This sandstone runestone, which is walled into the south-western corner of the church of Hällestad, has been known since the late 17th century.[3] The inscription begins in the left row on the front side and follows the boustrophedon order of reading.[4] The inscription is dated to the late 10th century, and shows an early dotted k-rune which represents the g-phoneme in aigi[1] It also contains an unusual dotted m-rune (), which is however only for decorative purposes since it does not change the pronunciation[1] (compare the Transjö Runestone). An interesting detail is the fact that it calls Toki Gormsson "brother", which should be interpreted as "brother-in-arms" and not a biological brother.[1] The Viking Age warbands consisted of brotherhoods, where each member had equal worth, including the warchief who in this case was Toki Gormsson.[1] Toki was probably the son of the Danish king Gorm the Old, who died c. 958 or 959.[1] This Toki is not remembered by the Norse sagas but, unlike the sagas, the runestones constitute contemporary documentation.[1] Also notable is that the stone reports that the men went closest to Toki, meaning that the best warriors formed a shield circle around the warchief during battle in order to show fealty to their leader (compare with the Kålsta Runestone).[1] The hill which is referred to was probably a barrow in which the brothers-in-arms buried Toki according to the traditions of the time.[1]
Inscriptionedit
First line is transliteration; second is transcription in Old Norse.
This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestone and it is made of granite. The inscription refers to Erra as Tóki's hemþægi or heimþegi (pl. heimþegar), meaning "home-receiver" (i.e., one who is given a house by another).[5] A total of six runestones in Denmark refer to a person with this title, the others besides DR 296 and DR 297 being DR 1, DR 3, DR 154, and DR 155. The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between heimþegar and the Old Norse term húskarl (literally, "house man"), or housecarl. Like housecarls, heimþegar are in the service of a king or lord, of whom they receive gifts (here, homes) for their service.[5] Some, like Johannes Brøndsted, have interpreted heimþegi as being nothing more than a local Danish variant of húskarl.[6]
Inscriptionedit
:
oskautr
Asgotr
:
ristþi
resþi
:
stin
sten
:
þansi
þænsi
(:)
¶
(:)
(i)ftiʀ
æftiʀ
:
airu
Ærru,
:
brþur
broþur
:
sin
sin.
:
ian
Æn
:
¶
:
saʀ
saʀ
:
uas
was
:
him:þiki
hemþægi
:
tuka
Toka.
:
nu
Nu
:
¶
:
skal
skal
:
stato
standa
:
stin
sten
:
o
a
:
biarki
biargi.
:
: oskautr : ristþi : stin : þansi (:) ¶ (:) (i)ftiʀ : airu : brþur : sin : ian : ¶ : saʀ : uas : him:þiki : tuka : nu : ¶ : skal : stato : stin : o : biarki :
{} Asgotr {} resþi {} sten {} þænsi {} {} {} æftiʀ {} Ærru, {} broþur {} sin. {} Æn {} {} {} saʀ {} was {} hemþægi {} Toka. {} Nu {} {} {} skal {} standa {} sten {} a {} biargi. {}
Ásgautr raised this stone in memory of Erra, his brother. And he was Tóki's retainer. Now the stone will stand on the hill.
DR 297edit
DR 297.
This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestones and it is made of sandstone. It is probably made by the same runemaster as DR 295. Similar to DR 296, the inscription also refers to Ásbjôrn as being Toki's hemþægi.
^Thunberg, Carl L. (2012). Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning [The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation]. Göteborgs universitet. CLTS. ISBN978-91-981859-5-9.
^ abJesch, Judith (2001). Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age: The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse. Woodbridge: The Boydell Press. pp. 235–37. ISBN0-85115-826-9.
^Brøndsted, Johannes (1960). The Vikings. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
External linksedit
Arild Hauge's page on Danish runestones.
Picture of DR 295.
Picture 1 of DR 296.
Picture 2 of DR 296.
Picture of DR 297.
Carl L. Thunberg (2012): Slaget på Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning (The Battle of Fýrisvellir in a New Interpretation)
hällestad, runestones, three, runestones, located, walls, hällestad, church, torna, hällestad, about, kilometers, east, lund, skåne, southern, sweden, their, rundata, identifiers, notable, because, held, raised, memory, warrior, fell, legendary, battle, fýrisv. The Hallestad Runestones are three runestones located in the walls of Hallestad Church in Torna Hallestad about 20 kilometers east of Lund in Skane southern Sweden Their Rundata identifiers are DR 295 296 and 297 DR 295 is notable because it is held to be raised in memory of a warrior who fell in the legendary Battle of the Fyrisvellir 1 near Uppsala Sweden between the Jomsvikings led by Styrbjorn the Strong and Styrbjorn s uncle Eric the Victorious the king of Sweden c 985 2 The other stones were raised by the same people and they probably formed a monument together in memory of comrades lost in the battle The Karlevi Runestone the Egtved Runestone and the Sjorup Runestone may be connected to them Hallestad Church where the runestones are located Contents 1 DR 295 1 1 Inscription 2 DR 296 2 1 Inscription 3 DR 297 3 1 Inscription 4 Notes 5 External links 6 ReferencesDR 295 edit nbsp DR 295 This sandstone runestone which is walled into the south western corner of the church of Hallestad has been known since the late 17th century 3 The inscription begins in the left row on the front side and follows the boustrophedon order of reading 4 The inscription is dated to the late 10th century and shows an early dotted k rune which represents the g phoneme in aigi 1 It also contains an unusual dotted m rune nbsp which is however only for decorative purposes since it does not change the pronunciation 1 compare the Transjo Runestone An interesting detail is the fact that it calls Toki Gormsson brother which should be interpreted as brother in arms and not a biological brother 1 The Viking Age warbands consisted of brotherhoods where each member had equal worth including the warchief who in this case was Toki Gormsson 1 Toki was probably the son of the Danish king Gorm the Old who died c 958 or 959 1 This Toki is not remembered by the Norse sagas but unlike the sagas the runestones constitute contemporary documentation 1 Also notable is that the stone reports that the men went closest to Toki meaning that the best warriors formed a shield circle around the warchief during battle in order to show fealty to their leader compare with the Kalsta Runestone 1 The hill which is referred to was probably a barrow in which the brothers in arms buried Toki according to the traditions of the time 1 Inscription edit First line is transliteration second is transcription in Old Norse A askilAEskel satisatti stinsten thansithaensi ift iʀ aeftiʀ tukaToka kurmsGorms sunsun saʀseʀ hulanhullan trutindrottin saʀSaʀ fluflo aigiaegi atat ub salumUpsalum askil sati stin thansi ift iʀ tuka kurms sun saʀ hulan trutin saʀ flu aigi at ub salum AEskel satti sten thaensi aeftiʀ Toka Gorms sun seʀ hullan drottin Saʀ flo aegi at UpsalumAskell placed this stone in memory of Toki Gormr s son to him a faithful lord He did not flee at Uppsala Bsatusattu trikaʀdraengiaʀ iftiʀaeftiʀ sinsin bruthrbrothur stinsten oa biarkibiargi stuthanstothan runumrunum thiʀTHeʀ satu trikaʀ iftiʀ sin bruthr stin o biarki stuthan runum thiʀ sattu draengiaʀ aeftiʀ sin brothur sten a biargi stothan runum THeʀ Valiant men placed in memory of their brother the stone on the hill steadied by runes They C k u r m s Gorms t u k a Toka kikugingu n i s t iʀ naestiʀ k u r m s t u k a kiku n i s t iʀ Gorms Toka gingu naestiʀ went closest to Gormr s Toki DR 296 edit nbsp DR 296 This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestone and it is made of granite The inscription refers to Erra as Toki s hemthaegi or heimthegi pl heimthegar meaning home receiver i e one who is given a house by another 5 A total of six runestones in Denmark refer to a person with this title the others besides DR 296 and DR 297 being DR 1 DR 3 DR 154 and DR 155 The use of the term in the inscriptions suggest a strong similarity between heimthegar and the Old Norse term huskarl literally house man or housecarl Like housecarls heimthegar are in the service of a king or lord of whom they receive gifts here homes for their service 5 Some like Johannes Brondsted have interpreted heimthegi as being nothing more than a local Danish variant of huskarl 6 Inscription edit oskautrAsgotr ristthiresthi stinsten thansithaensi i ftiʀaeftiʀ airuAErru brthurbrothur sinsin ianAEn saʀsaʀ uaswas him thikihemthaegi tukaToka nuNu skalskal statostanda stinsten oa biarkibiargi oskautr ristthi stin thansi i ftiʀ airu brthur sin ian saʀ uas him thiki tuka nu skal stato stin o biarki Asgotr resthi sten thaensi aeftiʀ AErru brothur sin AEn saʀ was hemthaegi Toka Nu skal standa sten a biargi Asgautr raised this stone in memory of Erra his brother And he was Toki s retainer Now the stone will stand on the hill DR 297 edit nbsp DR 297 This runestone is contemporary with the preceding runestones and it is made of sandstone It is probably made by the same runemaster as DR 295 Similar to DR 296 the inscription also refers to Asbjorn as being Toki s hemthaegi Inscription edit osbiurnAEsbiorn him thakihemthaegi tukaToka satisatti stinsten thasithaessi iftiʀaeftiʀ tukaToka bruthurbrothur sinsin osbiurn him thaki tuka sati stin thasi iftiʀ tuka bruthur sin AEsbiorn hemthaegi Toka satti sten thaessi aeftiʀ Toka brothur sin Asbjorn Toki s retainer placed this stone in memory of Toki his brother Notes edit a b c d e f g h i Enoksen 1998 113 Thunberg Carl L 2012 Slaget pa Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning The Battle of Fyrisvellir in a New Interpretation Goteborgs universitet CLTS ISBN 978 91 981859 5 9 Enoksen 1998 111 Enoksen 1998 111 112 a b Jesch Judith 2001 Ships and Men in the Late Viking Age The Vocabulary of Runic Inscriptions and Skaldic Verse Woodbridge The Boydell Press pp 235 37 ISBN 0 85115 826 9 Brondsted Johannes 1960 The Vikings Harmondsworth Penguin External links editArild Hauge s page on Danish runestones Picture of DR 295 Picture 1 of DR 296 Picture 2 of DR 296 Picture of DR 297 Carl L Thunberg 2012 Slaget pa Fyrisvallarna i ny tolkning The Battle of Fyrisvellir in a New Interpretation References editEnoksen Lars Magnar 1998 Runor historia tydning tolkning Historiska Media Falun ISBN 91 88930 32 7 Rundata Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hallestad Runestones amp oldid 1209633156, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
