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Imra

January 01, 1970

For other uses, see Imra (disambiguation).

Imra (Kamkata-vari: Imro) was the chief creator deity of the Nuristani people before their conversion to Islam.[1] Imra was believed to be the creator of the earth. With his breath, it was believed, he created the three other main deities of the pantheon: Mon, Gish and Bagisht.[2]

Etymology edit

The name of the deity is considered a reflex of Indo-Iranian Yama. The name Imro or Yum in Kamkata-vari is thought to derive from a borrowing of Sanskrit Yama-rāja "King Yama" via a Middle Indo-Aryan form *Yam(a)rāy(a) with the characteristic northwestern sound change of j to y.[3][4][5][6] It is likely a cognate of the Bangani title Jim Raza 'god of the dead'.[7] He is also known as Mara "Killer, Death", a term derived from the Prasun language.[8][9]

Cognates of Kamkata-vari imro are found in other neighboring languages: Waigali yamrai,[10] Kalash (Urtsun) imbro,[11] Ashkun imra and Prasun yumr'a - all referring to a "creator god".[12][13]

Role in religion edit

This deity also acts as the guardian to the gates of hell (located in a subterranean realm), preventing the return to the world of the living - a motif that echoes the role of Yama as the king of the underworld.[14]

Popular culture edit

In John Updike's 1965 short story "God Speaks" (collected in "Museums and Women") Gish Imra is the name of one of the protagonists, the son of the assassinated leader of a Central Asian state called Nuristan.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Klimburg, Max. "The Arts and Culture of Parun, Kafiristan's «Sacred Valley»". In: Arts asiatiques, tome 57, 2002. pp. 51-68. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2002.1480]; www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2002_num_57_1_1480
  2. ^ Lurker, Manfred. The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons. Routledge. 2004. p. 87. ISBN 978-04-15340-18-2
  3. ^ Allen, Nicholas Justin. "Some gods of Pre-Islamic Nuristan". In: Revue de l'histoire des religions, tome 208, n°2, 1991. Histoire des religions et comparatisme: la question indo-européenne. pp. 141-168. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/rhr.1991.1679]; www.persee.fr/doc/rhr_0035-1423_1991_num_208_2_1679
  4. ^ Cacopardo, A.S. (2016). "A World In-between. The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush". In: Pellò, S.(ed.). Borders. Itineraries on the Edges of Iran. Venezia, Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale. Edizioni Ca' Foscari. p. 250. ISBN 978-88-6969-100-3 [DOI: 10.14277/6969-100-3/EUR-5-10]
  5. ^ Halfmann, Jakob. "Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology". In: 6th Indo-European Research Colloquium, 2022. [DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.31805.54244]; www.researchgate.net/publication/359109254_Nuristani_Theonyms_in_Light_of_Historical_Phonology
  6. ^ Halfmann, Jakob. "Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology". In: Roots of Peristan: The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush/Karakorum. Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference ISMEO, Rome, Palazzo Baleani, 5-7 October, 2022. Part I. Edited by Alberto M. Cacopardo & Augusto S. Cacopardo. Rome: ISMEO, 2023. p. 322. ISBN 978-88-66872-65-8.
  7. ^ Zoller, Claus Peter. "Review Article: "Pagan Christmas: Winter feast of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush" and the true frontiers of 'Greater Peristan'.". In: Acta Orientalia 2018, n. 79. 2018. pp. 217 and 232 (footnote nr. 174). ISSN 0001-6438
  8. ^ Parpola, Asko. The Roots of Hinduism: The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization. Oxford University Press. 2015. pp. 143 and 264. ISBN 978-0-19-022690-9
  9. ^ Cacopardo, A.S. (2016). "A World In-between. The Pre-Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush". In: Pellò, S.(ed.). Borders. Itineraries on the Edges of Iran. Venezia, Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani, Anatolia, Iran, Caucaso e Asia Centrale. Edizioni Ca' Foscari. pp. 251 and 253. ISBN 978-88-6969-100-3 [DOI: 10.14277/6969-100-3/EUR-5-10]
  10. ^ Klimburg, Max. "The Arts and Culture of Parun, Kafiristan's «Sacred Valley»". In: Arts asiatiques, tome 57, 2002. pp. 51-68. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/arasi.2002.1480]; www.persee.fr/doc/arasi_0004-3958_2002_num_57_1_1480
  11. ^ Parkes, Peter. "Temple of Imra, Temple of Mahandeu: A Kafir Sanctuary in Kalasha Cosmology". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. University of London 54, no. 1 (1991): 85. http://www.jstor.org/stable/617315.
  12. ^ Zoller, Claus Peter. "Review Article: "Pagan Christmas: Winter feast of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush" and the true frontiers of 'Greater Peristan'.". In: Acta Orientalia 2018, n. 79. 2018. p. 232 (footnote nr. 174). ISSN 0001-6438
  13. ^ Minahan, James B. (10 February 2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 205. ISBN 9781610690188. Retrieved 7 January 2021. Living in the high mountain valleys, the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion, a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally. Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community, but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator, the Hindu god Yama Raja, called imr'o or imra by the Nuristani tribes.
  14. ^ Boyce, Mary. "The Pre-ZoroastrianReligion of the Medes and the Persians". In: A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenians. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1982. pp. 18-19. doi: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004293908_003

January 01, 1970
imra, other, uses, disambiguation, kamkata, vari, imro, chief, creator, deity, nuristani, people, before, their, conversion, islam, believed, creator, earth, with, breath, believed, created, three, other, main, deities, pantheon, gish, bagisht, contents, etymo. For other uses see Imra disambiguation Imra Kamkata vari Imro was the chief creator deity of the Nuristani people before their conversion to Islam 1 Imra was believed to be the creator of the earth With his breath it was believed he created the three other main deities of the pantheon Mon Gish and Bagisht 2 Contents 1 Etymology 2 Role in religion 3 Popular culture 4 See also 5 ReferencesEtymology editThe name of the deity is considered a reflex of Indo Iranian Yama The name Imro or Yum in Kamkata vari is thought to derive from a borrowing of Sanskrit Yama raja King Yama via a Middle Indo Aryan form Yam a ray a with the characteristic northwestern sound change of j to y 3 4 5 6 It is likely a cognate of the Bangani title Jim Raza god of the dead 7 He is also known as Mara Killer Death a term derived from the Prasun language 8 9 Cognates of Kamkata vari imro are found in other neighboring languages Waigali yamrai 10 Kalash Urtsun imbro 11 Ashkun imra and Prasun yumr a all referring to a creator god 12 13 Role in religion editThis deity also acts as the guardian to the gates of hell located in a subterranean realm preventing the return to the world of the living a motif that echoes the role of Yama as the king of the underworld 14 Popular culture editIn John Updike s 1965 short story God Speaks collected in Museums and Women Gish Imra is the name of one of the protagonists the son of the assassinated leader of a Central Asian state called Nuristan See also editMoni Great Gish Amamikyu YomiReferences edit Klimburg Max The Arts and Culture of Parun Kafiristan s Sacred Valley In Arts asiatiques tome 57 2002 pp 51 68 DOI https doi org 10 3406 arasi 2002 1480 www persee fr doc arasi 0004 3958 2002 num 57 1 1480 Lurker Manfred The Routledge Dictionary Of Gods Goddesses Devils And Demons Routledge 2004 p 87 ISBN 978 04 15340 18 2 Allen Nicholas Justin Some gods of Pre Islamic Nuristan In Revue de l histoire des religions tome 208 n 2 1991 Histoire des religions et comparatisme la question indo europeenne pp 141 168 DOI https doi org 10 3406 rhr 1991 1679 www persee fr doc rhr 0035 1423 1991 num 208 2 1679 Cacopardo A S 2016 A World In between The Pre Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush In Pello S ed Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran Venezia Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani Anatolia Iran Caucaso e Asia Centrale Edizioni Ca Foscari p 250 ISBN 978 88 6969 100 3 DOI 10 14277 6969 100 3 EUR 5 10 Halfmann Jakob Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology In 6th Indo European Research Colloquium 2022 DOI http dx doi org 10 13140 RG 2 2 31805 54244 www researchgate net publication 359109254 Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology Halfmann Jakob Nuristani Theonyms in Light of Historical Phonology In Roots of Peristan The Pre Islamic Cultures of the Hindukush Karakorum Proceedings of the International Interdisciplinary Conference ISMEO Rome Palazzo Baleani 5 7 October 2022 Part I Edited by Alberto M Cacopardo amp Augusto S Cacopardo Rome ISMEO 2023 p 322 ISBN 978 88 66872 65 8 Zoller Claus Peter Review Article Pagan Christmas Winter feast of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush and the true frontiers of Greater Peristan In Acta Orientalia 2018 n 79 2018 pp 217 and 232 footnote nr 174 ISSN 0001 6438 Parpola Asko The Roots of Hinduism The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization Oxford University Press 2015 pp 143 and 264 ISBN 978 0 19 022690 9 Cacopardo A S 2016 A World In between The Pre Islamic Cultures of the Hindu Kush In Pello S ed Borders Itineraries on the Edges of Iran Venezia Eurasiatica Quaderni di studi su Balcani Anatolia Iran Caucaso e Asia Centrale Edizioni Ca Foscari pp 251 and 253 ISBN 978 88 6969 100 3 DOI 10 14277 6969 100 3 EUR 5 10 Klimburg Max The Arts and Culture of Parun Kafiristan s Sacred Valley In Arts asiatiques tome 57 2002 pp 51 68 DOI https doi org 10 3406 arasi 2002 1480 www persee fr doc arasi 0004 3958 2002 num 57 1 1480 Parkes Peter Temple of Imra Temple of Mahandeu A Kafir Sanctuary in Kalasha Cosmology Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 54 no 1 1991 85 http www jstor org stable 617315 Zoller Claus Peter Review Article Pagan Christmas Winter feast of the Kalasha of the Hindu Kush and the true frontiers of Greater Peristan In Acta Orientalia 2018 n 79 2018 p 232 footnote nr 174 ISSN 0001 6438 Minahan James B 10 February 2014 Ethnic Groups of North East and Central Asia An Encyclopedia ABC CLIO p 205 ISBN 9781610690188 Retrieved 7 January 2021 Living in the high mountain valleys the Nuristani retained their ancient culture and their religion a form of ancient Hinduism with many customs and rituals developed locally Certain deities were revered only by one tribe or community but one deity was universally worshipped by all Nuristani as the Creator the Hindu god Yama Raja called imr o or imra by the Nuristani tribes Boyce Mary The Pre ZoroastrianReligion of the Medes and the Persians In A History of Zoroastrianism Zoroastrianism under the Achaemenians Leiden The Netherlands Brill 1982 pp 18 19 doi https doi org 10 1163 9789004293908 003 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imra amp oldid 1222445300, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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