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Idiosepius paradoxus

April 11, 2024

Idiosepius paradoxus, also known as the northern pygmy squid, is a species of pygmy squid native to the western Pacific Ocean. This species can be found inhabiting shallow, inshore waters around central China, South Korea, and Japan.[2][3]

Idiosepius paradoxus
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Cephalopoda
Order: Idiosepida
Family: Idiosepiidae
Genus: Idiosepius
Species:
I. paradoxus
Binomial name
Idiosepius paradoxus
(Ortmann, 1888)
Synonyms
  • Microteuthis paradoxus
    Ortmann, 1888
  • Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus
    (Ortmann, 1888)

Appearance edit

This species is part of the smallest known squid genus, growing only to 16 mm (0.63 in) in mantle length.[3][4] Females tend to be larger than males, and the presence of nidamental glands for secretion of egg jelly differentiates them from males.[5] Males can be identified by the presence of a singular white testis found posteriorly in the body.[4] Both sexes have a unique organ found on their dorsal mantle for binding themselves to a substrate, such as seagrass.[6] The type specimen was collected off Kadsiyama in Tokyo Bay and is conserved at the Musee Zoologique in Strasbourg.[7]

Distribution and habitat edit

I. paradoxus is found farthest North of all the species in genus Idiosepius.[2] The distribution of this species includes the waters off South Korea and northern Australia, as well as the Japanese islands of Honshu, Kyushu, and southern Hokkaido. In these locations, this squid can be found in the demersal zone of the ocean in subtropical climates. It resides in algae, seagrass, and seaweed.[3] Based on season within its distribution, there are two recorded life histories. Small type squid hatch between March and July and spawn between June and September, while large type squid hatch in the summer and spawn during the next spring, and have longer reproductive seasons.[8][9]

Diet edit

This species feeds mainly on small fish, shrimp, and other organisms. They can prey on larger fish, but may not be able to fully digest all of the flesh.[10] Just as they utilize external fertilization, these squid can externally digest their food as well. Anatomically, they possess both a beak and a buccal mass. The buccal mass is used to break through hard exoskeletons, secrete digestive fluids, and then remove the softened flesh of prey.[10] With small prey, the beak is not needed for biting or severing any body parts.[10] There is also evidence of a sex-specific cognitive bias in I. paradoxus, such that females more often than males overestimate the size of prey they will be able to successfully attack.[11]

Reproduction and sexual selection edit

Copulation and spawning edit

I. paradoxus mates through a polyandrous system, in which females copulate with numerous males.[6] The focus of existing research seems to be on female promiscuity, with little information on how many partners are acquired per male. Males do not exhibit precopulatory behaviors, such as male-male competition, so a male and female will mate upon finding one another.[6] The male grasps the female in a head-to-head position using his right hectocotylus, which he also uses to point towards her arm crown externally. He then uses his left hectocotylus to grasp spermatophores containing sperm from his funnel, post ejaculation.[4] The spermatophores become spermatangia through an eversion reaction involving the ejaculatory apparatus and cement body, and are then placed on the female's body directed by the groove on the right hectocotylus.[4][12] The sperm become activated by seawater, and will swim to the seminal receptacle around the female's buccal mass on the ventral mantle, where they will be stored until spawning and fertilization.[12][13] In this species, sperm form swarms when swimming from spermatangia to the seminal receptacle.[14] The receptacle does not become full until about 8 copulations, after which no more sperm can be held until spawning has occurred.[13]

The female can mate with multiple males and retain sperm from each before adhering to a substrate such as seagrass to spawn.[5] Once ready, the female releases egg jelly from her nidamental gland, out her funnel, and into her arms, followed by a single egg that she attaches to the substrate.[5] During attachment, she covers the egg with her buccal membrane so that sperm can be passed from the seminal receptacle to the egg through individualized external fertilization.[5] This process is repeated for multiple rows of eggs.[5] Each egg is wrapped in 8–10 gelatinous layers, and these may function in protection against small microorganisms.[15] Females may spawn several times in this fashion from a full seminal receptacle.[13]

Cryptic female choice edit

I. paradoxus has been used in the study of cryptic female choice due to male sperm transfer to an external location on the female's body, making this process more easily observable than in other species.[6] Once the female has mated, either with one male or several, she can use her buccal mass to pull spermatangia off her body individually to get rid of as many as she chooses.[16] By removing spermatangia, she is choosing which male(s) will have greater opportunity to sire her offspring. In this way, postcopulatory mechanisms in this species can act as sexual selection for certain traits in males.[6]

There is evidence from multiple studies that smaller males are preferred by females, meaning females remove more spermatangia from larger males.[6][17] However, whether females prefer longer or shorter copulations is debated. Some evidence points towards preference for longer copulating males, while other evidence shows preference for decreased copulation times.[6][17] It has been observed that sperm transfer to the seminal receptacle from the spermatangium must occur within 24 hours, as almost all spermatangia in the species discharged their spermatozoa within 24 hours. In the beginning, rapid sperm discharge is observed, but after 5 minutes it becomes intermittent.[18] A possible explanation for female preference of small and fast copulating males could be that predation risk is decreased with shorter time spent in copula and less attention drawn with smaller body size.[17] Predation could actually act as a selection pressure for increased postcopulatory versus precopulatory behaviors in I. paradoxus, as postcopulatory behaviors like cryptic female choice may draw less attention and be easier to exhibit when also under threat of predation.[19] In addition, there is evidence that cryptic female choice could be adaptive when comparing populations experiencing high versus low predation: the population more often exposed to predation may be able to carry out cryptic female choice as usual without decreasing the behavior, unlike in populations which are not used to predation.[19]

While females are able to exhibit choice, males engage in behaviors to give their sperm the best chance of making it to the female's seminal receptacle. During copulation, males have been observed directing their spermatangia by the right hectocotylus to different locations on the female's body (such as different arm crown bases) per spermatophore ejaculation.[4] This is thought to reduce the number of spermatangia removed by the female from a particular male, as their spermatangia are spread to multiple locations that the female may be unaware of.[4]

References edit

  1. ^ Barratt, I.; Allcock, L. (2012). "Idiosepius paradoxus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2012: e.T162657A937941. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2012-1.RLTS.T162657A937941.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ a b Kasugai, Takashi; Segawa, Susumu (2005). "Life cycle of the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae) in the Zostera beds of the temperate coast of central Honshu, Japan". Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin. 66: 249–258.
  3. ^ a b c Reid, A. 2005. Family Idiosepiidae. In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper, eds. Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 1. Chambered nautiluses and sepioids (Nautilidae, Sepiidae, Sepiolidae, Sepiadariidae, Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae). FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes. No. 4, Vol. 1. Rome, FAO. pp. 208–210.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Sato, Noriyosi; Yoshida, Masa-Aki; Fujiwara, Eiji; Kasugai, Takashi (2013). "High-speed camera observations of copulatory behaviour in Idiosepius paradoxus: function of the dimorphic hectocotyli". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 79 (2): 183–186. doi:10.1093/mollus/eyt005. hdl:10069/32938. Retrieved 2023-02-17.
  5. ^ a b c d e Iwata, Yoko; Sato, Noriyosi; Hirohashi, Noritaka; Kasugai, Takashi; Watanabe, Yoshiro; Fujiwara, Eiji (2019-01-21). "How female squid inseminate their eggs with stored sperm". Current Biology. 29 (2): R48–R49. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.010. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 30668945. S2CID 58949271.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Sato, Noriyosi; Yoshida, Masa-aki; Kasugai, Takashi (2016-11-17). "Impact of cryptic female choice on insemination success: Larger sized and longer copulating male squid ejaculate more, but females influence insemination success by removing spermatangia". Evolution. 71 (1): 111–120. doi:10.1111/evo.13108. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 27805265. S2CID 8866473.
  7. ^ Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda
  8. ^ Sato, Noriyosi; Awata, Satoshi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2009-06-01). "Seasonal occurrence and sexual maturation of Japanese pygmy squid (Idiosepius paradoxus) at the northern limits of their distribution". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 66 (5): 811–815. doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsp145. hdl:2115/43087. ISSN 1095-9289.
  9. ^ Sato, Noriyosi (2017-11-06). "Seasonal changes in reproductive traits and paternity in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus". Marine Ecology Progress Series. 582: 121–131. doi:10.3354/meps12338. ISSN 0171-8630.
  10. ^ a b c KASUGAI, T. (2004-08-01). "Feeding and External Digestion in the Japanese Pygmy Squid Idiosepius Paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae)". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 70 (3): 231–236. doi:10.1093/mollus/70.3.231. ISSN 1464-3766.
  11. ^ Takeshita, Fumio; Sato, Noriyosi (2016). Herberstein, M. (ed.). "Adaptive Sex-Specific Cognitive Bias in Predation Behaviours of Japanese Pygmy Squid". Ethology. 122 (3): 236–244. doi:10.1111/eth.12464.
  12. ^ a b Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2014-06-01). "Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus". Zoology. 117 (3): 192–199. doi:10.1016/j.zool.2014.02.001. hdl:10069/34531. ISSN 0944-2006. PMID 24813852.
  13. ^ a b c Sato, N.; Kasugai, T.; Ikeda, Y.; Munehara, H. (2010). "Structure of the seminal receptacle and sperm storage in the Japanese pygmy squid". Journal of Zoology. 282 (3): 151–156. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.2010.00733.x. ISSN 0952-8369.
  14. ^ Hirohashi, Noritaka; Iida, Tomohiro; Sato, Noriyosi; Warwick, Sauer H. H.; Iwata, Yoko (2016-09-01). "Complex adaptive traits between mating behaviour and post-copulatory sperm behaviour in squids". Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries. 26 (3): 601–607. doi:10.1007/s11160-016-9434-1. ISSN 1573-5184. S2CID 254988171.
  15. ^ Kasugai, Takashi; Ikeda, Yuzuru (2003). "Description of the Egg Mass of Pygmy Cuttlefish, Idiosepius paradoxus (Cephalopoda: Idiosepiidae), with Special Reference to its Multiple Gelatinous Layers". The Veliger. 46 (2): 105–110.
  16. ^ Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2013-03-01). "Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal: postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid". Marine Biology. 160 (3): 553–561. doi:10.1007/s00227-012-2112-5. hdl:10069/31698. ISSN 1432-1793. S2CID 253740276.
  17. ^ a b c Sato, Noriyosi; Kasugai, Takashi; Munehara, Hiroyuki (2014-06-01). "Female Pygmy Squid Cryptically Favour Small Males and Fast Copulation as Observed by Removal of Spermatangia". Evolutionary Biology. 41 (2): 221–228. doi:10.1007/s11692-013-9261-4. hdl:10069/34511. ISSN 1934-2845. S2CID 255343132.
  18. ^ Noriyosi Sato, Takashi Kasugai, Hiroyuki Munehara, Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus, Zoology,Volume 117, Issue 3,2014, Pages 192-199,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2014.02.001.
  19. ^ a b Sato, Noriyosi; Uchida, Yu; Takegaki, Takeshi (2018-07-12). "The effect of predation risk on post-copulatory sexual selection in the Japanese pygmy squid". Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology. 72 (8): 129. doi:10.1007/s00265-018-2540-4. hdl:10069/38504. ISSN 1432-0762. S2CID 253806315.

Further reading edit

  • Kasugai, T. 2001. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-12-14. (400 KiB) J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K. 81: 979–981.
  • Kasugai, T. & Y. Ikeda 2003. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-03-28. (1.47 MiB) Veliger (Calif. Malacozoological Soc. Inc., Santa Barbara) 46(2): 105–110.
  • (in Japanese) Natsukari, Y. 1970. Egg-laying behavior, embryonic development and hatched larva of the pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann. Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries, Nagasaki University 30: 15–29.
  • Shigeno, S. & M. Yamamoto 2002. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-12-16. (3.87 MiB) Journal of Morphology 254: 65–80.
  • Yamamoto, M. 1988. Normal embryonic stages of the pygmy cuttlefish, Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann. Zoological Science 5(5): 989–998.
  • Yamamoto, M., Y. Shimazaki & S. Shigeno 2003. (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2004-03-28. (1.92 MiB) Zoological Science (Zoological Society of Japan) 20: 163–179.

External links edit

  • . Archived from the original on 2005-08-17.


 

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April 11, 2024
idiosepius, paradoxus, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, japanese, march, 2022, click, show, important, translation, instructions, machine, translation, like, deepl, google, translate, useful, starting, point, t. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese March 2022 Click show for important translation instructions Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 3 779 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ja ヒメイカ see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated ja ヒメイカ to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Idiosepius paradoxus also known as the northern pygmy squid is a species of pygmy squid native to the western Pacific Ocean This species can be found inhabiting shallow inshore waters around central China South Korea and Japan 2 3 Idiosepius paradoxusConservation statusData Deficient IUCN 3 1 1 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum MolluscaClass CephalopodaOrder IdiosepidaFamily IdiosepiidaeGenus IdiosepiusSpecies I paradoxusBinomial nameIdiosepius paradoxus Ortmann 1888 SynonymsMicroteuthis paradoxusOrtmann 1888 Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann 1888 Contents 1 Appearance 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Diet 4 Reproduction and sexual selection 4 1 Copulation and spawning 4 2 Cryptic female choice 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksAppearance editThis species is part of the smallest known squid genus growing only to 16 mm 0 63 in in mantle length 3 4 Females tend to be larger than males and the presence of nidamental glands for secretion of egg jelly differentiates them from males 5 Males can be identified by the presence of a singular white testis found posteriorly in the body 4 Both sexes have a unique organ found on their dorsal mantle for binding themselves to a substrate such as seagrass 6 The type specimen was collected off Kadsiyama in Tokyo Bay and is conserved at the Musee Zoologique in Strasbourg 7 Distribution and habitat editI paradoxus is found farthest North of all the species in genus Idiosepius 2 The distribution of this species includes the waters off South Korea and northern Australia as well as the Japanese islands of Honshu Kyushu and southern Hokkaido In these locations this squid can be found in the demersal zone of the ocean in subtropical climates It resides in algae seagrass and seaweed 3 Based on season within its distribution there are two recorded life histories Small type squid hatch between March and July and spawn between June and September while large type squid hatch in the summer and spawn during the next spring and have longer reproductive seasons 8 9 Diet editThis species feeds mainly on small fish shrimp and other organisms They can prey on larger fish but may not be able to fully digest all of the flesh 10 Just as they utilize external fertilization these squid can externally digest their food as well Anatomically they possess both a beak and a buccal mass The buccal mass is used to break through hard exoskeletons secrete digestive fluids and then remove the softened flesh of prey 10 With small prey the beak is not needed for biting or severing any body parts 10 There is also evidence of a sex specific cognitive bias in I paradoxus such that females more often than males overestimate the size of prey they will be able to successfully attack 11 Reproduction and sexual selection editCopulation and spawning edit I paradoxus mates through a polyandrous system in which females copulate with numerous males 6 The focus of existing research seems to be on female promiscuity with little information on how many partners are acquired per male Males do not exhibit precopulatory behaviors such as male male competition so a male and female will mate upon finding one another 6 The male grasps the female in a head to head position using his right hectocotylus which he also uses to point towards her arm crown externally He then uses his left hectocotylus to grasp spermatophores containing sperm from his funnel post ejaculation 4 The spermatophores become spermatangia through an eversion reaction involving the ejaculatory apparatus and cement body and are then placed on the female s body directed by the groove on the right hectocotylus 4 12 The sperm become activated by seawater and will swim to the seminal receptacle around the female s buccal mass on the ventral mantle where they will be stored until spawning and fertilization 12 13 In this species sperm form swarms when swimming from spermatangia to the seminal receptacle 14 The receptacle does not become full until about 8 copulations after which no more sperm can be held until spawning has occurred 13 The female can mate with multiple males and retain sperm from each before adhering to a substrate such as seagrass to spawn 5 Once ready the female releases egg jelly from her nidamental gland out her funnel and into her arms followed by a single egg that she attaches to the substrate 5 During attachment she covers the egg with her buccal membrane so that sperm can be passed from the seminal receptacle to the egg through individualized external fertilization 5 This process is repeated for multiple rows of eggs 5 Each egg is wrapped in 8 10 gelatinous layers and these may function in protection against small microorganisms 15 Females may spawn several times in this fashion from a full seminal receptacle 13 Cryptic female choice edit I paradoxus has been used in the study of cryptic female choice due to male sperm transfer to an external location on the female s body making this process more easily observable than in other species 6 Once the female has mated either with one male or several she can use her buccal mass to pull spermatangia off her body individually to get rid of as many as she chooses 16 By removing spermatangia she is choosing which male s will have greater opportunity to sire her offspring In this way postcopulatory mechanisms in this species can act as sexual selection for certain traits in males 6 There is evidence from multiple studies that smaller males are preferred by females meaning females remove more spermatangia from larger males 6 17 However whether females prefer longer or shorter copulations is debated Some evidence points towards preference for longer copulating males while other evidence shows preference for decreased copulation times 6 17 It has been observed that sperm transfer to the seminal receptacle from the spermatangium must occur within 24 hours as almost all spermatangia in the species discharged their spermatozoa within 24 hours In the beginning rapid sperm discharge is observed but after 5 minutes it becomes intermittent 18 A possible explanation for female preference of small and fast copulating males could be that predation risk is decreased with shorter time spent in copula and less attention drawn with smaller body size 17 Predation could actually act as a selection pressure for increased postcopulatory versus precopulatory behaviors in I paradoxus as postcopulatory behaviors like cryptic female choice may draw less attention and be easier to exhibit when also under threat of predation 19 In addition there is evidence that cryptic female choice could be adaptive when comparing populations experiencing high versus low predation the population more often exposed to predation may be able to carry out cryptic female choice as usual without decreasing the behavior unlike in populations which are not used to predation 19 While females are able to exhibit choice males engage in behaviors to give their sperm the best chance of making it to the female s seminal receptacle During copulation males have been observed directing their spermatangia by the right hectocotylus to different locations on the female s body such as different arm crown bases per spermatophore ejaculation 4 This is thought to reduce the number of spermatangia removed by the female from a particular male as their spermatangia are spread to multiple locations that the female may be unaware of 4 References edit Barratt I Allcock L 2012 Idiosepius paradoxus IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2012 e T162657A937941 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2012 1 RLTS T162657A937941 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 a b Kasugai Takashi Segawa Susumu 2005 Life cycle of the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus Cephalopoda Idiosepiidae in the Zostera beds of the temperate coast of central Honshu Japan Phuket Marine Biological Center Research Bulletin 66 249 258 a b c Reid A 2005 Family Idiosepiidae In P Jereb amp C F E Roper eds Cephalopods of the world An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date Volume 1 Chambered nautiluses and sepioids Nautilidae Sepiidae Sepiolidae Sepiadariidae Idiosepiidae and Spirulidae FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No 4 Vol 1 Rome FAO pp 208 210 a b c d e f Sato Noriyosi Yoshida Masa Aki Fujiwara Eiji Kasugai Takashi 2013 High speed camera observations of copulatory behaviour in Idiosepius paradoxus function of the dimorphic hectocotyli Journal of Molluscan Studies 79 2 183 186 doi 10 1093 mollus eyt005 hdl 10069 32938 Retrieved 2023 02 17 a b c d e Iwata Yoko Sato Noriyosi Hirohashi Noritaka Kasugai Takashi Watanabe Yoshiro Fujiwara Eiji 2019 01 21 How female squid inseminate their eggs with stored sperm Current Biology 29 2 R48 R49 doi 10 1016 j cub 2018 12 010 ISSN 0960 9822 PMID 30668945 S2CID 58949271 a b c d e f g Sato Noriyosi Yoshida Masa aki Kasugai Takashi 2016 11 17 Impact of cryptic female choice on insemination success Larger sized and longer copulating male squid ejaculate more but females influence insemination success by removing spermatangia Evolution 71 1 111 120 doi 10 1111 evo 13108 ISSN 0014 3820 PMID 27805265 S2CID 8866473 Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda Sato Noriyosi Awata Satoshi Munehara Hiroyuki 2009 06 01 Seasonal occurrence and sexual maturation of Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus at the northern limits of their distribution ICES Journal of Marine Science 66 5 811 815 doi 10 1093 icesjms fsp145 hdl 2115 43087 ISSN 1095 9289 Sato Noriyosi 2017 11 06 Seasonal changes in reproductive traits and paternity in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus Marine Ecology Progress Series 582 121 131 doi 10 3354 meps12338 ISSN 0171 8630 a b c KASUGAI T 2004 08 01 Feeding and External Digestion in the Japanese Pygmy Squid Idiosepius Paradoxus Cephalopoda Idiosepiidae Journal of Molluscan Studies 70 3 231 236 doi 10 1093 mollus 70 3 231 ISSN 1464 3766 Takeshita Fumio Sato Noriyosi 2016 Herberstein M ed Adaptive Sex Specific Cognitive Bias in Predation Behaviours of Japanese Pygmy Squid Ethology 122 3 236 244 doi 10 1111 eth 12464 a b Sato Noriyosi Kasugai Takashi Munehara Hiroyuki 2014 06 01 Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus Zoology 117 3 192 199 doi 10 1016 j zool 2014 02 001 hdl 10069 34531 ISSN 0944 2006 PMID 24813852 a b c Sato N Kasugai T Ikeda Y Munehara H 2010 Structure of the seminal receptacle and sperm storage in the Japanese pygmy squid Journal of Zoology 282 3 151 156 doi 10 1111 j 1469 7998 2010 00733 x ISSN 0952 8369 Hirohashi Noritaka Iida Tomohiro Sato Noriyosi Warwick Sauer H H Iwata Yoko 2016 09 01 Complex adaptive traits between mating behaviour and post copulatory sperm behaviour in squids Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 26 3 601 607 doi 10 1007 s11160 016 9434 1 ISSN 1573 5184 S2CID 254988171 Kasugai Takashi Ikeda Yuzuru 2003 Description of the Egg Mass of Pygmy Cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus Cephalopoda Idiosepiidae with Special Reference to its Multiple Gelatinous Layers The Veliger 46 2 105 110 Sato Noriyosi Kasugai Takashi Munehara Hiroyuki 2013 03 01 Sperm transfer or spermatangia removal postcopulatory behaviour of picking up spermatangium by female Japanese pygmy squid Marine Biology 160 3 553 561 doi 10 1007 s00227 012 2112 5 hdl 10069 31698 ISSN 1432 1793 S2CID 253740276 a b c Sato Noriyosi Kasugai Takashi Munehara Hiroyuki 2014 06 01 Female Pygmy Squid Cryptically Favour Small Males and Fast Copulation as Observed by Removal of Spermatangia Evolutionary Biology 41 2 221 228 doi 10 1007 s11692 013 9261 4 hdl 10069 34511 ISSN 1934 2845 S2CID 255343132 Noriyosi Sato Takashi Kasugai Hiroyuki Munehara Spermatangium formation and sperm discharge in the Japanese pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus Zoology Volume 117 Issue 3 2014 Pages 192 199 https doi org 10 1016 j zool 2014 02 001 a b Sato Noriyosi Uchida Yu Takegaki Takeshi 2018 07 12 The effect of predation risk on post copulatory sexual selection in the Japanese pygmy squid Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 72 8 129 doi 10 1007 s00265 018 2540 4 hdl 10069 38504 ISSN 1432 0762 S2CID 253806315 Further reading editKasugai T 2001 Feeding behaviour of the Japanese pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus Cephalopoda Idiosepiidae in captivity evidence for external digestion PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2005 12 14 400 KiB J Mar Biol Assoc U K 81 979 981 Kasugai T amp Y Ikeda 2003 Description of the egg mass of the pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus Cephalopoda Idiosepiidae with special reference to its multiple gelatinous layers PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2004 03 28 1 47 MiB Veliger Calif Malacozoological Soc Inc Santa Barbara 46 2 105 110 in Japanese Natsukari Y 1970 Egg laying behavior embryonic development and hatched larva of the pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann Bulletin of the Faculty of Fisheries Nagasaki University 30 15 29 Shigeno S amp M Yamamoto 2002 Organization of the nervous system in the Pygmy Cuttlefish Idiosepius paradoxus Ortmann Idiosepiidae Cephalopoda PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2005 12 16 3 87 MiB Journal of Morphology 254 65 80 Yamamoto M 1988 Normal embryonic stages of the pygmy cuttlefish Idiosepius pygmaeus paradoxus Ortmann Zoological Science 5 5 989 998 Yamamoto M Y Shimazaki amp S Shigeno 2003 Atlas of the embryonic brain in the pygmy squid Idiosepius paradoxus PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2004 03 28 1 92 MiB Zoological Science Zoological Society of Japan 20 163 179 External links edit CephBase Idiosepius paradoxus Archived from the original on 2005 08 17 nbsp This article related to bobtail squids is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Idiosepius paradoxus amp oldid 1212568165, wikipedia, wiki, 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