ abRibeiro, D. T.; Madzak, C.; Sarasin, A.; Mascio, P. Di; Sies, H.; Menck, C. F. M. (January 1992). "Singlet Oxygen Induced DNA Damage and Mutagenicity in a Single-Stranded Sv40-Based Shuttle Vector". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 55 (1): 39–45. doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb04207.x. PMID 1318549. S2CID 9807925.
^ abcCantrell, Ann; McGarvey, David J (2001). "3(Sun Protection in Man)". Comprehensive Series in Photosciences. 495: 497–519. CAN 137:43484.
^. Archived from the original on 2008-06-05. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
^Armeni, Tatiana; Damiani, Elisabetta; et al. (2004). "Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA-induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes". Toxicology. 203 (1–3): 165–178. doi:10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.008. hdl:11566/51196. PMID 15363592.
^Knowland, John; McKenzie, Edward A.; McHugh, Peter J.; Cridland, Nigel A. (1993). "Sunlight-induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient". FEBS Letters. 324 (3): 309–313. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80141-G. PMID 8405372. S2CID 23853321.
^Mosley, C N; Wang, L; Gilley, S; Wang, S; Yu, H (2007). "Light-Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent, 2-Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 4 (2): 126–131. doi:10.3390/ijerph2007040006. PMC3728577. PMID 17617675.
^Xu, C.; Green, Adele; Parisi, Alfio; Parsons, Peter G (2001). "Photosensitization of the Sunscreen Octyl p-Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes". Photochemistry and Photobiology. 73 (6): 600–604. doi:10.1562/0031-8655(2001)073<0600:POTSOP>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0031-8655. PMID 11421064. S2CID 38706861.
August 23, 2023
indirect, damage, this, article, factual, accuracy, disputed, relevant, discussion, found, talk, page, please, help, ensure, that, disputed, statements, reliably, sourced, april, 2020, learn, when, remove, this, template, message, occurs, when, photon, absorbe. This article s factual accuracy is disputed Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page Please help to ensure that disputed statements are reliably sourced April 2020 Learn how and when to remove this template message Indirect DNA damage occurs when a UV photon is absorbed in the human skin by a chromophore that does not have the ability to convert the energy into harmless heat very quickly 2 Molecules that do not have this ability have a long lived excited state This long lifetime leads to a high probability for reactions with other molecules so called bimolecular reactions 2 Melanin dubious discuss citation needed and DNA have extremely short excited state lifetimes in the range of a few femtoseconds 10 15s 3 The excited state lifetime of compounds used in sunscreens such as menthyl anthranilate avobenzone or padimate O is 1 000 to 1 000 000 times longer than that of melanin 2 and therefore they may cause damage to living cells that come in contact with them 4 5 6 7 Indirect DNA damage The chromophore absorbs UV light denotes an excited state and the energy of the excited state is creating singlet oxygen 1O2 or a hydroxyl radical OH which then damages DNA through oxidation 1 The molecule that originally absorbs the UV photon is called a chromophore Bimolecular reactions can occur either between the excited chromophore and DNA or between the excited chromophore and another species to produce free radicals and reactive oxygen species These reactive chemical species can reach DNA by diffusion and the bimolecular reaction damages the DNA oxidative stress It is important to note that unlike direct DNA damage which causes sunburn indirect DNA damage does not result in any warning signal or pain in the human body The bimolecular reactions that cause the indirect DNA damage are illustrated in the figure C h r o m o p h o r e 3 O 2 C h r o m o p h o r e 1 O 2 displaystyle mathrm Chromophore 3 O 2 xrightarrow Chromophore 1 O 2 1O2 is reactive harmful singlet oxygen 1 O 2 i n t a c t D N A 3 O 2 d a m a g e d D N A displaystyle mathrm 1 O 2 intact DNA xrightarrow 3 O 2 damaged DNA 1 Location of the damage EditUnlike direct DNA damage which occurs in areas directly exposed to UV B light reactive chemical species can travel through the body and affect other areas possibly even inner organs dubious discuss The traveling nature of the indirect DNA damage can be seen in the fact that the malignant melanoma can occur in places that are not directly illuminated by the sun in contrast to basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma which appear only on directly illuminated locations on the body dubious discuss citation needed See also EditFree radical damage to DNA Photoprotection SunscreenReferences Edit a b Ribeiro D T Madzak C Sarasin A Mascio P Di Sies H Menck C F M January 1992 Singlet Oxygen Induced DNA Damage and Mutagenicity in a Single Stranded Sv40 Based Shuttle Vector Photochemistry and Photobiology 55 1 39 45 doi 10 1111 j 1751 1097 1992 tb04207 x PMID 1318549 S2CID 9807925 a b c Cantrell Ann McGarvey David J 2001 3 Sun Protection in Man Comprehensive Series in Photosciences 495 497 519 CAN 137 43484 Ultrafast internal conversion of DNA Archived from the original on 2008 06 05 Retrieved 2008 02 13 Armeni Tatiana Damiani Elisabetta et al 2004 Lack of in vitro protection by a common sunscreen ingredient on UVA induced cytotoxicity in keratinocytes Toxicology 203 1 3 165 178 doi 10 1016 j tox 2004 06 008 hdl 11566 51196 PMID 15363592 Knowland John McKenzie Edward A McHugh Peter J Cridland Nigel A 1993 Sunlight induced mutagenicity of a common sunscreen ingredient FEBS Letters 324 3 309 313 doi 10 1016 0014 5793 93 80141 G PMID 8405372 S2CID 23853321 Mosley C N Wang L Gilley S Wang S Yu H 2007 Light Induced Cytotoxicity and Genotoxicity of a Sunscreen Agent 2 Phenylbenzimidazol in Salmonella typhimurium TA 102 and HaCaT Keratinocytes International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 4 2 126 131 doi 10 3390 ijerph2007040006 PMC 3728577 PMID 17617675 Xu C Green Adele Parisi Alfio Parsons Peter G 2001 Photosensitization of the Sunscreen Octyl p Dimethylaminobenzoate b UVA in Human Melanocytes but not in Keratinocytes Photochemistry and Photobiology 73 6 600 604 doi 10 1562 0031 8655 2001 073 lt 0600 POTSOP gt 2 0 CO 2 ISSN 0031 8655 PMID 11421064 S2CID 38706861 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Indirect DNA damage amp oldid 1136249368, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
