fbpx
Wikipedia

Houbara bustard

January 01, 1970

This article is about the North African species. For the Asian houbara that was considered a subspecies, see MacQueen's bustard.

The houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata), also known as African houbara (houbara from Arabic: حُبَارَى, romanized: ḥubārā for bustards in general), is a relatively small bustard native to North Africa, where it lives in arid habitats. The global population is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2014.[1] There is a population in the Canary Islands which has been assessed as Near Threatened in 2015.[2]

Houbara bustard
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Otidiformes
Family: Otididae
Genus: Chlamydotis
Species:
C. undulata
Binomial name
Chlamydotis undulata
(Jacquin, 1784)
Range of Ch. undulata
  Resident

It is dull brown with black markings on the wings, a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck. Males are larger and heavier than females.

Description edit

The houbara bustard is a small to mid-sized bustard. It measures 55–75 cm (22–30 in) in length and spans 135–170 cm (53–67 in) across the wings. It is brown above and white below, with a black stripe down the sides of its neck. In flight, the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers. The sexes are similar, but the female, between 55–65 cm (22–26 in) tall, is rather smaller and greyer above than the male, at 65–75 cm (26–30 in) tall.[3][4][verification needed] The body mass is 1.8–3.2 kg (4.0–7.1 lb) in males and 1.2–1.7 kg (2.6–3.7 lb) in females.[5][4][verification needed]

Taxonomy edit

Psophia undulata was the scientific name proposed by Joseph Franz von Jacquin in 1784 who described a houbara brought from Tripoli to Vienna's Tiergarten Schönbrunn.[6] Otis macqueenii was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1832 for a bustard from India drawn by Thomas Hardwicke.[7] The African houbara was subordinated to the genus Chlamydotis by René Lesson in 1839.[8] Houbara fuertaventurae was proposed by Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert in 1894 for a houbara from Fuerteventura island.[9]

MacQueen's bustard was long regarded a subspecies of the African houbara.[10] It was proposed as a distinct species in 2003 because of differences in plumage, vocalizations and courtship behaviour.[11] The British Ornithologists' Union's Taxonomic Records Committee's decision to accept this split has been questioned on the grounds that the differences in the male courtship displays may be functionally trivial, and would not prevent interbreeding, whereas a difference in a pre-copulation display would indicate that the two are separate species.[12] The committee responded to this scepticism, by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre-copulation displays.[13]

Phylogeny edit

 
Canarian houbara in Lanzarote, Canary Islands

Results of analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 73 Chlamydotis samples indicates that the houbara bustard and MacQueen's bustard genetically diverged around 430,000 years ago from a common ancestor. The divergence between the African and Canarian houbara was estimated at 20,000 to 25,000 years ago.[14]

Distribution and habitat edit

The houbara bustard is found in North Africa west of the Nile, mainly in the western part of the Sahara desert region in Mauritania, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Pakistan and Egypt. Some old records exist from Sudan as well. A small population is found in the Canary Islands. The Asian houbara or MacQueen's bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the Sinai Peninsula. The North African species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of MacQueen's bustards.

The subspecies fuertaventurae of the Canary Islands is highly restricted and endangered. A 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds.[15]

Behaviour and ecology edit

 
Houbara bustard egg in the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden

The Houbara bustard has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head. Females lay two to four eggs on the ground.[16] It rarely vocalizes, but males make 3-5 low booming notes during breeding displays.[4]

It is omnivorous, eating seeds, insects and other small creatures.[17]

Threats edit

In North Africa, the houbara bustard is hunted by falconers and by hunters with guns. The populations declined in the two decades before 2004, but have been increasing since.[1]

Conservation edit

The International Fund for Houbara Conservation developed and implemented a global conservation strategy over the past forty years with the objective of ensuring a sustainable future in the wild through conservation programmes and management plans. This strategy consists of an integrated approach combining ecology, protection measures in the wild, conservation breeding, and reinforcement programmes.[18]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d BirdLife International (2016). "Chlamydotis undulata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22728245A90341807. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22728245A90341807.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
  2. ^ BirdLife International (2015). "Chlamydotis undulata Europe". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T22728245A90341807.
  3. ^ Ali, S. (1993). The Book of Indian Birds. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. ISBN 978-0-19-563731-1.
  4. ^ a b c Svensson, L.; Mullarney, K.; Zetterstrom, D. (2009). Collins Bird Guide (Second ed.). London, UK: HarperCollins.
  5. ^ CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B. Dunning Jr. (Editor). CRC Press (1992), ISBN 978-0-8493-4258-5.
  6. ^ Jacquin, J. F. (1784). "Psophia undulata". Beyträge zur Geschichte der Vögel. Wien: C. F. Wappler. p. 24.
  7. ^ Gray, J. E. (1830–1832). "MacQueen's bustard Otis macqueenii. Gray". Illustrations of Indian Zoology; Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major-General Hardwicke, F.R.S. Volume 2. London: Treuttel, Würtz, Treuttel, Jun. and Richter. p. Plate 47.
  8. ^ Lesson, R. (1839). "Oisseaux inédits". Revue Zoologique par la Société Cuvierienne. II (2): 43−47.
  9. ^ Rothschild, W. & Hartert, E. (1894). "On a new Bustard from the Palearctic Region". Novitates Zoologicae. 1 (5): 689.
  10. ^ Ali, S. & Ripley, S. D. (1983). "Chlamydotis undulata". A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent. Bombay: Bombay Natural History Society. p. 106, Plate 37.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Knox, A. G.; Collinson, M.; Helbig, A. J.; Parkin, D. T. & Sangster, G. (2002). "Taxonomic recommendations for British birds". Ibis. 144 (4): 707–710. doi:10.1046/j.1474-919X.2002.00110.x. S2CID 82531549.
  12. ^ Cowan, P. J. (2004). "Are there really two species of houbara?". British Birds. 97 (7): 346–347.
  13. ^ Collinson, M. (2004). "Are there really two species of houbara? A response from the TSC". British Birds. 97 (7): 348.
  14. ^ Idaghdour, Y.; Broderick, D.; Korrida, A.; Chbel, F. (2004). "Mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the Atlantic seaboard of North Africa". Molecular Ecology. 13 (1): 43–54. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2003.02039.x. PMID 14653787. S2CID 25591653.
  15. ^ Aurelio Martin; Juan Antonio Lorenzo; Miguel Angel Hernandez; Manuel Nogales; Félix Manuel Medina; Juan Domingo Delgado; José Julián Naranjo; Vicente Quilis; Guillermo Delgado (1997). "Distribution, status and conservation of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae Rothschild & Hartert, 1894, in the Canary Islands, November–December 1994" (PDF). Ardeola. 44 (1): 61–69.
  16. ^ Gaucher, P. (1995). "Breeding biology of the Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulate undulata in Algeria". Alauda. 64 (4): 291–298.
  17. ^ Bourass, K.; Leger, J.-F.; Zaime, A.; Qninba, A.; Rguibi, H.; El Agbani, M. A.; Benhoussa, A.; Hingrat, Y. (2012). "Observations on the diet of the North African houbara bustard during the non-breeding season". Journal of Arid Environments. 82: 53–59.
  18. ^ "Fifty Houbara birds released into the UAE desert - in pictures". The National. 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-28.

Further reading edit

  • Stone, R. (2008). "The Houbara: Headed for Oblivion?" (PDF). Science. 321 (5895): 1441. doi:10.1126/science.321.5895.1441. PMID 18787147. S2CID 26931495.
  • Hingrat, Y., Saint Jalme, M., Ysnel, F., Le Nuz, E. and Lacroix, F. (2007). "Habitat use and mating system of the houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata undulata) in a semi-desertic area of North Africa: implications for conservation". Journal of Ornithology. 148 (1): 39−52. doi:10.1007/s10336-006-0098-9. S2CID 9173206.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Release of Houbara back to nature

External links edit

 
Wikispecies has information related to Chlamydotis undulata.
 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlamydotis undulata.
  • BirdLife Species Factsheet.
  • International Fund for Houbara Conservation (IFHC)

January 01, 1970
houbara, bustard, this, article, about, north, african, species, asian, houbara, that, considered, subspecies, macqueen, bustard, houbara, bustard, chlamydotis, undulata, also, known, african, houbara, houbara, from, arabic, ار, romanized, ḥubārā, bustards, ge. This article is about the North African species For the Asian houbara that was considered a subspecies see MacQueen s bustard The houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata also known as African houbara houbara from Arabic ح ب ار ى romanized ḥubara for bustards in general is a relatively small bustard native to North Africa where it lives in arid habitats The global population is listed as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List since 2014 1 There is a population in the Canary Islands which has been assessed as Near Threatened in 2015 2 Houbara bustard Conservation status Vulnerable IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix I CITES 1 Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Aves Order Otidiformes Family Otididae Genus Chlamydotis Species C undulata Binomial name Chlamydotis undulata Jacquin 1784 Range of Ch undulata Resident It is dull brown with black markings on the wings a greyish neck and a black ruff along the side of the neck Males are larger and heavier than females Contents 1 Description 2 Taxonomy 2 1 Phylogeny 3 Distribution and habitat 4 Behaviour and ecology 5 Threats 6 Conservation 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksDescription editThe houbara bustard is a small to mid sized bustard It measures 55 75 cm 22 30 in in length and spans 135 170 cm 53 67 in across the wings It is brown above and white below with a black stripe down the sides of its neck In flight the long wings show large areas of black and brown on the flight feathers The sexes are similar but the female between 55 65 cm 22 26 in tall is rather smaller and greyer above than the male at 65 75 cm 26 30 in tall 3 4 verification needed The body mass is 1 8 3 2 kg 4 0 7 1 lb in males and 1 2 1 7 kg 2 6 3 7 lb in females 5 4 verification needed Taxonomy editPsophia undulata was the scientific name proposed by Joseph Franz von Jacquin in 1784 who described a houbara brought from Tripoli to Vienna s Tiergarten Schonbrunn 6 Otis macqueenii was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1832 for a bustard from India drawn by Thomas Hardwicke 7 The African houbara was subordinated to the genus Chlamydotis by Rene Lesson in 1839 8 Houbara fuertaventurae was proposed by Walter Rothschild and Ernst Hartert in 1894 for a houbara from Fuerteventura island 9 MacQueen s bustard was long regarded a subspecies of the African houbara 10 It was proposed as a distinct species in 2003 because of differences in plumage vocalizations and courtship behaviour 11 The British Ornithologists Union s Taxonomic Records Committee s decision to accept this split has been questioned on the grounds that the differences in the male courtship displays may be functionally trivial and would not prevent interbreeding whereas a difference in a pre copulation display would indicate that the two are separate species 12 The committee responded to this scepticism by explaining that there are differences in both courtship and pre copulation displays 13 Phylogeny edit nbsp Canarian houbara in Lanzarote Canary Islands Results of analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences of 73 Chlamydotis samples indicates that the houbara bustard and MacQueen s bustard genetically diverged around 430 000 years ago from a common ancestor The divergence between the African and Canarian houbara was estimated at 20 000 to 25 000 years ago 14 Distribution and habitat editThe houbara bustard is found in North Africa west of the Nile mainly in the western part of the Sahara desert region in Mauritania Morocco Algeria Tunisia Libya Pakistan and Egypt Some old records exist from Sudan as well A small population is found in the Canary Islands The Asian houbara or MacQueen s bustard which was earlier included in this species occurs east of the Sinai Peninsula The North African species is sedentary unlike the migratory northern populations of MacQueen s bustards The subspecies fuertaventurae of the Canary Islands is highly restricted and endangered A 1997 survey found a total population of about 500 birds 15 Behaviour and ecology edit nbsp Houbara bustard egg in the collection of the Museum Wiesbaden The Houbara bustard has a flamboyant display raising the white feathers of the head and neck and withdrawing the head Females lay two to four eggs on the ground 16 It rarely vocalizes but males make 3 5 low booming notes during breeding displays 4 It is omnivorous eating seeds insects and other small creatures 17 Threats editIn North Africa the houbara bustard is hunted by falconers and by hunters with guns The populations declined in the two decades before 2004 but have been increasing since 1 Conservation editThe International Fund for Houbara Conservation developed and implemented a global conservation strategy over the past forty years with the objective of ensuring a sustainable future in the wild through conservation programmes and management plans This strategy consists of an integrated approach combining ecology protection measures in the wild conservation breeding and reinforcement programmes 18 References edit a b c d BirdLife International 2016 Chlamydotis undulata IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016 e T22728245A90341807 doi 10 2305 IUCN UK 2016 3 RLTS T22728245A90341807 en Retrieved 19 November 2021 BirdLife International 2015 Chlamydotis undulata Europe IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015 e T22728245A90341807 Ali S 1993 The Book of Indian Birds Bombay Bombay Natural History Society ISBN 978 0 19 563731 1 a b c Svensson L Mullarney K Zetterstrom D 2009 Collins Bird Guide Second ed London UK HarperCollins CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses by John B Dunning Jr Editor CRC Press 1992 ISBN 978 0 8493 4258 5 Jacquin J F 1784 Psophia undulata Beytrage zur Geschichte der Vogel Wien C F Wappler p 24 Gray J E 1830 1832 MacQueen s bustard Otis macqueenii Gray Illustrations of Indian Zoology Chiefly Selected from the Collection of Major General Hardwicke F R S Volume 2 London Treuttel Wurtz Treuttel Jun and Richter p Plate 47 Lesson R 1839 Oisseaux inedits Revue Zoologique par la Societe Cuvierienne II 2 43 47 Rothschild W amp Hartert E 1894 On a new Bustard from the Palearctic Region Novitates Zoologicae 1 5 689 Ali S amp Ripley S D 1983 Chlamydotis undulata A Pictorial Guide to the Birds of the Indian Subcontinent Bombay Bombay Natural History Society p 106 Plate 37 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Knox A G Collinson M Helbig A J Parkin D T amp Sangster G 2002 Taxonomic recommendations for British birds Ibis 144 4 707 710 doi 10 1046 j 1474 919X 2002 00110 x S2CID 82531549 Cowan P J 2004 Are there really two species of houbara British Birds 97 7 346 347 Collinson M 2004 Are there really two species of houbara A response from the TSC British Birds 97 7 348 Idaghdour Y Broderick D Korrida A Chbel F 2004 Mitochondrial control region diversity of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata complex and genetic structure along the Atlantic seaboard of North Africa Molecular Ecology 13 1 43 54 doi 10 1046 j 1365 294X 2003 02039 x PMID 14653787 S2CID 25591653 Aurelio Martin Juan Antonio Lorenzo Miguel Angel Hernandez Manuel Nogales Felix Manuel Medina Juan Domingo Delgado Jose Julian Naranjo Vicente Quilis Guillermo Delgado 1997 Distribution status and conservation of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae Rothschild amp Hartert 1894 in the Canary Islands November December 1994 PDF Ardeola 44 1 61 69 Gaucher P 1995 Breeding biology of the Houbara Bustard Chlamydotis undulate undulata in Algeria Alauda 64 4 291 298 Bourass K Leger J F Zaime A Qninba A Rguibi H El Agbani M A Benhoussa A Hingrat Y 2012 Observations on the diet of the North African houbara bustard during the non breeding season Journal of Arid Environments 82 53 59 Fifty Houbara birds released into the UAE desert in pictures The National 2019 Retrieved 2019 02 28 Further reading editStone R 2008 The Houbara Headed for Oblivion PDF Science 321 5895 1441 doi 10 1126 science 321 5895 1441 PMID 18787147 S2CID 26931495 Hingrat Y Saint Jalme M Ysnel F Le Nuz E and Lacroix F 2007 Habitat use and mating system of the houbara bustard Chlamydotis undulata undulata in a semi desertic area of North Africa implications for conservation Journal of Ornithology 148 1 39 52 doi 10 1007 s10336 006 0098 9 S2CID 9173206 a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link Release of Houbara back to natureExternal links edit nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Chlamydotis undulata nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chlamydotis undulata BirdLife Species Factsheet National Avian Research Centre International Fund for Houbara Conservation IFHC Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Houbara bustard amp oldid 1215234645, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.