Baháʼí views on homosexuality

The Baháʼí Faith has an emphasis on what it describes as traditional family values,^[1][2] and marriage between a man and a woman is the only form of sexual relationship permitted for Baháʼís.^[3] With an emphasis on chastity and restraint outside of matrimony, Baháʼí practices exclude premarital, extramarital, or homosexual intimacy.^[4][5] Baháʼí institutions have taken no position on the sexual practices of those who are not adherents,^[6] and Baháʼís have been discouraged from promoting or opposing efforts to legalize same-sex marriage.^[7]

The scriptural basis for Baháʼí practices comes from the writings of Baháʼu'lláh (1817–1892), the faith's founder, who forbade fornication, adultery, and sodomy. The Baháʼí position towards homosexuality was elaborated on by Shoghi Effendi, Baháʼu'lláh's great grandson and appointed head of the religion from 1921 to 1957. He answered specific questions and described homosexuality as an affliction that should be overcome, while leaving Baháʼí membership open to anyone regardless of sexual orientation. This position leaves Baháʼís with a same-sex orientation under similar guidance as a heterosexual person, that is, if they find themselves unable to contract a marriage with someone of the opposite sex, they should remain celibate.

The supreme governing institution of the Baháʼí Faith is the Universal House of Justice, first elected in 1963, which has written more extensively on the subject of homosexuality. For example, they have clarified that Baháʼís should not single out homosexual practice over other transgressions of Baháʼí conduct, should not treat those with a homosexual orientation with disdain or prejudice,^[8] and should not attempt to impose their standards on society.^[9]

The exclusion of same-sex marriage among Baháʼís has garnered considerable criticism in the western world, where the Baháʼí teachings on sexuality "may appear to be unreasonable, dogmatic, and difficult to apply in Western society".^[10] Particularly in the United States, Baháʼís have attempted to reconcile the immutable conservative teachings on sexuality with the otherwise socially progressive teachings of the Faith, but it continues to be a source of controversy.^[11] Former Baháʼí William Garlington said the Baháʼí position in America, "can at most be characterized as one of sympathetic disapproval" toward homosexuality,^[11] and professor Melissa Wilcox describes Baháʼí teachings as leaving "little room for tolerance of same-sex eroticism", "not given to statements of its disapproval", and "not generally vocally anti-LGBT."^[2]

Baháʼí views on sexuality

Baháʼí teachings stress the importance of absolute chastity for any unmarried person,^[12] and focus on personal restraint. The Baháʼí Faith, however, leaves the application of laws of social conduct largely up to the individual, and Baháʼís do not advocate for or discriminate against homosexual people.^[13]

While in authoritative teachings homosexuality is described as a condition that an individual should control and overcome,^[14] Baháʼís are left to apply the teachings at their own discretion, and are discouraged from singling out homosexual practice over other transgressions, such as the consumption of alcohol, or heterosexual promiscuity.^[15] Membership in the Baháʼí community is therefore open to lesbian and gay adherents.^{[16][17][8][18]}

The Baháʼí Faith has been described as a religion "ambiguous or contested on the issue of LGBT inclusion".^[13] The religion has a strong emphasis on traditional values found in Abrahamic religions, which discourage liberal sexuality.

Baháʼí teachings state that Baháʼís should not treat homosexual people as condemned outcasts, nor expect people who are not Baháʼí to follow Baháʼí laws.^[19] The Baháʼí writings teach adherents to treat everyone with respect and dignity, and to eschew an attitude of discrimination and social intolerance toward homosexuals.^[20][7]

The opportunity for civil same-sex marriage was mentioned in a 2010 letter by the Universal House of Justice as being a public issue that is not in keeping with the Baháʼí teachings, but one that Baháʼís "would neither promote nor necessarily oppose."^[7]

See also

•  LGBT portal

• Homosexuality and religion
• Baháʼí teachings

Notes

1. Barrett 2001, p. 250.
2. Wilcox 2006, pp. 254–255.
3. Hartz 2009, p. 90-92.
4. Coward 1996, p. 147.
5. Lepard 2008, p. 100.
6. Office of Community Administration 2015.
7. Universal House of Justice 2010.
8. Universal House of Justice 1987.
9. Universal House of Justice 2014.
10. Kennedy & Kennedy 1988, p. 3.
11. Garlington 2008, pp. 169–171.
12. Effendi 1975.
13. Gallagher & Ashcroft 2006.
14. Universal House of Justice 1973a.
15. On behalf of Shoghi Effendi 1950.
16. On behalf of Shoghi Effendi 1948.
17. On behalf of Shoghi Effendi 1954.
18. Universal House of Justice 1988.
19. Universal House of Justice 1992a.
20. Universal House of Justice 1995.

References

Baháʼí primary sources

• Hornby, Helen, ed. (1983). Lights of Guidance: A Baháʼí Reference File. Baháʼí Publishing Trust, New Delhi, India. ISBN 81-85091-46-3.

• Baháʼu'lláh; Shoghi Effendi; Universal House of Justice (5 July 1993), Compiled by the Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (ed.), Homosexuality

• Baháʼu'lláh (1873). The Kitáb-i-Aqdas: The Most Holy Book. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust (published 1992). ISBN 0-85398-999-0.

• Universal House of Justice (1992b). The Kitáb-i-Aqdas, Notes. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Baháʼí Publishing Trust. ISBN 0-85398-999-0.

• Office of Community Administration, ed. (9 July 2015), Compilation: Concerning issues related to homosexuality (PDF), National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States

• On behalf of Shoghi Effendi (11 December 1935), Letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the United States and Canada. Cited in Lights of Guidance 1983, 541

• On behalf of Shoghi Effendi (4 November 1948), "Letter to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baha'is of Canada", Messages to Canada, Bahá’í Canada Publications

• On behalf of Shoghi Effendi (26 March 1950), Letter to an individual. Cited in Lights of Guidance 1983, #1223

• On behalf of Shoghi Effendi (21 May 1954), Letter to an Individual. Cited in Lights of Guidance 1983, 1221

• On behalf of Shoghi Effendi (5 March 1975), Research Department of the Universal House of Justice (ed.), Homosexuality (published 5 July 1993), p. 4

• Shoghi Effendi (1938). The Advent of Divine Justice. Wilmette, Illinois, USA: US Baháʼí Publishing Trust (published 1990). ISBN 0-87743-195-7.

• Universal House of Justice (12 January 1973a), Letter to an Individual. Cited in Lights of Guidance 1983, #1222

• Universal House of Justice (30 June 1988), Letter. Cited in Homosexuality 1993

• Universal House of Justice (22 March 1987), Letter written to an individual. Cited in Homosexuality 1993

• Universal House of Justice (16 March 1992a), Letter. Cited in Homosexuality 1993

• Universal House of Justice (11 September 1995). "Letter written to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the United States". The American Baháʼí. Qawl 152 BE (published 1995-11-23). Retrieved 2017-07-10.

• Universal House of Justice (27 October 2010). "Letter to an American Baháʼí". Retrieved 2017-07-10.

• Universal House of Justice (9 May 2014). "Letter to an American Baháʼí". Retrieved 2018-09-08.

Other

• Barrett, David V. (2001). The New Believers: a survey of sects, cults, and alternative religions. London: Cassell & Co. ISBN 1-84403-040-7.

• Coward, Harold (November 1996). Religious Dimensions of Child and Family Life: Reflections on the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. ISBN 155058104X.

• Wilcox, Melissa M. (2006). "Same-Sex Eroticism and Gender Fluidity in New and Alternative Religions". In Gallagher, Eugene V.; Ashcraft, W. Michael (eds.). History and Controversies. Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America. Vol. 1. Westport, Connecticut • London: Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0275987121.

• Gallagher, Eugene; Ashcroft, William (2006). Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: History and controversies. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 256. ISBN 978-0-275-98713-8.

• Garlington, William (2008). The Baha'i Faith in America (Paperback ed.). Lanham, Maryland: Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-0-7425-6234-9.

• Hartz, Paula (2009). World Religions: Baha'i Faith (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60413-104-8.

• Kennedy, Sharon H.; Kennedy, Andrew (1988). "Bahá'í Youth and Sexuality A Personal/Professional View" (PDF). The Journal of Bahá'í Studies. 1 (1).

• Lepard, Brian D. (October 2008). In the Glory of the Father: The Bahai Faith and Christianity (New ed.). United States: Bahai Publishing. ISBN 978-1931847346.

• Smith, Peter (2000). A Concise Encyclopedia of the Baháʼí Faith. Oxford, UK: Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1-85168-184-1.

Further reading

• LGBTQ-Related documents on Baháʼí Library Online
• The Baha’i Teachings and Homosexuality - a statement and FAQ from the official website of the Baháʼís of the United States.
• Langer, Hanna A. (2015). I don't want to be Tāhirih: Homosexuality in the Bahā'ī Religion in Theology and Practice. Hamburg: Verlag. ISBN 9783732316564.