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Imperial School of Medicine (Ottoman Empire)

January 20, 2023

The Imperial Military School of Medicine,[1] or the Imperial School of Medicine (Mekteb-i Tıbbiye-i Şahane) was a school of medicine in Ottoman Constantinople. The school has changed locations several times. The well-known building in the Üsküdar district of Istanbul is a collaboration by Levantine architect Alexandre Vallaury and Raimondo D'Aronco in the Ottoman Revivalist architectural style, incorporating Ottoman and Seljuk design features. It was built between 1893 and 1903. It currently houses the University of Health Sciences campus at Haydarpaşa.

Hamidiye campus of University of Health Sciences (Turkey), originally the Imperial School of Medicine.

Originally commissioned by Sultan Mahmud II in 1827 to be operated by the military, it was the empire's first medical school,[2] modeled on those in the West.[3] Ottoman Muslims did not often study abroad, and most of the faculty's founding staff were religious minorities from non-Muslim Ottoman families. Their foreign language skills and study at European institutions laid the foundation for the establishment of medicine in the Ottoman Empire.

History

Sultan Mahmud II established the school on 14 March 1827.[3] That year Mahmud II announced that the school would for the time being teach in French.[2] At that time most of the instructors and students at the military medical school were non-Muslims and included Armenians, Arab Christians, Bulgarians, and Greeks.[4] The campus was in a former imperial page school,[5] in Galatasaray, in Pera (now Beyoğlu).[6] Accordingly students were known as the "Students of Galatasaray".[7]

According to Constantinos Trompoukis and John Lascaratos Greeks were well-represented among founding staff due to their foreign-language skills and their study experiences in Europe. Many Ottoman Muslims hitherto had not focused on foreign languages.[3] Johann Strauss, author of "Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital: The Memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman Point of View," wrote that in the teaching staff "Greeks were especially conspicuous".[1] In addition professors from Germany joined the faculty,[5] Thusly, a sizeable portion of the teaching staff was drawn from the empire's non-Muslim religious communities supplemented by visiting Germans.[1]

The building suffered from a fire in 1848 which destroyed some official records.[3] The school moved to the Golden Horn.[5] In 1850 the school had eleven regular professors; four of them were ethnic Greeks.[3]

In 1861 the Counsel of Civil Medical Affairs requested that the medical college begin licensing pharmacists after incidents with unlicensed pharmacists caused injuries and deaths in the empire. Afterwards pharmacists were required to have a master of pharmacy from the Imperial Medical School, or an equivalent from a university in Europe.[8]

It moved to the gardens of Topkapı Palace in Sarayburnu (Seraglio Point) in 1866, and that year alumnus Salih Effendi became the head of the school.[5]

By the 1860s advocates of French medium instruction and Ottoman Turkish medium instruction were engaged in conflict; Turks advocated for Turkish while minority groups and foreigners advocated for French.[2] Spyridon Mavrogenis, employed in the imperial medical school as a professor, advocated for the usage of French.[9] The governing body, the Dari-Choura, adopted the proposal of Ahmet Bey to make Ottoman Turkish the instructional language,[5] arguing that Muslim students were at a disadvantage with French; at the time Muslims made up about 66% of the students.[10]

By 1871, after the Tanzimat movement gave additional rights to Christian minorities, the school had a Greek director. Of the 18 other professors, nine were Greeks.[3]

It merged with the civilian medical school in 1909 to form what was known as the Medical School.[3]

Governance

Circa 1871 the Dari-Choura were the governing body of the school. According to Dr. R. Sarell, who was a doctor employed at the Imperial Maternity Hospital in the city, many members had a military background or lacked an education altogether, something he criticised them for.[5]

Notable people

Professors

Strauss identified Sarandes Archigenes (1809-1874) a.k.a. Sarandi Bey; Stephan Caratheodory a.k.a. İstefanaki Effendi; and Constantine Caratheodory (1802-1879), a nephew of Stephan; as being the most notable Greek teachers.[1]

The Herbarium of the Imperial School of Medicine

Friedrich Wilhelm Noë established a herbarium at the school.[11] Specimens distributed from this herbarium are today held worldwide, including at the National Herbarium of Victoria, at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria.[12]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital: The Memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman Point of View." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors). Istanbul - Kushta - Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930. Routledge, 10 October 2018. ISBN 1351805223, 9781351805223. Google Books PT 263 (actually circa p. 267)
  2. ^ a b c Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule. Routledge, July 7, 2016. ISBN 1317118456, 9781317118459. Start: p. 115. CITED: p. 122.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g Trompoukis, Constantinos; Lascaratos, John (2003). "Greek Professors of the Medical School of Constantinople during a Period of Reformation (1839–76)". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (4): 226–231. doi:10.1177/096777200301100411. PMID 14562157. S2CID 11201905. - First published November 1, 2003. - Cited: p. 226 (PDF p. 1/5).
  4. ^ Strauss, Johann. "Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire" (Chapter 7). In: Murphey, Rhoads (editor). Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean: Recording the Imprint of Roman, Byzantine and Ottoman Rule (Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies). Routledge, 7 July 2016. ISBN 1317118448, 9781317118442. Google Books PT196.
  5. ^ a b c d e f Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World, Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p. 532. CITED: p. 537.
  6. ^ Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World, Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p. 532. CITED: p. 536.
  7. ^ Strauss, Johann. "Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital: the memoirs of Dr. Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik (1843-1932) from an Ottoman point of view." In: Herzog, Christoph and Richard Wittmann (editors). Istanbul - Kushta - Constantinople: Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital, 1830-1930. Routledge, 10 October 2018. ISBN 1351805223, 9781351805223. p. 262.
  8. ^ American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record, Volume 42. American Druggist Publishing Company, 1903. p. 143.
  9. ^ a b Trompoukis, Constantinos; Lascaratos, John (2003). "Greek Professors of the Medical School of Constantinople during a Period of Reformation (1839–76)". Journal of Medical Biography. 11 (4): 226–231. doi:10.1177/096777200301100411. PMID 14562157. S2CID 11201905. - First published November 1, 2003. - Cited: p. 228 (PDF p. 3/5).
  10. ^ Sarell, R. "Turkey." In: Dobell, Horace Benge (editor). Reports on the Progress of Practical & Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World, Volume 2. Longmans, Green, Reader & Dyer, 1871. Start: p. 532. CITED: p. 538.
  11. ^ Celik, Semih (2020). "The First Ottoman Natural History Museum and Herbarium, 1836–1848". In Kirchberger, Ulrike & Bennett, Brett M. (eds.). Environments of Empire: Networks and Agents of Ecological Change. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. pp. 85–102.
  12. ^ The Australasian Virtual Herbarium.

External links

  • Fredj, Claire (16 May 2019). "Quelle langue pour quelle élite ? Le français dans le monde médical ottoman à Constantinople (1839-1914)". In Güneş Işıksel; Emmanuel Szurek (eds.). Turcs et Français. Histoire (in French). Presses universitaires de Rennes. pp. 73–98. ISBN 9782753559769.

January 20, 2023
imperial, school, medicine, ottoman, empire, imperial, military, school, medicine, imperial, school, medicine, mekteb, tıbbiye, şahane, school, medicine, ottoman, constantinople, school, changed, locations, several, times, well, known, building, üsküdar, distr. The Imperial Military School of Medicine 1 or the Imperial School of Medicine Mekteb i Tibbiye i Sahane was a school of medicine in Ottoman Constantinople The school has changed locations several times The well known building in the Uskudar district of Istanbul is a collaboration by Levantine architect Alexandre Vallaury and Raimondo D Aronco in the Ottoman Revivalist architectural style incorporating Ottoman and Seljuk design features It was built between 1893 and 1903 It currently houses the University of Health Sciences campus at Haydarpasa Hamidiye campus of University of Health Sciences Turkey originally the Imperial School of Medicine Originally commissioned by Sultan Mahmud II in 1827 to be operated by the military it was the empire s first medical school 2 modeled on those in the West 3 Ottoman Muslims did not often study abroad and most of the faculty s founding staff were religious minorities from non Muslim Ottoman families Their foreign language skills and study at European institutions laid the foundation for the establishment of medicine in the Ottoman Empire Contents 1 History 2 Governance 3 Notable people 4 The Herbarium of the Imperial School of Medicine 5 See also 6 References 7 External linksHistory EditSultan Mahmud II established the school on 14 March 1827 3 That year Mahmud II announced that the school would for the time being teach in French 2 At that time most of the instructors and students at the military medical school were non Muslims and included Armenians Arab Christians Bulgarians and Greeks 4 The campus was in a former imperial page school 5 in Galatasaray in Pera now Beyoglu 6 Accordingly students were known as the Students of Galatasaray 7 According to Constantinos Trompoukis and John Lascaratos Greeks were well represented among founding staff due to their foreign language skills and their study experiences in Europe Many Ottoman Muslims hitherto had not focused on foreign languages 3 Johann Strauss author of Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital The Memoirs of Dr Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik 1843 1932 from an Ottoman Point of View wrote that in the teaching staff Greeks were especially conspicuous 1 In addition professors from Germany joined the faculty 5 Thusly a sizeable portion of the teaching staff was drawn from the empire s non Muslim religious communities supplemented by visiting Germans 1 The building suffered from a fire in 1848 which destroyed some official records 3 The school moved to the Golden Horn 5 In 1850 the school had eleven regular professors four of them were ethnic Greeks 3 In 1861 the Counsel of Civil Medical Affairs requested that the medical college begin licensing pharmacists after incidents with unlicensed pharmacists caused injuries and deaths in the empire Afterwards pharmacists were required to have a master of pharmacy from the Imperial Medical School or an equivalent from a university in Europe 8 It moved to the gardens of Topkapi Palace in Sarayburnu Seraglio Point in 1866 and that year alumnus Salih Effendi became the head of the school 5 By the 1860s advocates of French medium instruction and Ottoman Turkish medium instruction were engaged in conflict Turks advocated for Turkish while minority groups and foreigners advocated for French 2 Spyridon Mavrogenis employed in the imperial medical school as a professor advocated for the usage of French 9 The governing body the Dari Choura adopted the proposal of Ahmet Bey to make Ottoman Turkish the instructional language 5 arguing that Muslim students were at a disadvantage with French at the time Muslims made up about 66 of the students 10 By 1871 after the Tanzimat movement gave additional rights to Christian minorities the school had a Greek director Of the 18 other professors nine were Greeks 3 It merged with the civilian medical school in 1909 to form what was known as the Medical School 3 Governance EditCirca 1871 the Dari Choura were the governing body of the school According to Dr R Sarell who was a doctor employed at the Imperial Maternity Hospital in the city many members had a military background or lacked an education altogether something he criticised them for 5 Notable people EditProfessorsConstantinos Caratheodory 1802 1879 1 Friedrich Wilhelm Noe 1798 1858 also the director of the school s botanical garden Spyridon Mavrogenis 9 Strauss identified Sarandes Archigenes 1809 1874 a k a Sarandi Bey Stephan Caratheodory a k a Istefanaki Effendi and Constantine Caratheodory 1802 1879 a nephew of Stephan as being the most notable Greek teachers 1 The Herbarium of the Imperial School of Medicine EditFriedrich Wilhelm Noe established a herbarium at the school 11 Specimens distributed from this herbarium are today held worldwide including at the National Herbarium of Victoria at the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria 12 See also EditEducation in the Ottoman EmpireReferences Edit a b c d e Strauss Johann Twenty Years in the Ottoman Capital The Memoirs of Dr Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik 1843 1932 from an Ottoman Point of View In Herzog Christoph and Richard Wittmann editors Istanbul Kushta Constantinople Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital 1830 1930 Routledge 10 October 2018 ISBN 1351805223 9781351805223 Google Books PT 263 actually circa p 267 a b c Strauss Johann Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire Chapter 7 In Murphey Rhoads editor Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean Recording the Imprint of Roman Byzantine and Ottoman Rule Routledge July 7 2016 ISBN 1317118456 9781317118459 Start p 115 CITED p 122 a b c d e f g Trompoukis Constantinos Lascaratos John 2003 Greek Professors of the Medical School of Constantinople during a Period of Reformation 1839 76 Journal of Medical Biography 11 4 226 231 doi 10 1177 096777200301100411 PMID 14562157 S2CID 11201905 First published November 1 2003 Cited p 226 PDF p 1 5 Strauss Johann Language and power in the late Ottoman Empire Chapter 7 In Murphey Rhoads editor Imperial Lineages and Legacies in the Eastern Mediterranean Recording the Imprint of Roman Byzantine and Ottoman Rule Volume 18 of Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies Routledge 7 July 2016 ISBN 1317118448 9781317118442 Google Books PT196 a b c d e f Sarell R Turkey In Dobell Horace Benge editor Reports on the Progress of Practical amp Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World Volume 2 Longmans Green Reader amp Dyer 1871 Start p 532 CITED p 537 Sarell R Turkey In Dobell Horace Benge editor Reports on the Progress of Practical amp Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World Volume 2 Longmans Green Reader amp Dyer 1871 Start p 532 CITED p 536 Strauss Johann Twenty Years in the Ottoman capital the memoirs of Dr Hristo Tanev Stambolski of Kazanlik 1843 1932 from an Ottoman point of view In Herzog Christoph and Richard Wittmann editors Istanbul Kushta Constantinople Narratives of Identity in the Ottoman Capital 1830 1930 Routledge 10 October 2018 ISBN 1351805223 9781351805223 p 262 American Druggist and Pharmaceutical Record Volume 42 American Druggist Publishing Company 1903 p 143 a b Trompoukis Constantinos Lascaratos John 2003 Greek Professors of the Medical School of Constantinople during a Period of Reformation 1839 76 Journal of Medical Biography 11 4 226 231 doi 10 1177 096777200301100411 PMID 14562157 S2CID 11201905 First published November 1 2003 Cited p 228 PDF p 3 5 Sarell R Turkey In Dobell Horace Benge editor Reports on the Progress of Practical amp Scientific Medicine in Different Parts of the World Volume 2 Longmans Green Reader amp Dyer 1871 Start p 532 CITED p 538 Celik Semih 2020 The First Ottoman Natural History Museum and Herbarium 1836 1848 In Kirchberger Ulrike amp Bennett Brett M eds Environments of Empire Networks and Agents of Ecological Change Chapel Hill The University of North Carolina Press pp 85 102 The Australasian Virtual Herbarium External links EditFredj Claire 16 May 2019 Quelle langue pour quelle elite Le francais dans le monde medical ottoman a Constantinople 1839 1914 In Gunes Isiksel Emmanuel Szurek eds Turcs et Francais Histoire in French Presses universitaires de Rennes pp 73 98 ISBN 9782753559769 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Imperial School of Medicine Ottoman Empire amp oldid 1112284319, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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