The Hüdavendigâr Vilayet (Ottoman Turkish: ولايت خداوندگار, romanized: Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr)[3] or Bursa Vilayet after its administrative centre, was a first-level administrative division (vilayet) of the Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 26,248 square miles (67,980 km2).[4]
As of 1920, the British had described the vilayet as being "one of the most prosperous in Anatolia." The northern and western regions were mainly occupied by Christians. Highlands were populated by Turkish immigrants from Europe. The area near the Sea of Marmara was considered the most fertile area, with a large portion of the vilayet being "marshy and fever-stricken, especially between Bursa and Panderma." The Hüdavendigâr Vilayet produced wheat, barley, maize, beans, and seeds in the northern and western regions. Throughout the region, opium, tobacco and cotton was also produced. The area around Lake Iznik produced rice. The Balıkhisar area produced "some of the finest fruit grown in Turkey."[5] Barley is also of large production in the highlands and is exported to England.[5]
Silk production was considered the most valuable of the region during the 20th century. The vilayet had schools devoted to silk production. The region had obtained silkworm seed from France. Bursa was the heart of silk production.[5] The silk was mainly exported, sometimes as thread or cocoons. In the mid 19th-century, a disease spread through the silkworm, causing a decline in production. As of 1920, the disease was eradicated and business was steady. Cotton production remained steady, and towels and robes were common items produced from cotton.[6]Velvet and felt were also produced. Felt was used for saddles and other equestrian related goods. The area also made tannedleather and carpet. The city of Kütahya created tiling and pottery. Soap and flour was also produced in the vilayet.[7]
The region was described as having "beautiful forests" in the 1920s, estimating 23,000 square kilometers. The area of Ainegeul was described by the British as having the "richest" timber. Gediz had a large oak population. The vilayet in general had tree populations consisting of fir, oak, elm, chestnut, beech, and hornbeam.[12]
Administrative divisionsedit
Map of subdivisions of Hüdavendigâr Vilayet in 1907
Sanjak of Kütahya; belonged to Hüdavendigar Vilayet from 1867, became an independent Sanjak on 4 April 1915 after the Second Constitutional Era.[14] (Kütahya, Eskişehir (Became a sanjak centre on 14 April 1910 in Hudâvendigar Vilayet with kazas of Mahmudiye and Seyitgazi),[15] became an independent sanjak on 4 April 1915[16]), Uşak, Simav, Gediz)
^(PDF). Turkish General Staff. pp. 605–606. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 29 January 2011.
^Salname-yi Vilâyet-i Hüdavendigâr ("Yearbook of the Vilayet of Hüdavendigar"), Hüdavendigar vilâyet matbaası, [Bursa], 1296 [1878]. in the website of Hathi Trust Digital Library.
Media related to Vilayet of Hüdavendigâr at Wikimedia Commons
March 07, 2024
hüdavendigâr, vilayet, hüdavendigâr, vilayet, ottoman, turkish, ولايت, خداوندگار, romanized, vilâyet, hüdavendigâr, bursa, vilayet, after, administrative, centre, first, level, administrative, division, vilayet, ottoman, empire, beginning, 20th, century, repor. The Hudavendigar Vilayet Ottoman Turkish ولايت خداوندگار romanized Vilayet i Hudavendigar 3 or Bursa Vilayet after its administrative centre was a first level administrative division vilayet of the Ottoman Empire At the beginning of the 20th century it reportedly had an area of 26 248 square miles 67 980 km2 4 ولايت خداوندگار Vilayet i HudavendigarVilayet of the Ottoman Empire1867 1922The Hudavendigar Vilayet in 1895CapitalBursa 1 Area Coordinates40 11 N 29 3 E 40 183 N 29 050 E 40 183 29 050History Vilayet Law1867 Disestablished1922Preceded by Succeeded byHudavendigar Eyalet Turkey Vilayet of Hudavendigar Mutasarrifate of Biga Mutasarrifate of Izmit 1881 Boundaries and Ethnic MakeupContents 1 Economy 2 Environmental history 3 Administrative divisions 4 References 5 External linksEconomy editAs of 1920 the British had described the vilayet as being one of the most prosperous in Anatolia The northern and western regions were mainly occupied by Christians Highlands were populated by Turkish immigrants from Europe The area near the Sea of Marmara was considered the most fertile area with a large portion of the vilayet being marshy and fever stricken especially between Bursa and Panderma The Hudavendigar Vilayet produced wheat barley maize beans and seeds in the northern and western regions Throughout the region opium tobacco and cotton was also produced The area around Lake Iznik produced rice The Balikhisar area produced some of the finest fruit grown in Turkey 5 Barley is also of large production in the highlands and is exported to England 5 Silk production was considered the most valuable of the region during the 20th century The vilayet had schools devoted to silk production The region had obtained silkworm seed from France Bursa was the heart of silk production 5 The silk was mainly exported sometimes as thread or cocoons In the mid 19th century a disease spread through the silkworm causing a decline in production As of 1920 the disease was eradicated and business was steady Cotton production remained steady and towels and robes were common items produced from cotton 6 Velvet and felt were also produced Felt was used for saddles and other equestrian related goods The area also made tanned leather and carpet The city of Kutahya created tiling and pottery Soap and flour was also produced in the vilayet 7 Lignite was being mined in the area between Kirmasti today Mustafakemalpasa and Mihalic today Karacabey Towards the end of World War 1 the region was exporting approximately 300 tons of lignite monthly to Istanbul 8 Chromite mercury marble fuller s earth and antimony were also plentiful in the region in the early 20th century 9 10 11 Environmental history editThe region was described as having beautiful forests in the 1920s estimating 23 000 square kilometers The area of Ainegeul was described by the British as having the richest timber Gediz had a large oak population The vilayet in general had tree populations consisting of fir oak elm chestnut beech and hornbeam 12 Administrative divisions edit nbsp Map of subdivisions of Hudavendigar Vilayet in 1907Sanjaks of the Vilayet 13 Sanjak of Bursa Bursa Gemlik Pazarkoy Mihalic Mudanya Kirmasti Atranos Sanjak of Ertugrul Bilecik Sogut Inegol Yenisehir Sanjak of Kutahya belonged to Hudavendigar Vilayet from 1867 became an independent Sanjak on 4 April 1915 after the Second Constitutional Era 14 Kutahya Eskisehir Became a sanjak centre on 14 April 1910 in Hudavendigar Vilayet with kazas of Mahmudiye and Seyitgazi 15 became an independent sanjak on 4 April 1915 16 Usak Simav Gediz Sanjak of Karahisar i Sahip Became an independent sanjak on 4 April 1915 Afyonkarahisar Sandikli Aziziye Bolvadin 17 Dinar It was part of Sandikli till 1908 Civril It was part of Sandikli till 1908 then Dinar between 1908 and 1910 Sanjak of Karesi Balikesir Edremit Erdek Ayvalik Balya Bandirma Burhaniye Sindirgi Gonen References edit First encyclopaedia of Islam 1913 1936 p 768 at Google Books By M Th Houtsma 1914 Census Statistics PDF Turkish General Staff pp 605 606 Archived from the original PDF on 7 October 2011 Retrieved 29 January 2011 Salname yi Vilayet i Hudavendigar Yearbook of the Vilayet of Hudavendigar Hudavendigar vilayet matbaasi Bursa 1296 1878 in the website of Hathi Trust Digital Library Asia by A H Keane page 459 a b c Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 109 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 110 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 101 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 103 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 106 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 107 Prothero G W 1920 Anatolia London H M Stationery Office p 97 Hudavendigar Vilayeti Tarih ve Medeniyet History of Kutahya Kutahya Special Provincial Administration Archived from the original on 4 March 2016 Retrieved 17 May 2013 http dergiler ankara edu tr dergiler 19 1972 20608 pdf bare URL PDF Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2015 05 12 Retrieved 2015 05 19 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Archived copy PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2015 09 26 Retrieved 2015 05 19 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link External links editChisholm Hugh ed 1911 Brusa Encyclopaedia Britannica 11th ed Cambridge University Press nbsp Media related to Vilayet of Hudavendigar at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hudavendigar vilayet amp oldid 1159230812, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
