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Incantation

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Incantation (disambiguation). "Spellcasting" redirects here. For the video game series, see Spellcasting (series). "Spellcraft" redirects here. For the video game, see Spellcraft: Aspects of Valor.

An incantation, a spell, a charm, an enchantment, or a bewitchery, is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects. The formula can be spoken, sung, or chanted. An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers. In the world of magic, wizards, witches, and fairies are common performers of incantations in culture and folklore.[1]

19th century book of incantations, written by a Welsh physician

In medieval literature, folklore, fairy tales, and modern fantasy fiction, enchantments are charms or spells. This has led to the terms "enchanter" and "enchantress" for those who use enchantments.[2] The English language borrowed the term "incantation" from Old French in the late 14th century; the corresponding Old English term was gealdor or galdor, "song, spell", cognate to ON galdr. The weakened sense "delight" (compare the same development of "charm") is modern, first attested in 1593 (OED).

Words of incantation are often spoken with inflection and emphasis on the words being said. The tone and rhyme of how the words are spoken and the placement of words used in the formula may differ depending on the desired outcome of the magical effect.[3]

Surviving written records of historical magic spells were largely obliterated in many cultures by the success of the major monotheistic religions (Islam, Judaism, and Christianity), which label some magical activity as immoral or associated with evil.[4][unreliable source?]

Etymology edit

 
The Enchanted Garden of Messer Ansaldo by Marie Spartali Stillman

The Latin incantare, which means "to consecrate with spells, to charm, to bewitch, to ensorcel", forms the basis of the word "enchant", with deep linguistic roots going back to the Proto-Indo-European kan- prefix. So it can be said that an enchanter or enchantress casts magic spells, or utters incantations.

The words that are similar to incantations such as enchantment, charms and spells are the effects of reciting an incantation. To be enchanted is to be under the influence of an enchantment, usually thought to be caused by charms or spells.

Magic words edit

 
Classic magic words
Main article: Magic word

Magic words or words of power are words which have a specific, and sometimes unintended, effect. They are often nonsense phrases used in fantasy fiction or by stage prestidigitators. Frequently such words are presented as being part of a divine, adamic, or other secret or empowered language. Certain comic book heroes use magic words to activate their powers.

Examples of traditional magic words include Abracadabra, Alakazam, Hocus Pocus, Open Sesame and Sim Sala Bim.

In Babylonian, incantations can be used in rituals to burn images of one's own enemies. An example would be found in the series of Mesopotamian incantations of Šurpu and Maqlû. In the Orient, the charming of snakes have been used in incantations of the past and still used today. A person using an incantation would entice the snake out of its hiding place in order to get rid of them.[1]

Udug-hul edit

Main article: Udug

In Mesopotamian mythology, Udug Hul incantations are used to exorcise demons (evil Udug) who bring misfortune or illnesses, such as mental illness or anxiety. These demons can create horrible events such as divorce, loss of property, or other catastrophes.[5]

In folklore and fiction edit

 
The enchantress Alcina makes herself appear beautiful, in Orlando Furioso

In traditional fairy tales magical formulas are sometimes attached to an object.[citation needed] When the incantation is uttered, it helps transform the object. In such stories, incantations are attached to a magic wand used by wizards, witches and fairy godmothers. One example is the spell that Cinderella's Fairy Godmother used to turn a pumpkin into a coach, "Bibbidi-Bobbidi-Boo", a nonsense rhyme which echoes more serious historical incantations.[6]

Modern uses and interpretations edit

The performance of magic almost always involves the use of language. Whether spoken out loud or unspoken, words are frequently used to access or guide magical power. In The Magical Power of Words (1968), S. J. Tambiah argues that the connection between language and magic is due to a belief in the inherent ability of words to influence the universe. Bronisław Malinowski, in Coral Gardens and their Magic (1935), suggests that this belief is an extension of man's basic use of language to describe his surroundings, in which "the knowledge of the right words, appropriate phrases and the more highly developed forms of speech, gives man a power over and above his own limited field of personal action."[7]: 235  Magical speech is therefore a ritual act and is of equal or even greater importance to the performance of magic than non-verbal acts.[8]: 175–176 

Not all speech is considered magical. Only certain words and phrases or words spoken in a specific context are considered to have magical power.[8]: 176  Magical language, according to C. K. Ogden and I. A. Richards's (1923) categories of speech, is distinct from scientific language because it is emotive and it converts words into symbols for emotions; whereas in scientific language words are tied to specific meanings and refer to an objective external reality.[8]: 188  Magical language is therefore particularly adept at constructing metaphors that establish symbols and link magical rituals to the world.[8]: 189 

Malinowski argues that "the language of magic is sacred, set and used for an entirely different purpose to that of ordinary life."[7]: 213  The two forms of language are differentiated through word choice, grammar, style, or by the use of specific phrases or forms: prayers, spells, songs, blessings, or chants, for example. Sacred modes of language often employ archaic words and forms in an attempt to invoke the purity or "truth" of a religious or a cultural "golden age". The use of Hebrew in Judaism is an example.[8]: 182 

Another potential source of the power of words is their secrecy and exclusivity. Much sacred language is differentiated enough from common language that it is incomprehensible to the majority of the population and it can only be used and interpreted by specialized practitioners (magicians, priests, shamans, or Imams).[7]: 228 [8]: 178  In this respect, Tambiah argues that magical languages violate the primary function of language: communication.[8]: 179  Yet adherents of magic are still able to use and to value the magical function of words by believing in the inherent power of the words themselves and in the meaning that they must provide for those who do understand them. This leads Tambiah to conclude that "the remarkable disjunction between sacred and profane language which exists as a general fact is not necessarily linked to the need to embody sacred words in an exclusive language."[8]: 182 

Examples of charms edit

 
A complete history of magik, sorcery, and wi Wellcome L0026620

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b Cushman, Stephen (2012). Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics : Fourth Edition. Princeton, ProQuest Ebook Central: Princeton University Press. p. 681.
  2. ^ Conley, Craig (2008). Magic Words, A Dictionary. San Francisco: Weiser Books. p. 40. ISBN 978-1-57863-434-7.
  3. ^ Conley, Craig (2008). Magic Words:a dictionary. San Francisco: Weiser Books. pp. 23–27. ISBN 978-1-57863-434-7.
  4. ^ Davies, Owen (8 April 2009). "The top 10 grimoires". The Guardian. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
  5. ^ Markham, Geller (2015). Healing Magic and Evil Demons : Canonical Udug-Hul Incantations. De Gruyter, Inc. pp. 3–5. ISBN 9781614515326.
  6. ^ Garry, Jane (2005). Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature. Armonk: M.E. Sharp. p. 162. ISBN 0-7656-1260-7.
  7. ^ a b c Malinowski, Bronislaw (2013). Coral Gardens and Their Magic: A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands. Hoboken, New Jersey: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1136417733.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h Tambiah, S. J. (June 1968). "The Magical Power of Words". Man. 3 (2): 175–208. doi:10.2307/2798500. JSTOR 2798500.
  9. ^ . speechisfire.com. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2010-06-19.

External links edit

  •   Media related to Incantations at Wikimedia Commons

January 01, 1970
incantation, other, uses, disambiguation, spellcasting, redirects, here, video, game, series, spellcasting, series, spellcraft, redirects, here, video, game, spellcraft, aspects, valor, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, i. For other uses see Incantation disambiguation Spellcasting redirects here For the video game series see Spellcasting series Spellcraft redirects here For the video game see Spellcraft Aspects of Valor This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Incantation news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2014 Learn how and when to remove this message An incantation a spell a charm an enchantment or a bewitchery is a magical formula intended to trigger a magical effect on a person or objects The formula can be spoken sung or chanted An incantation can also be performed during ceremonial rituals or prayers In the world of magic wizards witches and fairies are common performers of incantations in culture and folklore 1 19th century book of incantations written by a Welsh physician In medieval literature folklore fairy tales and modern fantasy fiction enchantments are charms or spells This has led to the terms enchanter and enchantress for those who use enchantments 2 The English language borrowed the term incantation from Old French in the late 14th century the corresponding Old English term was gealdor or galdor song spell cognate to ON galdr The weakened sense delight compare the same development of charm is modern first attested in 1593 OED Words of incantation are often spoken with inflection and emphasis on the words being said The tone and rhyme of how the words are spoken and the placement of words used in the formula may differ depending on the desired outcome of the magical effect 3 Surviving written records of historical magic spells were largely obliterated in many cultures by the success of the major monotheistic religions Islam Judaism and Christianity which label some magical activity as immoral or associated with evil 4 unreliable source Contents 1 Etymology 2 Magic words 2 1 Udug hul 3 In folklore and fiction 4 Modern uses and interpretations 5 Examples of charms 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksEtymology edit nbsp The Enchanted Garden of Messer Ansaldo by Marie Spartali Stillman The Latin incantare which means to consecrate with spells to charm to bewitch to ensorcel forms the basis of the word enchant with deep linguistic roots going back to the Proto Indo European kan prefix So it can be said that an enchanter or enchantress casts magic spells or utters incantations The words that are similar to incantations such as enchantment charms and spells are the effects of reciting an incantation To be enchanted is to be under the influence of an enchantment usually thought to be caused by charms or spells Magic words edit nbsp Classic magic words Main article Magic word Magic words or words of power are words which have a specific and sometimes unintended effect They are often nonsense phrases used in fantasy fiction or by stage prestidigitators Frequently such words are presented as being part of a divine adamic or other secret or empowered language Certain comic book heroes use magic words to activate their powers Examples of traditional magic words include Abracadabra Alakazam Hocus Pocus Open Sesame and Sim Sala Bim In Babylonian incantations can be used in rituals to burn images of one s own enemies An example would be found in the series of Mesopotamian incantations of Surpu and Maqlu In the Orient the charming of snakes have been used in incantations of the past and still used today A person using an incantation would entice the snake out of its hiding place in order to get rid of them 1 Udug hul edit Main article Udug In Mesopotamian mythology Udug Hul incantations are used to exorcise demons evil Udug who bring misfortune or illnesses such as mental illness or anxiety These demons can create horrible events such as divorce loss of property or other catastrophes 5 In folklore and fiction edit nbsp The enchantress Alcina makes herself appear beautiful in Orlando Furioso In traditional fairy tales magical formulas are sometimes attached to an object citation needed When the incantation is uttered it helps transform the object In such stories incantations are attached to a magic wand used by wizards witches and fairy godmothers One example is the spell that Cinderella s Fairy Godmother used to turn a pumpkin into a coach Bibbidi Bobbidi Boo a nonsense rhyme which echoes more serious historical incantations 6 Modern uses and interpretations editThe performance of magic almost always involves the use of language Whether spoken out loud or unspoken words are frequently used to access or guide magical power In The Magical Power of Words 1968 S J Tambiah argues that the connection between language and magic is due to a belief in the inherent ability of words to influence the universe Bronislaw Malinowski in Coral Gardens and their Magic 1935 suggests that this belief is an extension of man s basic use of language to describe his surroundings in which the knowledge of the right words appropriate phrases and the more highly developed forms of speech gives man a power over and above his own limited field of personal action 7 235 Magical speech is therefore a ritual act and is of equal or even greater importance to the performance of magic than non verbal acts 8 175 176 Not all speech is considered magical Only certain words and phrases or words spoken in a specific context are considered to have magical power 8 176 Magical language according to C K Ogden and I A Richards s 1923 categories of speech is distinct from scientific language because it is emotive and it converts words into symbols for emotions whereas in scientific language words are tied to specific meanings and refer to an objective external reality 8 188 Magical language is therefore particularly adept at constructing metaphors that establish symbols and link magical rituals to the world 8 189 Malinowski argues that the language of magic is sacred set and used for an entirely different purpose to that of ordinary life 7 213 The two forms of language are differentiated through word choice grammar style or by the use of specific phrases or forms prayers spells songs blessings or chants for example Sacred modes of language often employ archaic words and forms in an attempt to invoke the purity or truth of a religious or a cultural golden age The use of Hebrew in Judaism is an example 8 182 Another potential source of the power of words is their secrecy and exclusivity Much sacred language is differentiated enough from common language that it is incomprehensible to the majority of the population and it can only be used and interpreted by specialized practitioners magicians priests shamans or Imams 7 228 8 178 In this respect Tambiah argues that magical languages violate the primary function of language communication 8 179 Yet adherents of magic are still able to use and to value the magical function of words by believing in the inherent power of the words themselves and in the meaning that they must provide for those who do understand them This leads Tambiah to conclude that the remarkable disjunction between sacred and profane language which exists as a general fact is not necessarily linked to the need to embody sacred words in an exclusive language 8 182 Examples of charms edit nbsp A complete history of magik sorcery and wi Wellcome L0026620 The Anglo Saxon metrical charms The Carmina Gadelica a collection of Gaelic oral poetry much of it charms The Atharvaveda a collection of charms and the Rigveda a collection of hymns or incantations Hittite ritual texts The Greek Magical Papyri Maqlu Akkadian incantation text The Merseburg charms two medieval magic spells charms written in Old High German Cyprianus a generic term for a book of Scandinavian folk spells Pow Wows or Long Lost Friend Babylonian incantations 9 Mesopotamian incantations were composed to counter anything from witchcraft Maqlu to field pests Zu buru dabbeda See also editCarmen a term for an Ancient Roman incantation Curse disambiguation Finnic incantations Hex disambiguation Incantations in the Harry Potter series Incantation bowl an ancient Middle Eastern protective magical tool Jinx disambiguation Kotodama the Japanese belief in the power of words and names Lorica Irish protective prayer Mantra a sacred sound word or phrase often repeated multiple times in meditation Spell ritual Yajna Hindu sacrificial offering Zagovory East Slavic spellsReferences edit a b Cushman Stephen 2012 Princeton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics Fourth Edition Princeton ProQuest Ebook Central Princeton University Press p 681 Conley Craig 2008 Magic Words A Dictionary San Francisco Weiser Books p 40 ISBN 978 1 57863 434 7 Conley Craig 2008 Magic Words a dictionary San Francisco Weiser Books pp 23 27 ISBN 978 1 57863 434 7 Davies Owen 8 April 2009 The top 10 grimoires The Guardian Retrieved 24 October 2017 Markham Geller 2015 Healing Magic and Evil Demons Canonical Udug Hul Incantations De Gruyter Inc pp 3 5 ISBN 9781614515326 Garry Jane 2005 Archetypes and Motifs in Folklore and Literature Armonk M E Sharp p 162 ISBN 0 7656 1260 7 a b c Malinowski Bronislaw 2013 Coral Gardens and Their Magic A Study of the Methods of Tilling the Soil and of Agricultural Rites in the Trobriand Islands Hoboken New Jersey Taylor amp Francis ISBN 978 1136417733 a b c d e f g h Tambiah S J June 1968 The Magical Power of Words Man 3 2 175 208 doi 10 2307 2798500 JSTOR 2798500 The Recordings BAPLAR SOAS speechisfire com Archived from the original on 2011 07 16 Retrieved 2010 06 19 External links edit nbsp Media related to Incantations at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Incantation amp oldid 1215070265, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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