In an article published in 1868, English inventor and polymath Fleeming Jenkin described myriad hypotheses of physics that had been put forth involving imponderable fluids:[3]
Leibniz mentions with great disapproval a certain Hartsoeker who supposed that atoms moved in an ambient fluid, though the idea is not unlike his own. It is difficult to trace the origin of the hypothesis, but Galileo and Hobbes both speak of a subtle ether. The conception of an all-pervading imponderable fluid of this kind has formed part of many theories, and ether came to be very generally adopted as a favourite name for the fluid, but caloric was also much thought of as a medium. We even find half-a-dozen imponderable co-existent fluids regarded with favour,—one called heat, another electricity, another phlogiston, another light, and what not, with little hard atoms swimming about, each endowed with forces of repulsion and attraction of all sorts, as was thought desirable. This idea of the constitution of matter was perhaps the worst of all. These imponderable fluids were mere names, and these forces were suppositions, representing no observed facts.
The term "electric fluid" was sometimes used to describe electrical forces which are generated by what science now refers to as an electric field. For example, a basic electric pendulum consists of weights to which an electric charge has been applied, such as through the static electric effect. As masses with similar charges (i.e. both positive or both negative) will repel each other, an "electric fluid" was conceived to explain the effect: "the fluid diffused on the one ball repels and is repelled by the fluid diffused on the other ball, and that the balls being covered by the fluid are reciprocally repelled."[7]
M. Martin Ziegler[8] patented a method of producing a "vital fluid" by combining nitrogen and carbon in a porous cell containing ammonia, immersed in a vessel tilled with molasses. The current was to flow through silk threads attached to the vessel: about 1868.[9]
^Textbook of Human Physiology, Leonard Landois , William Stirling, 1889
^Scientific Realism: How Science Tracks Truth, Stathis Psillos, 1999, Routledge
^Jenkin, Fleeming (1868). "The Atomic Theory of Lucretius". The North British Review. 48: 239. Retrieved 30 May 2014.
^Time of describing a given space from rest under the action of a force varying as the distance from a fixed point. Principia By Sir Isaac Newton. Pg., 86
^As defined by Boscovich and the French School, an atom was no longer a substantial entity, but a mathematical point, a center of force, and "matter" is a crowd of such points, endowed with inertia and powers of attraction and repulsion.(The Monist: Volume 20. By Edward C. Hegeler, Paul Carus, Hegeler Institute, 1910. Page 220.)
^The North British review. (1868). Edinburgh: W.P. Kennedy Pg 126.
^J Lardner, D. (1853 ). A hand-book of mechanics. Philadelphia 223.
^U.S. patent 60986, Improved imponderable fluid, and mode of generating the same. Jan 1, 1867.
Grove, W. R. (1874). The correlation of physical forces. London: Longmans, Green.
Priestley, J. (1767). The history and present state of electricity: With original experiments, by Joseph Priestley. London.
Grotthus, "Sur la Composition de l'Eau et des Corps quelle tient en dissolution a l'aide de l'Electricite galvanique". (Tr., On the Composition of Water Bodies and what holds in solution with the aid of galvanic electricity.)
May 01, 2024
imponderable, fluid, features, several, superseded, scientific, theories, such, archaic, atomic, electromotive, theories, contents, description, fluids, theories, electric, fluid, also, references, further, readingdescription, editthe, term, been, used, natura. Imponderable fluids are features of several superseded scientific theories such as archaic atomic and electromotive theories Contents 1 Description 1 1 Fluids theories 1 2 The electric fluid 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingDescription editThe term has been used in natural philosophy and physics to explain certain phenomena as the result of invisible and practically weightless Latin imponderabilis fluids Historically proposed imponderable fluids include phlogiston and caloric additionally some physicists considered electricity imponderable 1 2 Fluids theories edit In an article published in 1868 English inventor and polymath Fleeming Jenkin described myriad hypotheses of physics that had been put forth involving imponderable fluids 3 Leibniz mentions with great disapproval a certain Hartsoeker who supposed that atoms moved in an ambient fluid though the idea is not unlike his own It is difficult to trace the origin of the hypothesis but Galileo and Hobbes both speak of a subtle ether The conception of an all pervading imponderable fluid of this kind has formed part of many theories and ether came to be very generally adopted as a favourite name for the fluid but caloric was also much thought of as a medium We even find half a dozen imponderable co existent fluids regarded with favour one called heat another electricity another phlogiston another light and what not with little hard atoms swimming about each endowed with forces of repulsion and attraction of all sorts as was thought desirable This idea of the constitution of matter was perhaps the worst of all These imponderable fluids were mere names and these forces were suppositions representing no observed facts No attempt was made to show how or why the forces acted but gravitation being taken as due to a mere force speculators thought themselves at liberty to imagine any number of forces attractive or repulsive or alternating varying as the distance 4 or the square cube or higher power of the distance etc At last Ruđer Boskovic 5 got rid of atoms altogether by supposing them to be the mere centre of forces exerted by a position or point only where nothing existed but the power of exerting a force 6 The electric fluid edit The term electric fluid was sometimes used to describe electrical forces which are generated by what science now refers to as an electric field For example a basic electric pendulum consists of weights to which an electric charge has been applied such as through the static electric effect As masses with similar charges i e both positive or both negative will repel each other an electric fluid was conceived to explain the effect the fluid diffused on the one ball repels and is repelled by the fluid diffused on the other ball and that the balls being covered by the fluid are reciprocally repelled 7 M Martin Ziegler 8 patented a method of producing a vital fluid by combining nitrogen and carbon in a porous cell containing ammonia immersed in a vessel tilled with molasses The current was to flow through silk threads attached to the vessel about 1868 9 Further information Fluid theory of electricitySee also editGrotthuss mechanism Theodor Grotthuss NewtonianismReferences edit Textbook of Human Physiology Leonard Landois William Stirling 1889 Scientific Realism How Science Tracks Truth Stathis Psillos 1999 Routledge Jenkin Fleeming 1868 The Atomic Theory of Lucretius The North British Review 48 239 Retrieved 30 May 2014 Time of describing a given space from rest under the action of a force varying as the distance from a fixed point Principia By Sir Isaac Newton Pg 86 As defined by Boscovich and the French School an atom was no longer a substantial entity but a mathematical point a center of force and matter is a crowd of such points endowed with inertia and powers of attraction and repulsion The Monist Volume 20 By Edward C Hegeler Paul Carus Hegeler Institute 1910 Page 220 The North British review 1868 Edinburgh W P Kennedy Pg 126 J Lardner D 1853 A hand book of mechanics Philadelphia 223 U S patent 60986 Improved imponderable fluid and mode of generating the same Jan 1 1867 Haydn J amp In Vincent B 1893 Haydn s dictionary of dates and universal information relating to all ages and nations N Y G P Putnam Pg 28Further reading editGrove W R 1874 The correlation of physical forces London Longmans Green Priestley J 1767 The history and present state of electricity With original experiments by Joseph Priestley London Grotthus Sur la Composition de l Eau et des Corps quelle tient en dissolution a l aide de l Electricite galvanique Tr On the Composition of Water Bodies and what holds in solution with the aid of galvanic electricity Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imponderable fluid amp oldid 1146607686, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
