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Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics

December 18, 2023

Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics is a 1948 book by Francis Parker Yockey, using the pen name Ulick Varange, that argues for a pan-European fascist empire.[1][2][3][4] Imperium presents an antisemitic theory of history,[5][6] asserts that the Holocaust was a hoax,[7][8] and is dedicated to "the hero of the Second World War", meant to describe Adolf Hitler.[5]

Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics
AuthorFrancis Parker Yockey
CountryIreland
LanguageEnglish
SubjectPhilosophy of history
Political philosophy
Publication date
1948

Influences edit

Yockey adopted the ideas of German philosopher of history Oswald Spengler in Imperium,[citation needed] although Yockey's explicit antisemitism differentiated him from Spengler.[6] Spengler's The Decline of the West was the most important single source.[9] Yockey's views on the role of the state drew from the Friend–Enemy Thesis of Nazi political theorist Carl Schmitt (whom Yockey has been accused of plagiarizing).[10][11] Yockey heavily drew on the great man theory of Thomas Carlyle, seeing the creative ability of heroic individuals as a vehicle for progress.[12]

Summary edit

Following Spengler, Yockey identified eight "high cultures" in world history, which he saw as spiritual superorganisms which impress humans into their service.[13] He argued that these cultures have their own souls which determine their religious expression, science, art forms, politics and morality through succeeding life phases of birth, growth, maturity, fulfillment of destiny, and death.[14][15] He described races as "spirituo-biological" entities, raw material for cultural expression and history, but criticized strictly biological racial theories as crude.[16][14][6]

Yockey wrote that the fulfillment of the Western high culture was threatened by "cultural pathology", including what he claimed were interrelated sicknesses of "culture-parasitism", "culture-retardation" and "culture-distortion".[17] He alleged that Jews were most harmful to the West because he saw them as aggravating its organic "culture-crisis", which he associated with the rise of materialism and rationalism since 1750.[18][5][19] He wrote that America was more susceptible to "culture-distortion" than any other Western nation because, he argued, America as a colonial offshoot of Western culture was founded on an ideology of rationalism and materialism, lacking the spiritual depth of Europe.[20]

Believing that each life phase of high culture has its unique "Spirit of the Age", Yockey considered fascism and Nazism to be expressions of this spirit in the new epoch.[13][6] According to him, Hitler set the West toward a proper fulfillment of its destiny as a unified empire, while in order to stop it America sided with Russia, which Yockey saw as a distinct from the Western culture. Yockey alleged that the postwar Nuremberg trials were "show trials" directed by these "extra-European forces". He denied the Holocaust (although he reportedly praised it in private),[21] and claimed that photographic evidence of the Nazis' gas chambers was faked.[5][22]

Publication edit

Yockey wrote Imperium at an inn in Brittas Bay, Ireland.[5] The book spanned 600 pages in two volumes.[23] In Yockey's pseudonym, Ulick Varange, Ulick was meant to be a Danish-Irish name, and Varange was a reference to Norsemen.[24]

Yockey invited the British fascist Oswald Mosley to publish Imperium in his name, but Mosley refused.[25] Publication was financed by the Mosleyites Guy Chesham, Peter Huxley-Blythe and Yockey's mistress Baroness Alice von Pflugl.[26][8] A thousand copies of the first volume, and 200 copies of the second volume, were printed in London by Westropa Press.[8]

The American far-right activist and antisemite Willis Carto acquired the rights to Imperium from Westropa in 1948.[27][2] The 1962 edition, published after Yockey's suicide in jail in 1960, included an introduction by Carto,[2] along with Revilo P. Oliver's positive review.[28][third-party source needed]

Reception edit

Imperium has been called one of the most influential antisemitic books since Hitler's Mein Kampf.[2][22] It has influenced various far-right activists worldwide, including supporters of a "Eurasian" racial imperium in Europe and Russia.[7] It influenced the American neo-Nazi occultist James H. Madole, the racial Odinist Else Christensen, the fascist Christian Bouchet and the British neo-Nazi David Myatt.[29] The Italian far-right ideologue Julius Evola praised it.[24] But according to academic Jeffrey Kaplan, some others on the far right considered Imperium the "impenetrable ramblings of a madman".[30]

The book's ideology was adopted by Willis Carto for the National Youth Alliance and some members of groups such as the Liberty Lobby (founded by Carto) and the American Independent Party.[31] Liberty Lobby and its spinoffs promoted Imperium as the Mein Kampf of postwar Nazism.[23] The book was also sold for several years through the catalog of David Duke, the former Ku Klux Klan grand wizard.[32]

References edit

  1. ^ Potok, Mark (2018-08-22). "To Russia With Love: Why Southern U.S. Extremists Are Mad About Vladimir Putin". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2022-04-24.: "In 1948, an American ideologue named Francis Parker Yockey wrote a book promoting pan-European fascism that saw the Soviet Union as less of a threat to Europe than the United States was. By the late 1950s, Yockey was suggesting the USSR could help "free" Europe from U.S. domination, according to Shekhovstov’s new book, Russia and the Western Far Right."
  2. ^ a b c d Mostrom, Anthony (2020-08-08). "America's "Mein Kampf": Francis Parker Yockey and "Imperium"". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  3. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 75.
  4. ^ Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
  5. ^ a b c d e Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 76.
  6. ^ a b c d Lee 2000, p. 96.
  7. ^ a b Mostrom, Anthony (2017-05-13). "The Fascist and the Preacher: Gerald L. K. Smith and Francis Parker Yockey in Cold War–Era Los Angeles". Los Angeles Review of Books. Retrieved 2022-05-01.
  8. ^ a b c Lee, Martin A. (2000). The Beast Reawakens: Fascism's Resurgence from Hitler's Spymasters to Today's Neo-Nazi Groups and Right-Wing Extremists. New York. pp. 94–98, 157. ISBN 978-1-135-28124-3. OCLC 858861623.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  9. ^ Mulhall 2020, pp. 110
  10. ^ Coogan, Kevin (1999). Dreamer of the day : Francis Parker Yockey and the postwar fascist international. Mazal Holocaust Collection. Brooklyn, N.Y.: Autonomedia. ISBN 1-57027-039-2. OCLC 38884251.
  11. ^ Mulhall, Joe (2020). British Fascism After the Holocaust: From the Birth of Denial to the Notting Hill Riots 1939–1958. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9780429840258. p. 111
  12. ^ Rose 2021, p. 67-79.
  13. ^ a b Gardell 2003, pp. 51.
  14. ^ a b Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 260.
  15. ^ Rose, Matthew (2021). A World after Liberalism: Philosophers of the Radical Right. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300263084. p. 67-79
  16. ^ Maibaum 2003, pp. 15.
  17. ^ Gardell 2003, p. 169.
  18. ^ Gardell 2003, pp. 51–52, 170.
  19. ^ Coogan, Kevin (2019). 'Lost Imperium? Yockey: 20 years later.' Review of Yockey: A Fascist Odyssey by Kerry Bolton (PDF). Lobster Magazine. p. 6.
  20. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 260–261.
  21. ^ Lee, Martin A. (2011). The beast reawakens. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-203-95029-6. OCLC 1086431548.
  22. ^ a b Atkins, Stephen E. (2009). Holocaust denial as an international movement. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. p. 147. ISBN 978-0-313-34539-5. OCLC 624337327.
  23. ^ a b Lee 2000, pp. 94, 157.
  24. ^ a b Steiger, Brad and Steiger, Sherry Hanson (2006). Conspiracies and Secret Societies: The Complete Dossier. Canton Township, Michigan: Visible Ink Press. p. 511. ISBN 978-1-57859-174-9.
  25. ^ Sonabend, Daniel (2019). The 43 Group. Verso. ISBN 978-1-78873-327-4. OCLC 1129451450.
  26. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 77: "In 1949 Yockey's Mosleyite circle included Guy Chesham, Peter Huxley-Blythe and Baroness von Pflugl, who financed the publication of Imperium."
  27. ^ Durham, Martin (2007-11-13). White Rage: The Extreme Right and American Politics. Routledge. pp. 25, 26. ISBN 978-1-134-23181-2.
  28. ^ Oliver, Revilo P. (1962). . Noontide Press. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 2022-01-05.
  29. ^ Goodrick-Clarke 2002, pp. 5, 74, 76, 216, 221, 223, 226, 261.
  30. ^ Kaplan, Jeffrey (2000). Encyclopedia of White Power: A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 42. ISBN 978-0-7425-0340-3.
  31. ^ Maibaum 2003, pp. 17
  32. ^ "John William King Quotes Francis Parker Yockey in Statement About Hate Crime". Southern Poverty Law Center. June 13, 2000. Retrieved 2022-05-05.

Sources edit

  • Varange, Ulick (1948). Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics. Westropa Press.
  • Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2002). Black sun : Aryan cults, Esoteric Nazism, and the politics of identity. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-585-43467-0. OCLC 52467699.
  • Gardell, Mattiass W. (2003). Gods of Blood : The Pagan Revival and White Separatism. Duke University Press Books.
  • Maibaum, Matthew W. (2003). "F.P. Yockey's "Imperium", Patterns of Prejudice, 7:2, 14-18". Patterns of Prejudice. Routledge. 7 (2): 14–18. doi:10.1080/0031322X.1973.9969114.

December 18, 2023
imperium, philosophy, history, politics, 1948, book, francis, parker, yockey, using, name, ulick, varange, that, argues, european, fascist, empire, imperium, presents, antisemitic, theory, history, asserts, that, holocaust, hoax, dedicated, hero, second, world. Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics is a 1948 book by Francis Parker Yockey using the pen name Ulick Varange that argues for a pan European fascist empire 1 2 3 4 Imperium presents an antisemitic theory of history 5 6 asserts that the Holocaust was a hoax 7 8 and is dedicated to the hero of the Second World War meant to describe Adolf Hitler 5 Imperium The Philosophy of History and PoliticsAuthorFrancis Parker YockeyCountryIrelandLanguageEnglishSubjectPhilosophy of historyPolitical philosophyPublication date1948 Contents 1 Influences 2 Summary 3 Publication 4 Reception 5 References 6 SourcesInfluences editYockey adopted the ideas of German philosopher of history Oswald Spengler in Imperium citation needed although Yockey s explicit antisemitism differentiated him from Spengler 6 Spengler s The Decline of the West was the most important single source 9 Yockey s views on the role of the state drew from the Friend Enemy Thesis of Nazi political theorist Carl Schmitt whom Yockey has been accused of plagiarizing 10 11 Yockey heavily drew on the great man theory of Thomas Carlyle seeing the creative ability of heroic individuals as a vehicle for progress 12 Summary editFollowing Spengler Yockey identified eight high cultures in world history which he saw as spiritual superorganisms which impress humans into their service 13 He argued that these cultures have their own souls which determine their religious expression science art forms politics and morality through succeeding life phases of birth growth maturity fulfillment of destiny and death 14 15 He described races as spirituo biological entities raw material for cultural expression and history but criticized strictly biological racial theories as crude 16 14 6 Yockey wrote that the fulfillment of the Western high culture was threatened by cultural pathology including what he claimed were interrelated sicknesses of culture parasitism culture retardation and culture distortion 17 He alleged that Jews were most harmful to the West because he saw them as aggravating its organic culture crisis which he associated with the rise of materialism and rationalism since 1750 18 5 19 He wrote that America was more susceptible to culture distortion than any other Western nation because he argued America as a colonial offshoot of Western culture was founded on an ideology of rationalism and materialism lacking the spiritual depth of Europe 20 Believing that each life phase of high culture has its unique Spirit of the Age Yockey considered fascism and Nazism to be expressions of this spirit in the new epoch 13 6 According to him Hitler set the West toward a proper fulfillment of its destiny as a unified empire while in order to stop it America sided with Russia which Yockey saw as a distinct from the Western culture Yockey alleged that the postwar Nuremberg trials were show trials directed by these extra European forces He denied the Holocaust although he reportedly praised it in private 21 and claimed that photographic evidence of the Nazis gas chambers was faked 5 22 Publication editYockey wrote Imperium at an inn in Brittas Bay Ireland 5 The book spanned 600 pages in two volumes 23 In Yockey s pseudonym Ulick Varange Ulick was meant to be a Danish Irish name and Varange was a reference to Norsemen 24 Yockey invited the British fascist Oswald Mosley to publish Imperium in his name but Mosley refused 25 Publication was financed by the Mosleyites Guy Chesham Peter Huxley Blythe and Yockey s mistress Baroness Alice von Pflugl 26 8 A thousand copies of the first volume and 200 copies of the second volume were printed in London by Westropa Press 8 The American far right activist and antisemite Willis Carto acquired the rights to Imperium from Westropa in 1948 27 2 The 1962 edition published after Yockey s suicide in jail in 1960 included an introduction by Carto 2 along with Revilo P Oliver s positive review 28 third party source needed Reception editImperium has been called one of the most influential antisemitic books since Hitler s Mein Kampf 2 22 It has influenced various far right activists worldwide including supporters of a Eurasian racial imperium in Europe and Russia 7 It influenced the American neo Nazi occultist James H Madole the racial Odinist Else Christensen the fascist Christian Bouchet and the British neo Nazi David Myatt 29 The Italian far right ideologue Julius Evola praised it 24 But according to academic Jeffrey Kaplan some others on the far right considered Imperium the impenetrable ramblings of a madman 30 The book s ideology was adopted by Willis Carto for the National Youth Alliance and some members of groups such as the Liberty Lobby founded by Carto and the American Independent Party 31 Liberty Lobby and its spinoffs promoted Imperium as the Mein Kampf of postwar Nazism 23 The book was also sold for several years through the catalog of David Duke the former Ku Klux Klan grand wizard 32 References edit Potok Mark 2018 08 22 To Russia With Love Why Southern U S Extremists Are Mad About Vladimir Putin The Daily Beast Retrieved 2022 04 24 In 1948 an American ideologue named Francis Parker Yockey wrote a book promoting pan European fascism that saw the Soviet Union as less of a threat to Europe than the United States was By the late 1950s Yockey was suggesting the USSR could help free Europe from U S domination according to Shekhovstov s new book Russia and the Western Far Right a b c d Mostrom Anthony 2020 08 08 America s Mein Kampf Francis Parker Yockey and Imperium Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved 2022 01 05 Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 75 Kaplan Jeffrey 2000 Encyclopedia of White Power A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right Rowman amp Littlefield p 42 ISBN 978 0 7425 0340 3 a b c d e Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 76 a b c d Lee 2000 p 96 a b Mostrom Anthony 2017 05 13 The Fascist and the Preacher Gerald L K Smith and Francis Parker Yockey in Cold War Era Los Angeles Los Angeles Review of Books Retrieved 2022 05 01 a b c Lee Martin A 2000 The Beast Reawakens Fascism s Resurgence from Hitler s Spymasters to Today s Neo Nazi Groups and Right Wing Extremists New York pp 94 98 157 ISBN 978 1 135 28124 3 OCLC 858861623 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Mulhall 2020 pp 110 Coogan Kevin 1999 Dreamer of the day Francis Parker Yockey and the postwar fascist international Mazal Holocaust Collection Brooklyn N Y Autonomedia ISBN 1 57027 039 2 OCLC 38884251 Mulhall Joe 2020 British Fascism After the Holocaust From the Birth of Denial to the Notting Hill Riots 1939 1958 Taylor amp Francis ISBN 9780429840258 p 111 Rose 2021 p 67 79 a b Gardell 2003 pp 51 a b Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 260 Rose Matthew 2021 A World after Liberalism Philosophers of the Radical Right Yale University Press ISBN 9780300263084 p 67 79 Maibaum 2003 pp 15 Gardell 2003 p 169 Gardell 2003 pp 51 52 170 Coogan Kevin 2019 Lost Imperium Yockey 20 years later Review of Yockey A Fascist Odyssey by Kerry Bolton PDF Lobster Magazine p 6 Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 260 261 Lee Martin A 2011 The beast reawakens New York Routledge ISBN 978 0 203 95029 6 OCLC 1086431548 a b Atkins Stephen E 2009 Holocaust denial as an international movement Westport Conn Praeger p 147 ISBN 978 0 313 34539 5 OCLC 624337327 a b Lee 2000 pp 94 157 a b Steiger Brad and Steiger Sherry Hanson 2006 Conspiracies and Secret Societies The Complete Dossier Canton Township Michigan Visible Ink Press p 511 ISBN 978 1 57859 174 9 Sonabend Daniel 2019 The 43 Group Verso ISBN 978 1 78873 327 4 OCLC 1129451450 Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 77 In 1949 Yockey s Mosleyite circle included Guy Chesham Peter Huxley Blythe and Baroness von Pflugl who financed the publication of Imperium Durham Martin 2007 11 13 White Rage The Extreme Right and American Politics Routledge pp 25 26 ISBN 978 1 134 23181 2 Oliver Revilo P 1962 Revilo P Oliver Introduction to Imperium Noontide Press Archived from the original on 21 November 2018 Retrieved 2022 01 05 Goodrick Clarke 2002 pp 5 74 76 216 221 223 226 261 Kaplan Jeffrey 2000 Encyclopedia of White Power A Sourcebook on the Radical Racist Right Rowman amp Littlefield p 42 ISBN 978 0 7425 0340 3 Maibaum 2003 pp 17 John William King Quotes Francis Parker Yockey in Statement About Hate Crime Southern Poverty Law Center June 13 2000 Retrieved 2022 05 05 Sources editVarange Ulick 1948 Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics Westropa Press Goodrick Clarke Nicholas 2002 Black sun Aryan cults Esoteric Nazism and the politics of identity New York New York University Press ISBN 0 585 43467 0 OCLC 52467699 Gardell Mattiass W 2003 Gods of Blood The Pagan Revival and White Separatism Duke University Press Books Maibaum Matthew W 2003 F P Yockey s Imperium Patterns of Prejudice 7 2 14 18 Patterns of Prejudice Routledge 7 2 14 18 doi 10 1080 0031322X 1973 9969114 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imperium The Philosophy of History and Politics amp oldid 1167434196, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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