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In silico medicine

January 01, 1970

Not to be confused with Insilico Medicine.

In silico medicine (also known as "computational medicine") is the application of in silico research to problems involving health and medicine. It is the direct use of computer simulation in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of a disease. More specifically, in silico medicine is characterized by modeling, simulation, and visualization of biological and medical processes in computers with the goal of simulating real biological processes in a virtual environment.[1]

History edit

The term in silico was first used in 1989 at a workshop "Cellular Automata: Theory and Applications" by a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM).[2] The term in silico radiation oncology, a precursor of generic in silico medicine was coined and first introduced by G. Stamatakos in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002.[3] The same researcher coined and introduced the more generic term in silico oncology.[4] In silico medicine is considered an extension of previous work using mathematical models of biological systems.[4] It became apparent that the techniques used to model biological systems has utility to explain and predict dynamics in the medical field. The first fields in medicine to use in silico modeling were genetics, physiology and biochemistry. The field saw a dramatic influx of data when the human genome was sequenced in the 1980s and 1990s. Concurrently the increase in available computational power allowed for modeling of complex systems that were previously impractical.[5]

Rationale edit

There are numerous reasons why in silico medicine is used. For example, in silico medical modeling can allow for early prediction of success of a compound for a medicinal purpose and elucidate potential adverse effects early in the drug discovery process.[6] In silico modeling can also provide a humane alternative to animal testing.[2] It has been purported by a company in the field, that computer-aided models will make the use of testing on living organisms obsolete.[7]

Examples edit

The term in silico medicine is exemplified in initiatives such as the Virtual Physiological Human by the European Commission[8] and in institutes such as the VPH Institute and the INSIGNEO Institute at the University of Sheffield.

The In Silico Oncology Group (ISOG)[9] at the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems, National Technical Institute of Athens (ICCS-NTUA) aims at developing clinically driven and oriented multiscale simulation models of malignant tumors (cancer) to be utilized as patient individualized decision support and treatment planning systems following completion of clinical adaptation and validation. An additional aim of the Group's research is to simulate oncological clinical trials which would otherwise be too costly or time intensive and to this direction, grid computing infrastructures have been exploited, such as the European Grid Infrastructure, to increase the performance and effectiveness of the simulations.[10] ISOG has led the development of the first technologically integrated Oncosimulator, a joint Euro-Japanese research venture.[11]

In 2003, the first vaccine based solely off of genomic information was developed. The technique of developing the vaccine, termed "reverse vaccinology", used the genomic information and not the infectious bacteria itself to develop the vaccine.[12]

In December 2018, the four-year PRIMAGE project was launched. This EU-funded Horizon 2020 project proposes a cloud-based platform to support decision making in the clinical management of malignant solid tumours, offering predictive tools to assist diagnosis, prognosis, therapies choice and treatment follow up, based on the use of novel imaging biomarkers, in-silico tumour growth simulation, advanced visualization of predictions with weighted confidence scores and machine-learning based translation of this knowledge into predictors for the most relevant, disease-specific, Clinical End Points.[13][14]

In 2020, the first CADFEM Medical Conference on the topic of in vivo, in vitro, in silico was held with the guiding theme: "The central role of in silico medicine – what it can do and what we need for its practice."[15]

Research edit

As modeling of human, social, behavioral, and cultural (HSBC) characteristics of patient behavior becomes more sophisticated, there is speculation that virtual patients may replace patient actors in medical school curriculum. Additionally, there are projects underway that utilize virtual cadavers, computer simulated models of human anatomy based on CT images of real people.[16]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Project Success Stories - In silico medicine reaches the clinic". European Commission CORDIS. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b . Archived from the original on 2014-04-13. Retrieved 2014-04-10.
  3. ^ G.Stamatakos; D.Dionysiou; E.Zacharaki; N.Mouravliansky; K.Nikita; N.Uzunoglu (2002). "In silico radiation oncology: combining novel simulation algorithms with current visualization techniques". Proceedings of the IEEE. 90 (11): 1764–1777. doi:10.1109/JPROC.2002.804685.
  4. ^ a b Stamatakos, Georgios (2006). "Spotlight on Cancer Informatics". Cancer Informatics (2): 83–86. doi:10.1177/117693510600200029. PMC 2675506. PMID 19458760.
  5. ^ Schneider, Maria Victoria (2013). In Silico Systems Biology. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1021. Methods in Molecular Biology. pp. Chapter 1. doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-450-0. ISBN 978-1-62703-449-4. S2CID 3690704.
  6. ^ Ahmet, Ahmet; Sean, Ekins; Sandhya, Kortagere (2012-01-08). "Applications and Limitations of In Silico Models in Drug Discovery". Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery. 910: 87–124. doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-965-5_6.
  7. ^ . 4 October 2013. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016.
  8. ^ "The Seventh Framework Programme (FP7)". FP7 European Commission. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  9. ^ . in-silico-oncology.iccs.ntua.gr. 2014-04-10. Archived from the original on 2018-10-15.
  10. ^ Athanaileas, Theodoros; et al. (2011). "Exploiting grid technologies for the simulation of clinical trials: the paradigm of in silico radiation oncology". SIMULATION: Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International. 87 (10). Sage Publications: 893–910. doi:10.1177/0037549710375437. S2CID 206429690.
  11. ^ G. Stamatakos; D. Dionysiou; A. Lunzer; R. Belleman; E. Kolokotroni; E. Georgiadi; M. Erdt; J. Pukacki; S. Rueping; S. Giatili; A. d'Onofrio; S. Sfakianakis; K. Marias; C. Desmedt; M. Tsiknakis; N. Graf (2014). "The Technologically Integrated Oncosimulator: Combining Multiscale Cancer Modeling With Information Technology in the In Silico Oncology Context". IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics. 18 (3): 840–854. doi:10.1109/JBHI.2013.2284276.
  12. ^ Nicholls, Henry (2008). "In silico vaccine". Nature Biotechnology. 26 (6): 597. doi:10.1038/nbt0608-597b. S2CID 32402661.
  13. ^ "Background".
  14. ^ Martí-Bonmatí, Luis; et al. (2020). "PRIMAGE project: predictive in silico multiscale analytics to support childhood cancer personalised evaluation empowered by imaging biomarkers". European Radiology Experimental. 4 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/s41747-020-00150-9. PMC 7125275. PMID 32246291.
  15. ^ "CADFEM Medical Conference". conference.cadfem-medical.com. Retrieved 2021-09-28.
  16. ^ Sokolowski, John A., Banks, Catherine M. Modeling and simulation in the medical and health sciences. Hooken: Wiley, c2011.

January 01, 1970
silico, medicine, confused, with, insilico, medicine, also, known, computational, medicine, application, silico, research, problems, involving, health, medicine, direct, computer, simulation, diagnosis, treatment, prevention, disease, more, specifically, silic. Not to be confused with Insilico Medicine In silico medicine also known as computational medicine is the application of in silico research to problems involving health and medicine It is the direct use of computer simulation in the diagnosis treatment or prevention of a disease More specifically in silico medicine is characterized by modeling simulation and visualization of biological and medical processes in computers with the goal of simulating real biological processes in a virtual environment 1 Contents 1 History 2 Rationale 3 Examples 4 Research 5 See also 6 ReferencesHistory editThe term in silico was first used in 1989 at a workshop Cellular Automata Theory and Applications by a mathematician from National Autonomous University of Mexico UNAM 2 The term in silico radiation oncology a precursor of generic in silico medicine was coined and first introduced by G Stamatakos in Proceedings of the IEEE in 2002 3 The same researcher coined and introduced the more generic term in silico oncology 4 In silico medicine is considered an extension of previous work using mathematical models of biological systems 4 It became apparent that the techniques used to model biological systems has utility to explain and predict dynamics in the medical field The first fields in medicine to use in silico modeling were genetics physiology and biochemistry The field saw a dramatic influx of data when the human genome was sequenced in the 1980s and 1990s Concurrently the increase in available computational power allowed for modeling of complex systems that were previously impractical 5 Rationale editThere are numerous reasons why in silico medicine is used For example in silico medical modeling can allow for early prediction of success of a compound for a medicinal purpose and elucidate potential adverse effects early in the drug discovery process 6 In silico modeling can also provide a humane alternative to animal testing 2 It has been purported by a company in the field that computer aided models will make the use of testing on living organisms obsolete 7 Examples editThe term in silico medicine is exemplified in initiatives such as the Virtual Physiological Human by the European Commission 8 and in institutes such as the VPH Institute and the INSIGNEO Institute at the University of Sheffield The In Silico Oncology Group ISOG 9 at the Institute of Communication and Computer Systems National Technical Institute of Athens ICCS NTUA aims at developing clinically driven and oriented multiscale simulation models of malignant tumors cancer to be utilized as patient individualized decision support and treatment planning systems following completion of clinical adaptation and validation An additional aim of the Group s research is to simulate oncological clinical trials which would otherwise be too costly or time intensive and to this direction grid computing infrastructures have been exploited such as the European Grid Infrastructure to increase the performance and effectiveness of the simulations 10 ISOG has led the development of the first technologically integrated Oncosimulator a joint Euro Japanese research venture 11 In 2003 the first vaccine based solely off of genomic information was developed The technique of developing the vaccine termed reverse vaccinology used the genomic information and not the infectious bacteria itself to develop the vaccine 12 In December 2018 the four year PRIMAGE project was launched This EU funded Horizon 2020 project proposes a cloud based platform to support decision making in the clinical management of malignant solid tumours offering predictive tools to assist diagnosis prognosis therapies choice and treatment follow up based on the use of novel imaging biomarkers in silico tumour growth simulation advanced visualization of predictions with weighted confidence scores and machine learning based translation of this knowledge into predictors for the most relevant disease specific Clinical End Points 13 14 In 2020 the first CADFEM Medical Conference on the topic of in vivo in vitro in silico was held with the guiding theme The central role of in silico medicine what it can do and what we need for its practice 15 Research editAs modeling of human social behavioral and cultural HSBC characteristics of patient behavior becomes more sophisticated there is speculation that virtual patients may replace patient actors in medical school curriculum Additionally there are projects underway that utilize virtual cadavers computer simulated models of human anatomy based on CT images of real people 16 See also editIn silico clinical trials Computational biologyReferences edit Project Success Stories In silico medicine reaches the clinic European Commission CORDIS Retrieved 9 November 2017 a b In Silico methods ORCHESTRA Archived from the original on 2014 04 13 Retrieved 2014 04 10 G Stamatakos D Dionysiou E Zacharaki N Mouravliansky K Nikita N Uzunoglu 2002 In silico radiation oncology combining novel simulation algorithms with current visualization techniques Proceedings of the IEEE 90 11 1764 1777 doi 10 1109 JPROC 2002 804685 a b Stamatakos Georgios 2006 Spotlight on Cancer Informatics Cancer Informatics 2 83 86 doi 10 1177 117693510600200029 PMC 2675506 PMID 19458760 Schneider Maria Victoria 2013 In Silico Systems Biology Methods in Molecular Biology Vol 1021 Methods in Molecular Biology pp Chapter 1 doi 10 1007 978 1 62703 450 0 ISBN 978 1 62703 449 4 S2CID 3690704 Ahmet Ahmet Sean Ekins Sandhya Kortagere 2012 01 08 Applications and Limitations of In Silico Models in Drug Discovery Bioinformatics and Drug Discovery 910 87 124 doi 10 1007 978 1 61779 965 5 6 Improving the Welfare of Animals Researchers Develop Computer Aided Models to Replace Animal Testing 4 October 2013 Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 The Seventh Framework Programme FP7 FP7 European Commission Retrieved 10 May 2013 In Silico Oncology and in Silico Medicine Group in silico oncology iccs ntua gr 2014 04 10 Archived from the original on 2018 10 15 Athanaileas Theodoros et al 2011 Exploiting grid technologies for the simulation of clinical trials the paradigm of in silico radiation oncology SIMULATION Transactions of the Society for Modeling and Simulation International 87 10 Sage Publications 893 910 doi 10 1177 0037549710375437 S2CID 206429690 G Stamatakos D Dionysiou A Lunzer R Belleman E Kolokotroni E Georgiadi M Erdt J Pukacki S Rueping S Giatili A d Onofrio S Sfakianakis K Marias C Desmedt M Tsiknakis N Graf 2014 The Technologically Integrated Oncosimulator Combining Multiscale Cancer Modeling With Information Technology in the In Silico Oncology Context IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics 18 3 840 854 doi 10 1109 JBHI 2013 2284276 Nicholls Henry 2008 In silico vaccine Nature Biotechnology 26 6 597 doi 10 1038 nbt0608 597b S2CID 32402661 Background Marti Bonmati Luis et al 2020 PRIMAGE project predictive in silico multiscale analytics to support childhood cancer personalised evaluation empowered by imaging biomarkers European Radiology Experimental 4 1 22 doi 10 1186 s41747 020 00150 9 PMC 7125275 PMID 32246291 CADFEM Medical Conference conference cadfem medical com Retrieved 2021 09 28 Sokolowski John A Banks Catherine M Modeling and simulation in the medical and health sciences Hooken Wiley c2011 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title In silico medicine amp oldid 1217287536, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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