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Human rights in Somalia

January 01, 1970

Human rights in Somalia throughout the late 20th-century and early 21st-century were considered dire, but have gradually improved over the following years. Human rights are guaranteed in the Federal Constitution, which was adopted in August 2012. They fall under the Ministry of Human Rights established in August 2013.[1] The central authorities concurrently inaugurated a National Human Rights Day, endorsed an official Human Rights Roadmap,[2] and completed Somalia's first National Gender Policy.[3]

A Human Rights Task Force was established in February 2013 to firm up on the protection of individual rights.[4] The federal government in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign,[5] passed a new 54-point national Child Protection Act,[6] and finished legislation on a Human Rights Commission bill.[7] According to the UN's Independent Human Rights Expert on Somalia, local human rights protection has gradually improved as government institutionalization and legislative reform have taken root.[8]

Human Rights Task Force edit

In early February 2013, former Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights in order to firm up on the protection of individual rights. The 13-member committee of volunteers was formed after extensive consultations with civil society groups and the Speaker of Parliament, Mohamed Osman Jawari. Chaired by prominent human rights attorney Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali, one of four women on the panel, the Task Force includes an educator, a peace activist, leaders of Somali women's organizations, senior police officers, a humanitarian campaigner, a religious leader, and a media representative.[4]

It is tasked with investigating allegations of human rights abuses and journalist intimidation. At the end of its three-month mandate, the committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action. The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission, which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period.[4]

Ministry of Human Rights edit

In late August 2013 Prime Minister Shirdon established the first dedicated national Ministry for Human Rights.[1] The federal authorities concurrently declared 27 August as Somalia's National Human Rights Day. It also endorsed a Human Rights Roadmap, which defines government duties and sets specific benchmarks to be achieved over a two-year timeframe.[2]

On 17 January 2014, new Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed joined the Human Rights portfolio with Women's Affairs to form the Ministry of Women and Human Rights. It is led by Khadijo Mohamed Diriye.[9]

Women's rights edit

Further information: Women in Somalia

On August 1, 2012, a new Federal Constitution was adopted, which includes several statutes related to equality as proposed by a Committee of Experts (CoE).[10] Article 11 of the Federal Constitution guarantees equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender.[11]

 
Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women's Network Hanan Ibrahim addressing the ISSAT (2013).

Women have since obtained greater representation in the public sphere. According to the Inter-Parliamentary Union, 30% of seats in Somalia's Federal Parliament are legally reserved for women.[12] This quota was secured by Somali parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed and other female political leaders.[13] Ahmed had also helped form the Somali Women Parliamentary Association in 2009 in the preceding Transitional Federal Parliament.[14] In November 2012, Prime Minister Shirdon likewise appointed two women to the Cabinet, Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan as the nation's first female Minister of Foreign Affairs and Maryam Qassim as Minister of Social Development.[15]

In June 2013, the federal government began drafting the country's first National Gender Policy.[16] Led by Minister Maryam Qassim, the initiative was completed by August and aims to empower women, strengthen gender equality and safeguard women's rights.[3]

According to the UNDP, the most common types of violence faced by women and men in 2012 were physical attacks (50% of reported crime cases) followed by property crimes (32%). There was a low reported overall rate of sexual violence, with a reported nationwide prevalence rate ranging from 2% to 13%. The UNDP suggested that this was possibly attributable to reluctance on the part of female youth to report such cases due to entrenched cultural and social stigmas, though male youth were more likely to report crimes in general.[17]

Most incidents of sexual assault occurred within the context of the insurgency in southern Somalia. Over the first quarter of 2013, Amnesty International reported that 56.7% of victims in Mogadishu were internally displaced persons.[18] According to Human Rights Watch, the government in 2013 developed comprehensive judicial and security reform plans, but had not yet followed through on those commitments.[19] At least two women who reported rape were also prosecuted for prevarication, but were later released following appeals.[20][21]

 
Parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed.

To address the issue, the central authorities as of December 2013 were in the process of forming a special crime unit to investigate and counter gender-based violence, as well as constructing a clinic set aside for victims of sexual assault. The national judiciary, security and police forces were all concurrently receiving specialized gender training as part of the broader reform effort.[22] In June 2014, the Somali government also launched a National Action Plan against sexual violence in conjunction with local civil society groups.[23] As part of the initiative, the Ministry of Women and Human Rights in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign in the capital on the importance of human rights and how citizens can ensure their protection.[5] It also completed legislation on a new Human Rights Commission bill.[7]

According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate, about 97.9% of Somalia's women and girls underwent female genital mutilation,[24] a pre-marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East.[25][26] Encouraged by women in the community, it is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault.[27] By 2013, UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1- to 14-year-old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25% following a social and religious awareness campaign.[28] Article 15 of the Federal Constitution also officially prohibits the practice.[11]

Prominent human rights activists include the constitutional Committee of Experts member Hanan Ibrahim, who serves as the Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women's Network; Hawa Aden Mohamed, Chairperson of the Galkayo Education Centre for Peace and Development; and Fartuun Adan and her daughter Ilwad Elman, founders of the Mogadishu-based Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre.

Children's rights edit

Article 29 of Somalia's national constitution defines a child as any individual under the age of 18, and stipulates that "every child has the right to be protected from mistreatment, neglect, abuse, or degradation."[11]

 
Fartuun Adan, Executive Director of the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre.

According to UNICEF, 82% of children in Somalia in 2006 reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods during the day. 13% felt rather safe, 4% indicated that they don't know/it depends, while 0% reported feeling unsafe. With regard to night-time safety, 53% of children reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods, with 25% feeling rather safe, 4% indicating that they feel rather unsafe, 1% reporting that they feel very unsafe, while 16% stated that they don't know/it depends.[29]

Regarding incidences of violence among family/friends and against children, 72% of urban children reported no such incidents, whereas 20% responded affirmatively. 90% of children indicated that they were not themselves the victims of violence, while 10% reported that they were. Of the types of violence experienced by family/friends and by the children, the majority consisted of robbery (37%), followed by assault (28%), rape (19%), family member killed (11%), verbal assault (11%), genocide/war (8%), abduction (6%), being beat/caned seriously (4%), quarreling (3%), and uncertain (2%).[29]

Regarding the extent of trust they had in different societal groups, the children indicated that they most trusted their mother (85% totally; 7% quite) and their father (71% totally; 15% quite). They also asserted that they least trusted the police (3% not very much; 7% not at all) and the mass media (3% not very much; 5% not at all). Additionally, the majority of children reported being aware of their rights (78%), with their right to education (72%), right not to be hurt or mistreated (63%), and right to health (62%) most widely recognized.[29]

With regard to the extent to which various rights are respected in Somalia, most children felt that their main rights were respected, including the right to education (58% totally; 19% quite; 3% not quite; 1% not at all; 11% don't know; 7% no response), right not to be mistreated (46% totally; 24% quite; 4% not quite; 5% not at all; 14% don't know; 8% no response), and right to health (52% totally; 22% quite; 3% not quite; 3% not at all; 12% don't know; 7% no response). Regarding their general state of happiness, 86% of children reported feeling happy, 10% were neither happy nor unhappy, and 3% were unhappy. A majority of the children also indicated that the quality of their relationship with their parents was very good (72%), followed by good (17%).[29]

In terms of the proportion of children working for money, 93% reported that they don't work. 6% indicated that they were carrying out a regular part-time job, 6% stated that they were carrying out an occasional or part-time job, and 4% asserted that they were carrying out a full-time job. 64% of children reported not being engaged in unpaid work, 20% indicated that they were carrying out a regular unpaid part-time job, 15% stated that they were carrying out an occasional part-time unpaid job, and 0% indicated that they were carrying out a full-time unpaid job.[29]

In March 2014, Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ratified three core International Labour Organization conventions on behalf of the Federal Republic of Somalia, including the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention.[30] In December 2014, the Federal Parliament also passed a new 54-point national Child Protection Act, which had been formulated by the Ministry for Women Affairs and Human Rights.[31] Additionally, the legislature concurrently ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child.[32] President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud later signed the treaty in January 2015, making Somalia the 195th state party to ratify the global Convention.[33]

Ethnic minority rights edit

Article 11 of the national constitution stipulates that the state must not discriminate against any individual on the basis of race, colour, tribe or ethnicity.[11]

The Gabboye occupational clans, which include the numerically few Madhiban, Yibir and Tumaal (collectively referred to as sab) and the Wardei clan, have over the years obtained little political representation within Somalia. Their general social status has correspondingly improved with the expansion of urban centers.[34] However, due to their foreign, non-Somali origins, people from the Bantu and Wardei ethnic minority groups still often face societal marginalization.[35]

In 2013, the federal government announced that it would establish its Directorate General for Human and Minority Rights and Rule of Law within the Office of the Prime Minister.[36] Through the Ministry of Interior and Federal Affairs, it also launched a new national Agency for Refugees and IDPs, which is tasked with handling legislation, response initiatives, advocacy and implementation vis-a-vis returning and internally displaced citizens.[6]

Freedom House index edit

The following chart shows Somalia's ratings since 1972 on Freedom House's annual Freedom in the World index. A rating of 1 is "free"; 7, "not free".[37]1

International treaties edit

International human rights treaties that Somalia has signed or ratified include:

See also edit

Notes edit

1.^ Note that the "Year" signifies the "Year covered". Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009, and so on.
2.^ The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982, and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983. In the interest of simplicity, these two aberrant "year and a half" reports have been split into three year-long reports through extrapolation.

References edit

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External links edit

  • Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights

January 01, 1970
human, rights, somalia, throughout, late, 20th, century, early, 21st, century, were, considered, dire, have, gradually, improved, over, following, years, human, rights, guaranteed, federal, constitution, which, adopted, august, 2012, they, fall, under, ministr. Human rights in Somalia throughout the late 20th century and early 21st century were considered dire but have gradually improved over the following years Human rights are guaranteed in the Federal Constitution which was adopted in August 2012 They fall under the Ministry of Human Rights established in August 2013 1 The central authorities concurrently inaugurated a National Human Rights Day endorsed an official Human Rights Roadmap 2 and completed Somalia s first National Gender Policy 3 A Human Rights Task Force was established in February 2013 to firm up on the protection of individual rights 4 The federal government in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign 5 passed a new 54 point national Child Protection Act 6 and finished legislation on a Human Rights Commission bill 7 According to the UN s Independent Human Rights Expert on Somalia local human rights protection has gradually improved as government institutionalization and legislative reform have taken root 8 Contents 1 Human Rights Task Force 2 Ministry of Human Rights 3 Women s rights 4 Children s rights 5 Ethnic minority rights 6 Freedom House index 7 International treaties 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External linksHuman Rights Task Force editIn early February 2013 former Prime Minister Abdi Farah Shirdon launched an Independent Task Force on Human Rights in order to firm up on the protection of individual rights The 13 member committee of volunteers was formed after extensive consultations with civil society groups and the Speaker of Parliament Mohamed Osman Jawari Chaired by prominent human rights attorney Maryam Yusuf Sheikh Ali one of four women on the panel the Task Force includes an educator a peace activist leaders of Somali women s organizations senior police officers a humanitarian campaigner a religious leader and a media representative 4 It is tasked with investigating allegations of human rights abuses and journalist intimidation At the end of its three month mandate the committee is scheduled to publish a report on its findings and recommended courses of action The Task Force will eventually give way to a permanent parliamentary Human Rights Commission which will have the capacity to investigate allegations over a longer period 4 Ministry of Human Rights editIn late August 2013 Prime Minister Shirdon established the first dedicated national Ministry for Human Rights 1 The federal authorities concurrently declared 27 August as Somalia s National Human Rights Day It also endorsed a Human Rights Roadmap which defines government duties and sets specific benchmarks to be achieved over a two year timeframe 2 On 17 January 2014 new Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed joined the Human Rights portfolio with Women s Affairs to form the Ministry of Women and Human Rights It is led by Khadijo Mohamed Diriye 9 Women s rights editFurther information Women in Somalia On August 1 2012 a new Federal Constitution was adopted which includes several statutes related to equality as proposed by a Committee of Experts CoE 10 Article 11 of the Federal Constitution guarantees equal treatment for all citizens regardless of gender 11 nbsp Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women s Network Hanan Ibrahim addressing the ISSAT 2013 Women have since obtained greater representation in the public sphere According to the Inter Parliamentary Union 30 of seats in Somalia s Federal Parliament are legally reserved for women 12 This quota was secured by Somali parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed and other female political leaders 13 Ahmed had also helped form the Somali Women Parliamentary Association in 2009 in the preceding Transitional Federal Parliament 14 In November 2012 Prime Minister Shirdon likewise appointed two women to the Cabinet Fowsiyo Yussuf Haji Aadan as the nation s first female Minister of Foreign Affairs and Maryam Qassim as Minister of Social Development 15 In June 2013 the federal government began drafting the country s first National Gender Policy 16 Led by Minister Maryam Qassim the initiative was completed by August and aims to empower women strengthen gender equality and safeguard women s rights 3 According to the UNDP the most common types of violence faced by women and men in 2012 were physical attacks 50 of reported crime cases followed by property crimes 32 There was a low reported overall rate of sexual violence with a reported nationwide prevalence rate ranging from 2 to 13 The UNDP suggested that this was possibly attributable to reluctance on the part of female youth to report such cases due to entrenched cultural and social stigmas though male youth were more likely to report crimes in general 17 Most incidents of sexual assault occurred within the context of the insurgency in southern Somalia Over the first quarter of 2013 Amnesty International reported that 56 7 of victims in Mogadishu were internally displaced persons 18 According to Human Rights Watch the government in 2013 developed comprehensive judicial and security reform plans but had not yet followed through on those commitments 19 At least two women who reported rape were also prosecuted for prevarication but were later released following appeals 20 21 nbsp Parliamentary consultant Hodan Ahmed To address the issue the central authorities as of December 2013 were in the process of forming a special crime unit to investigate and counter gender based violence as well as constructing a clinic set aside for victims of sexual assault The national judiciary security and police forces were all concurrently receiving specialized gender training as part of the broader reform effort 22 In June 2014 the Somali government also launched a National Action Plan against sexual violence in conjunction with local civil society groups 23 As part of the initiative the Ministry of Women and Human Rights in December 2014 organized a public awareness campaign in the capital on the importance of human rights and how citizens can ensure their protection 5 It also completed legislation on a new Human Rights Commission bill 7 According to a 2005 World Health Organization estimate about 97 9 of Somalia s women and girls underwent female genital mutilation 24 a pre marital custom mainly endemic to Northeast Africa and parts of the Near East 25 26 Encouraged by women in the community it is primarily intended to deter promiscuity and to offer protection from assault 27 By 2013 UNICEF in conjunction with the Somali authorities reported that the prevalence rate among 1 to 14 year old girls in the autonomous northern Puntland and Somaliland regions had dropped to 25 following a social and religious awareness campaign 28 Article 15 of the Federal Constitution also officially prohibits the practice 11 Prominent human rights activists include the constitutional Committee of Experts member Hanan Ibrahim who serves as the Chairperson of the Barnet Muslim Women s Network Hawa Aden Mohamed Chairperson of the Galkayo Education Centre for Peace and Development and Fartuun Adan and her daughter Ilwad Elman founders of the Mogadishu based Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre Children s rights editArticle 29 of Somalia s national constitution defines a child as any individual under the age of 18 and stipulates that every child has the right to be protected from mistreatment neglect abuse or degradation 11 nbsp Fartuun Adan Executive Director of the Elman Peace and Human Rights Centre According to UNICEF 82 of children in Somalia in 2006 reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods during the day 13 felt rather safe 4 indicated that they don t know it depends while 0 reported feeling unsafe With regard to night time safety 53 of children reported feeling safe in their neighborhoods with 25 feeling rather safe 4 indicating that they feel rather unsafe 1 reporting that they feel very unsafe while 16 stated that they don t know it depends 29 Regarding incidences of violence among family friends and against children 72 of urban children reported no such incidents whereas 20 responded affirmatively 90 of children indicated that they were not themselves the victims of violence while 10 reported that they were Of the types of violence experienced by family friends and by the children the majority consisted of robbery 37 followed by assault 28 rape 19 family member killed 11 verbal assault 11 genocide war 8 abduction 6 being beat caned seriously 4 quarreling 3 and uncertain 2 29 Regarding the extent of trust they had in different societal groups the children indicated that they most trusted their mother 85 totally 7 quite and their father 71 totally 15 quite They also asserted that they least trusted the police 3 not very much 7 not at all and the mass media 3 not very much 5 not at all Additionally the majority of children reported being aware of their rights 78 with their right to education 72 right not to be hurt or mistreated 63 and right to health 62 most widely recognized 29 With regard to the extent to which various rights are respected in Somalia most children felt that their main rights were respected including the right to education 58 totally 19 quite 3 not quite 1 not at all 11 don t know 7 no response right not to be mistreated 46 totally 24 quite 4 not quite 5 not at all 14 don t know 8 no response and right to health 52 totally 22 quite 3 not quite 3 not at all 12 don t know 7 no response Regarding their general state of happiness 86 of children reported feeling happy 10 were neither happy nor unhappy and 3 were unhappy A majority of the children also indicated that the quality of their relationship with their parents was very good 72 followed by good 17 29 In terms of the proportion of children working for money 93 reported that they don t work 6 indicated that they were carrying out a regular part time job 6 stated that they were carrying out an occasional or part time job and 4 asserted that they were carrying out a full time job 64 of children reported not being engaged in unpaid work 20 indicated that they were carrying out a regular unpaid part time job 15 stated that they were carrying out an occasional part time unpaid job and 0 indicated that they were carrying out a full time unpaid job 29 In March 2014 Prime Minister Abdiweli Sheikh Ahmed ratified three core International Labour Organization conventions on behalf of the Federal Republic of Somalia including the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention 30 In December 2014 the Federal Parliament also passed a new 54 point national Child Protection Act which had been formulated by the Ministry for Women Affairs and Human Rights 31 Additionally the legislature concurrently ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 32 President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud later signed the treaty in January 2015 making Somalia the 195th state party to ratify the global Convention 33 Ethnic minority rights editArticle 11 of the national constitution stipulates that the state must not discriminate against any individual on the basis of race colour tribe or ethnicity 11 The Gabboye occupational clans which include the numerically few Madhiban Yibir and Tumaal collectively referred to as sab and the Wardei clan have over the years obtained little political representation within Somalia Their general social status has correspondingly improved with the expansion of urban centers 34 However due to their foreign non Somali origins people from the Bantu and Wardei ethnic minority groups still often face societal marginalization 35 In 2013 the federal government announced that it would establish its Directorate General for Human and Minority Rights and Rule of Law within the Office of the Prime Minister 36 Through the Ministry of Interior and Federal Affairs it also launched a new national Agency for Refugees and IDPs which is tasked with handling legislation response initiatives advocacy and implementation vis a vis returning and internally displaced citizens 6 Freedom House index editThe following chart shows Somalia s ratings since 1972 on Freedom House s annual Freedom in the World index A rating of 1 is free 7 not free 37 1 Historical ratings Year Political Rights Civil Liberties Status President 1972 7 6 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1973 7 6 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1974 7 6 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1975 7 6 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1976 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1977 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1978 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1979 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1980 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1981 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 19822 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1983 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1984 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1985 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1986 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1987 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1988 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1989 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1990 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1991 7 7 Not Free Mohamed Siad Barre 1992 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1993 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1994 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1995 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1996 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1997 7 7 Not Free Ali Mahdi Muhammad 1998 7 7 Not Free 1999 7 7 Not Free 2000 6 7 Not Free 2001 6 7 Not Free Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 2002 6 7 Not Free Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 2003 6 7 Not Free Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 2004 6 7 Not Free Abdiqasim Salad Hassan 2005 6 7 Not Free Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2006 7 7 Not Free Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2007 7 7 Not Free Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2008 7 7 Not Free Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed 2009 7 7 Not Free Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe 2010 7 7 Not Free Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2011 7 7 Not Free Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2012 38 7 7 Not Free Sharif Sheikh Ahmed 2013 39 7 7 Not Free Hassan Sheikh Mohamud 2014 40 7 7 Not Free Hassan Sheikh MohamudInternational treaties editInternational human rights treaties that Somalia has signed or ratified include International treaties Treaty Organization Introduced Signed Ratified Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide 41 United Nations 1948 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 42 United Nations 1966 1971 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights 43 United Nations 1966 1967 1975 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 44 United Nations 1966 1990 First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 45 United Nations 1966 1990 Convention on the Non Applicability of Statutory Limitations to War Crimes and Crimes Against Humanity 46 United Nations 1968 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid 47 United Nations 1973 1974 1975 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 48 United Nations 1979 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment 49 United Nations 1984 1990 Convention on the Rights of the Child 50 United Nations 1989 2002 2015 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights aiming at the abolition of the death penalty 51 United Nations 1989 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families 52 United Nations 1990 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women 53 United Nations 1999 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict 54 United Nations 2000 2005 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Sale of Children Child Prostitution and Child Pornography 55 United Nations 2000 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 56 United Nations 2006 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities 57 United Nations 2006 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance 58 United Nations 2006 Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights 59 United Nations 2008 Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a Communications Procedure 60 United Nations 2011 See also edit nbsp Somalia portal Judiciary of Somalia LGBT rights in SomaliaNotes edit1 Note that the Year signifies the Year covered Therefore the information for the year marked 2008 is from the report published in 2009 and so on 2 The 1982 report covers the year 1981 and the first half of 1982 and the following 1984 report covers the second half of 1982 and the whole of 1983 In the interest of simplicity these two aberrant year and a half reports have been split into three year long reports through extrapolation References edit a b Somalia takes human rights steps UPI 3 September 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2014 a b Somalia UN expert hails human rights effort but urges broader consultation process UN News Centre 3 September 2013 Archived from the original on 2014 02 20 Retrieved 20 February 2014 a b SOMALIA AU Special Representative reiterates AMISOM s commitment in protecting the rights of women and vulnerable members of Society AMISOM Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Retrieved 19 February 2014 a b c Prime Minister s Media Office 5 February 2013 Somalia Somali PM launches Human Rights Task Force and attacks culture of impunity Horseed Media Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2014 a b SOMALIA Government Weekly Press Conference on the Progress Gaafo 6 December 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 a b New national Agency for Refugees and IDPs launched in Somalia Goobjoog 14 December 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 a b Press release by the Somalia Human Rights Working Group on the occasion of International Human Rights Day PDF Somalia Human Rights Working Group Retrieved 14 December 2014 Somalia Independent Expert on the Situation of Human Rights in Somalia Concludes Mission EN SOM PDF United Nations Assistance Mission in Somalia Retrieved 14 December 2014 permanent dead link SOMALIA PM Said Cabinet will work tirelessly for the people of Somalia Midnimo 17 January 2014 Archived from the original on 3 February 2014 Retrieved 17 January 2014 Press Release Somali Government establishes Committee of Experts on Draft Constitution PDF Retrieved 2 July 2012 a b c d The Federal Republic of Somalia Provisional Constitution PDF Archived from the original PDF on January 24 2013 Retrieved 29 March 2013 Somalia House of the People Inter Parliamentary Union Retrieved 6 September 2013 April 12 13 2013 Preliminary Program PDF McDonough Leadership Center Archived from the original PDF on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 2 April 2014 Hodan Ahmed National Democratic Institute Retrieved 2 April 2014 Somalia Prime Minister Unveils His New Cabinet Shabelle Media Network 4 November 2012 Retrieved 5 November 2012 Somali government AMISOM to draft national gender policy Sabahi 13 June 2013 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Somalia Human Development Report 2012 PDF UNDP p 71 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Rape and sexual violence in Somalia An ongoing epidemic Amnesty International Retrieved 25 June 2014 Somalia Big Promises Scant Change Human Rights Watch Retrieved 14 December 2014 Somalia court sentences rape victim BBC 9 December 2013 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Somali government must protect not arrest and harass rape victims HRW Reuters 14 February 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Somalia President Hassan applauds Somali women for fighting for the rights of the most vulnerable Horseed Media 4 December 2013 Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2014 Press Release Somali Government welcomes UK s leadership on Global Summit to End Sexual Violence in Conflict and given particular attention to Somalia Goobjoog 10 June 2014 Archived from the original on 22 June 2014 Retrieved 22 June 2014 Prevalence of FGM Who int 2010 12 09 Archived from the original on July 16 2009 Retrieved 2010 12 30 Rose Oldfield Hayes 1975 Female genital mutilation fertility control women s roles and the patrilineage in modern Sudan a functional analysis American Ethnologist 2 4 617 633 doi 10 1525 ae 1975 2 4 02a00030 Herbert L Bodman Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 1998 Women in Muslim societies diversity within unity Lynne Rienner Publishers p 41 ISBN 1555875785 Suzanne G Frayser Thomas J Whitby 1995 Studies in human sexuality a selected guide Libraries Unlimited p 257 ISBN 1 56308 131 8 Somalia Female genital mutilation down Associated Press via The Jakarta Post 16 April 2013 Retrieved 17 May 2013 a b c d e What Children and Youth Think Somalia PDF UNICEF Archived from the original PDF on 24 February 2014 Retrieved 20 February 2014 SOMALIA PM signs three core International Labour Organization conventions Raxanreeb 22 March 2014 Archived from the original on 22 March 2014 Retrieved 22 March 2014 Federal parliament approves national child protection act Goobjoog 13 December 2014 Retrieved 14 December 2014 Weekly Press Conference on the Progress of the Government Dayniile 28 December 2014 Retrieved 28 December 2014 Government of Somalia ratifies UN Convention on the Rights of the Child UNICEF Retrieved 22 January 2015 Lewis I M 2008 Understanding Somalia and Somaliland Culture History Society Columbia University Press p 8 ISBN 978 0231700849 L Randol Barker et al Principles of Ambulatory Medicine 7 edition Lippincott Williams amp Wilkins 2006 p 633 Assistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights PDF UN Watch Retrieved 20 February 2014 Freedom House 2012 Country ratings and status FIW 1973 2012 XLS Retrieved 2012 08 22 Freedom House 2013 Freedom in the World 2013 Democratic Breakthroughs in the Balance PDF Freedom House 2014 Freedom in the World 2014 PDF Freedom House 2015 Freedom in the World 2015 PDF United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 1 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide Paris 9 December 1948 Archived from the original on 2012 10 20 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 2 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination New York 7 March 1966 Archived from the original on 11 February 2011 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 3 International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights New York 16 December 1966 Archived from the original on 17 September 2012 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 4 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights New York 16 December 1966 Archived from the original on 2010 09 01 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 5 Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights New York 16 December 1966 Archived from the original on 2019 03 24 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 6 Convention on the non applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity New York 26 November 1968 Archived from the original on 2018 11 16 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 7 International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid New York 30 November 1973 Archived from the original on 2012 07 18 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 8 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York 18 December 1979 Archived from the original on 23 August 2012 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 9 Convention against Torture and Other Cruel Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment New York 10 December 1984 Archived from the original on 8 November 2010 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 11 Convention on the Rights of the Child New York 20 November 1989 Archived from the original on 2014 02 11 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 12 Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights aiming at the abolition of the death penalty New York 15 December 1989 Archived from the original on 2012 10 20 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 13 International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families New York 18 December 1990 Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 8b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York 6 October 1999 Archived from the original on 2011 05 20 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 11b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict New York 25 May 2000 Archived from the original on 2016 04 25 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 11c Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children child prostitution and child pornography New York 25 May 2000 Archived from the original on 2013 12 13 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 15 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities New York 13 December 2006 Archived from the original on 19 August 2012 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 15a Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities New York 13 December 2006 Archived from the original on 2016 01 13 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 16 International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance New York 20 December 2006 Archived from the original on 2019 07 17 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 3a Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic Social and Cultural Rights New York 10 December 2008 Archived from the original on 2012 07 18 Retrieved 2012 08 29 United Nations United Nations Treaty Collection Chapter IV Human Rights 11d Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure New York 19 December 2011 New York 10 December 2008 Archived from the original on 25 August 2012 Retrieved 2012 08 29 External links editAssistance to Somalia in the Field of Human Rights Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Human rights in Somalia amp oldid 1207720549, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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