Heterothermy or heterothermia (from Greek ἕτερος heteros "other" and θέρμη thermē "heat") is a physiological term for animals that vary between self-regulating their body temperature, and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it. In other words, they exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeothermy.
Heterothermic animals are those that can switch between poikilothermic and homeothermic strategies. These changes in strategies typically occur on a daily basis or on an annual basis. More often than not, it is used as a way to dissociate the fluctuating metabolic rates seen in some small mammals and birds (e.g. bats and hummingbirds), from those of traditional cold blooded animals. In many bat species, body temperature and metabolic rate are elevated only during activity. When at rest, these animals reduce their metabolisms drastically, which results in their body temperature dropping to that of the surrounding environment. This makes them homeothermic when active, and poikilothermic when at rest. This phenomenon has been termed 'daily torpor' and was intensively studied in the Djungarian hamster. During the hibernation season, this animal shows strongly reduced metabolism each day during the rest phase while it reverts to endothermic metabolism during its active phase, leading to normal euthermic body temperatures (around 38 °C).
Larger mammals (e.g. ground squirrels) and bats show multi-day torpor bouts during hibernation (up to several weeks) in winter.[1] During these multi-day torpor bouts, body temperature drops to ~1 °C above ambient temperature and metabolism may drop to about 1% of the normal endothermic metabolic rate. Even in these deep hibernators, the long periods of torpor is interrupted by bouts of endothermic metabolism, called arousals (typically lasting between 4–20 hours). These metabolic arousals cause body temperature to return to euthermic levels 35-37 °C.[1] Most of the energy spent during hibernation is spent in arousals (70-80%), but their function remains unresolved.
Shallow hibernation patterns without arousals have been described in large mammals (like the black bear,[2]) or under special environmental circumstances.[3]
Regional heterothermyedit
Regional heterothermy describes organisms that are able to maintain different temperature "zones" in different regions of the body. This usually occurs in the limbs, and is made possible through the use of counter-current heat exchangers, such as the rete mirabile found in tuna and certain birds.[4] These exchangers equalize the temperature between hot arterial blood going out to the extremities and cold venous blood coming back, thus reducing heat loss. Penguins and many arctic birds use these exchangers to keep their feet at roughly the same temperature as the surrounding ice. This keeps the birds from getting stuck on an ice sheet. Other animals, like the leatherback sea turtle, use the heat exchangers to gather, and retain heat generated by their muscular flippers.[5] There are even some insects which possess this mechanism (see insect thermoregulation), the best-known example being bumblebees, which exhibit counter-current heat exchange at the point of constriction between the mesosoma ("thorax") and metasoma ("abdomen"); heat is retained in the thorax and lost from the abdomen.[6] Using a very similar mechanism, the internal temperature of a honeybee's thorax can exceed 45 °C while in flight.
^ abHut, RA; Barnes, BM; Daan, S (Jan 2002). "Body temperature patterns before, during, and after semi-natural hibernation in the European ground squirrel". Journal of Comparative Physiology B. 172 (1): 47–58. doi:10.1007/s003600100226. PMID 11824403. S2CID 9491373.
^Tøien, Ø; Blake, J; Edgar, DM; Grahn, DA; Heller, HC; Barnes, BM (Feb 18, 2011). "Hibernation in black bears: independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature". Science. 331 (6019): 906–9. Bibcode:2011Sci...331..906T. doi:10.1126/science.1199435. PMID 21330544. S2CID 20829847.
^Dausmann, KH; Glos, J; Ganzhorn, JU; Heldmaier, G (Jun 24, 2004). "Physiology: hibernation in a tropical primate". Nature. 429 (6994): 825–6. Bibcode:2004Natur.429..825D. doi:10.1038/429825a. PMID 15215852. S2CID 4366123.
^Katz, Stephen L. (2002-08-01). "Design of heterothermic muscle in fish". Journal of Experimental Biology. 205 (15): 2251–2266. doi:10.1242/jeb.205.15.2251. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 12110659.
^James, Michael C; Mrosovsky, N (2004-08-01). "Body temperatures of leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea) in temperate waters off Nova Scotia, Canada". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 82 (8): 1302–1306. doi:10.1139/z04-110. ISSN 0008-4301.
^Heinrich, B. (1976-06-01). "Heat exchange in relation to blood flow between thorax and abdomen in bumblebees". Journal of Experimental Biology. 64 (3): 561–585. doi:10.1242/jeb.64.3.561. ISSN 1477-9145. PMID 945321.
External linksedit
Thermobiology of bats
February 16, 2024
heterothermy, heterothermia, from, greek, ἕτερος, heteros, other, θέρμη, thermē, heat, physiological, term, animals, that, vary, between, self, regulating, their, body, temperature, allowing, surrounding, environment, affect, other, words, they, exhibit, chara. Heterothermy or heterothermia from Greek ἕteros heteros other and 8ermh therme heat is a physiological term for animals that vary between self regulating their body temperature and allowing the surrounding environment to affect it In other words they exhibit characteristics of both poikilothermy and homeothermy Contents 1 Definition 2 Regional heterothermy 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksDefinition editHeterothermic animals are those that can switch between poikilothermic and homeothermic strategies These changes in strategies typically occur on a daily basis or on an annual basis More often than not it is used as a way to dissociate the fluctuating metabolic rates seen in some small mammals and birds e g bats and hummingbirds from those of traditional cold blooded animals In many bat species body temperature and metabolic rate are elevated only during activity When at rest these animals reduce their metabolisms drastically which results in their body temperature dropping to that of the surrounding environment This makes them homeothermic when active and poikilothermic when at rest This phenomenon has been termed daily torpor and was intensively studied in the Djungarian hamster During the hibernation season this animal shows strongly reduced metabolism each day during the rest phase while it reverts to endothermic metabolism during its active phase leading to normal euthermic body temperatures around 38 C Larger mammals e g ground squirrels and bats show multi day torpor bouts during hibernation up to several weeks in winter 1 During these multi day torpor bouts body temperature drops to 1 C above ambient temperature and metabolism may drop to about 1 of the normal endothermic metabolic rate Even in these deep hibernators the long periods of torpor is interrupted by bouts of endothermic metabolism called arousals typically lasting between 4 20 hours These metabolic arousals cause body temperature to return to euthermic levels 35 37 C 1 Most of the energy spent during hibernation is spent in arousals 70 80 but their function remains unresolved Shallow hibernation patterns without arousals have been described in large mammals like the black bear 2 or under special environmental circumstances 3 Regional heterothermy editRegional heterothermy describes organisms that are able to maintain different temperature zones in different regions of the body This usually occurs in the limbs and is made possible through the use of counter current heat exchangers such as the rete mirabile found in tuna and certain birds 4 These exchangers equalize the temperature between hot arterial blood going out to the extremities and cold venous blood coming back thus reducing heat loss Penguins and many arctic birds use these exchangers to keep their feet at roughly the same temperature as the surrounding ice This keeps the birds from getting stuck on an ice sheet Other animals like the leatherback sea turtle use the heat exchangers to gather and retain heat generated by their muscular flippers 5 There are even some insects which possess this mechanism see insect thermoregulation the best known example being bumblebees which exhibit counter current heat exchange at the point of constriction between the mesosoma thorax and metasoma abdomen heat is retained in the thorax and lost from the abdomen 6 Using a very similar mechanism the internal temperature of a honeybee s thorax can exceed 45 C while in flight See also editMesotherm PoikilothermReferences edit a b Hut RA Barnes BM Daan S Jan 2002 Body temperature patterns before during and after semi natural hibernation in the European ground squirrel Journal of Comparative Physiology B 172 1 47 58 doi 10 1007 s003600100226 PMID 11824403 S2CID 9491373 Toien O Blake J Edgar DM Grahn DA Heller HC Barnes BM Feb 18 2011 Hibernation in black bears independence of metabolic suppression from body temperature Science 331 6019 906 9 Bibcode 2011Sci 331 906T doi 10 1126 science 1199435 PMID 21330544 S2CID 20829847 Dausmann KH Glos J Ganzhorn JU Heldmaier G Jun 24 2004 Physiology hibernation in a tropical primate Nature 429 6994 825 6 Bibcode 2004Natur 429 825D doi 10 1038 429825a PMID 15215852 S2CID 4366123 Katz Stephen L 2002 08 01 Design of heterothermic muscle in fish Journal of Experimental Biology 205 15 2251 2266 doi 10 1242 jeb 205 15 2251 ISSN 1477 9145 PMID 12110659 James Michael C Mrosovsky N 2004 08 01 Body temperatures of leatherback turtles Dermochelys coriacea in temperate waters off Nova Scotia Canada Canadian Journal of Zoology 82 8 1302 1306 doi 10 1139 z04 110 ISSN 0008 4301 Heinrich B 1976 06 01 Heat exchange in relation to blood flow between thorax and abdomen in bumblebees Journal of Experimental Biology 64 3 561 585 doi 10 1242 jeb 64 3 561 ISSN 1477 9145 PMID 945321 External links editThermobiology of bats Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heterothermy amp oldid 1171769405, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
