Hexagrammidae
Hexagrammidae, the greenlings, is a family of marine ray-finned fishes belonging to the suborder Cottoidei in the order Scorpaeniformes. These fishes are found in the North Pacific Ocean.
| Hexagrammidae | |
|---|---|
| Whitespotted greenling Hexagrammos stelleri | |
| Lingcod, Ophiodon elongatus | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Actinopterygii |
| Order: | Scorpaeniformes |
| Suborder: | Cottoidei |
| Superfamily: | Hexagrammoidea Shinohara, 1994[2] |
| Family: | Hexagrammidae Jordan, 1888[1] |
| Type species | |
| Hexagrammus stelleri | |
| Genera | |
| see text | |
Taxonomy edit
Hexagrammidae was first proposed as a family in 1888 by the American ichthyologist David Starr Jordan.[1] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family as the only family in the monotypic superfamily Hexagrammoidea within the suborder Cottoidei of the diverse order Scorpaeniformes.[4] Other workers have found that if the Scorpaeniformes, as delimited in Fishes of the World, is not included in the Perciformes it renders the Perciformes paraphyletic. These workers retain the Cottoidei as a suborder within the Perciformes while reclassifying Hexagrammoidea as the infraorder Hexagrammales.[5] The family Zaniolepididae has been included within the Hexagrammidae, as the subfamilies Zaniolepidinae and Oxylebiinae, but Fishes of the World and Betancur et al classify these taxa as distinct from the Hexagrammidae.[4][5] Placing these two families in their own monotypic superfamilies was originally proposed in 1994 by Gento Shinohara.[2]
Subfamilies and genera edit
Hexagrammidae contains the following subfamilies and genera:[4][1][3]
- Subfamily Ophiodontinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
- Subfamily Hexagramminae Jordan, 1888
- Genus Hexagrammos Tilesius, 1810
- Subfamily Pleurogramminae Rutenberg, 1954
- Genus Pleurogrammus Gill, 1861
Characteristics edit
Hexagrammidae have cirrhi but do not have ridges or spines on their heads, They have between one and five lateral lines and may have cycloid or ctenoid scales. There is a single dorsal fin which is notched and contains between 16 and 28 spines and 11 and 30 soft rays. There is a single spine and 5 soft rays in the pelvic fin. The front nostril on each side of the snout is well developed but the rear nostril may be absent or if it is there it is merely a small pore. The anal fin may have upn to 3 spines, or there may be no spines, and 6 or 7 soft rays. There is no swimbladder.[4] The largest species is the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus)which has a maximum published total length of 152 cm (60 in) but typically they are 50 cm (20 in) or less in length.[6]
Distribution and habitat edit
Hexagrammidae is endemic to the North Pacific Ocean where they are found in the subarctic and temperate regions, with a single species, the whitespotted greenling Hexagrammos stelleri, being found in the Arctic Ocean too. They occur from the intertidal zone to as deep as 600 m (2,000 ft) but most are found in waters of depths of less than 200 m (660 ft) on the continental shelf.[2]
Biology edit
Hexagrammidae greenlings are demersal fishes, except for the pelagic Pleurogrammus, and they feed on crustaceans, polychaetes, small fishes and fish eggs.[2]
Utilization edit
Hexagrammidae greenlings are fished for, the coastal species are fished for using hook and line and spears and in the late 20th and early 21st centuries the kelp greenling (Hexagrammas decagrammus) has become a target of a commercial fishery, while historically the lingcod (O. elongatus) and the atka mackerels of the genus Pleurogrammus have been the most targeted species.[2]
References edit
- ^ a b c Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
- ^ a b c d e Catherine W. Mecklenburg & William N. Eschmeyer (2003). "Family Hexagrammidae Gill 1889 Greenlings" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 2.
- ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Hexagrammidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 4 December 2022.
- ^ a b c d J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 467–495. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
- ^ a b Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162): 162. doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477. PMID 28683774.
- ^ Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2022). "Hexagrammidae" in FishBase. August 2022 version.
- "Hexagrammidae". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- Froese, Rainer, and Daniel Pauly, eds. (2006). "Hexagrammidae" in FishBase. February 2006 version.