fbpx
Wikipedia

Hepatocystis

January 01, 1970

Hepatocystis is a genus of parasites transmitted by midges of the genus Culicoides. Hosts include Old World primates, bats, hippopotamus and squirrels. This genus is not found in the New World. The genus was erected by Levaditi and Schoen, 1932, as Hepatocystes.

Hepatocystis
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Clade: Diaphoretickes
Clade: SAR
Clade: Alveolata
Phylum: Apicomplexa
Class: Aconoidasida
Order: Haemospororida
Family: Plasmodiidae
Genus: Hepatocystis
Levaditi & Schoen, 1932
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • Hepatocystes

Taxonomy edit

The type species is Hepatocystis kochi. There are currently 25 recognised species in this genus.

Species list edit

Select 'show' (at right) to expand list

History edit

The first observation of malaria in bats dates to the end of the 19th century when Dionisi described gametocytes in the blood of a bat in 1898. The type species of this genus (Hepatocystis kochi) was described by Laveran in 1899 from the blood of a primate and he named it Plasmodium kochi.

Life cycle edit

The protozoa are transmitted by the bite of the insect vector. The sporozoites migrate to the liver where they typically form merocysts within the liver parenchyma. These may also develop in the spleen and lungs. Macroscopically these may appear as white to gray nodular foci within the tissue. These lesions within these organs are characterized by well-circumscribed focal fibrosis, accumulation of eosinophils and histiocytes, hemorrhage or hemosiderosis with the loss of normal architecture.

The cystlike exoerythrocytic schizonts are found within the merocysts. These are found around the edges of the merocytes in huge numbers. The central core of the cyst consists of a non-cellular granular material.

Released merozoites either invade other hepatocytes or erythrocytes. Within the erythrocytes the merozoites first become ring forms, then trophozoites and finally gametocytes. The gametocytes are huge and fill the entire erythrocyte. Like those of Plasmodium and unlike those of Hepatozoon their nuclei are Feulgen negative. Haemozoin may be found within the erythrocytes.

Infected erythrocytes are then taken up when the insect vector feeds on the host. Within the vector the sporogonic cycle lasts between 5–6 days. The oocysts develop in the haemocoele chiefly in the head near the brain and eye.

Pathology edit

The mature merocysts are visible to the naked eye on the hepatic surface. These appear as raised, grayish-white to translucent foci with a central accumulation of fluid. Multiple, depressed areas of fibrosis with calcification representing healed lesions may also be found.

Microscopically the liver cysts have an irregular central space filled with faintly eosinophilic, acellular, flocculent material. Surrounding this is a peripheral rim of myriad, round, lightly basophilic merozoites which measure ~1.0–2.0 mm in diameter. The cysts themselves are delineated by a thin, convoluted, eosinophilic, hyaline capsule. A significant inflammatory response to the merocysts may or may not be present. If a reaction is present, it is typically granulomatous with an admixture of eosinophils and lymphocytes.

The first appearance in the blood is normally two months after infection. The only stage seen in the blood are gametocytes. These double in number for the first three days and mature. Having reached maturity, they gradually decline in number and normally disappear after a month. Secondary episodes may occur at variable intervals.

The early gametocytes consist of minute dense spots of chromatin with a tiny loop of cytoplasm. As the parasite grows, the chromatin tends to spread in a semicircle or into multiple dots. There is no stippling of the erythrocyte.

Mature gametocytes are larger than a normal erythrocyte stain poorly compared to other protozoa. In both male and female gametocytes, the nucleus consists of two portions.

The macrogametocyte is a steel blue color measuring 9.5 micrometres in diameter. The nucleus has a pale pink area with dense chromatin in the middle and is much smaller than that of the microgametocyte.

The microgametocyte stains less densely, is biscuit-colored and measures 9.0 micrometres in diameter. The nucleus is a large, oval, pale pink area occupying one-third to one-half of the parasite.

Clinical features edit

In endemic areas, the incidence can range from 24 to 75% in nonhuman primates. Although infection with Hepatocystis does not normally cause fever it may cause anaemia in the host.

Some versions of the Duffy antigen have been associated with protection from Hepatocytis infection in yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus).[1]

Host records edit

Primates and bats are the most commonly identified host of these parasites. H. bouillezi, H. cercopitheci, H. kochi and H. simiae infect African monkeys. H. semnopitheci and H. taiwanensis infect Asian monkeys. These species may lie in different phylogenetic clades but this is not yet known.

Hosts where parasite species is known edit

Parasite species unknown edit

Vectors edit

Known vectors belong to the genus Culicoides. Species of Streblidae may also be able to act as vectors but this is not yet certain.

  • H. brayi — Culicoides nubeculosus and Culicoides variipennis
  • H. kochi — Culicoides adersi Ingram and Macfie 1923
  • H. levinei — Culicoides nubeculosus

References edit

  1. ^ a b Tung J, Primus A, Bouley AJ, Severson TF, Alberts SC, Wray GA (2009). "Evolution of a malaria resistance gene in wild primates". Nature. 460 (7253): 388–91. doi:10.1038/nature08149. PMID 19553936.
  2. ^ Mialhe E, Landau I (1977). "[Description of Hepatocystis bainae n.sp., parasite of Hipposideros galeritus (Cantor), Microchiroptera, in Malaysia]". Ann Parasitol Hum Comp (in French). 52 (4): 385–90. doi:10.1051/parasite/1977524385. PMID 412454.
  3. ^ Miltgen F, Landau I, Rosin G, Erard C (1977). "[Hepatocystis brosseti n. sp. Haemproteidae, parasite of Epomops franqueti, Pteropinae, in Gabon]". Ann Parasitol Hum Comp (in French). 52 (6): 589–96. doi:10.1051/parasite/1977526589. PMID 418727.
  4. ^ Ayala SC, Bradbury J, Bradbury S (1981). "Hepatocystis in Hypsignathus monstrosus (pteropinea) in Gaboon I. Hepatocystis malaria in a hammerhead bat population in Gaboon, West Africa". Ann Parasitol Hum Comp. 56 (1): 21–2. doi:10.1051/parasite/1981561021. PMID 7258993.
  5. ^ Miltgen F, Landau I, Bradbury J (1980). "[Hepatocystis of Hypsignathus monstrosus (Pteropinae) in Gabon. II. Description of Hepatocystis carpenteri n. sp]". Ann Parasitol Hum Comp (in French). 55 (5): 485–90. doi:10.1051/parasite/1980555485. PMID 6784655.
  6. ^ Bray RS (1984). "Some parasitic protozoa from the Gambia". J. Euk. Microbiol. 31 (4): 577–8. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1984.tb05507.x.
  7. ^ Leathers CW (1978). "The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi in African green monkeys". Lab. Anim. Sci. 28 (2): 186–9. PMID 417213.
  8. ^ Dracopoli NC, Turner TR, Else JG, Jolly CJ, Anthony R, Gallo RC, Saxinger WC (1986). "STLV-I antibodies in feral populations of East African vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)". Int. J. Cancer. 38 (4): 523–9. doi:10.1002/ijc.2910380412. PMID 3019900.
  9. ^ Landau, I.; Humphery-Smith, I.; Chabaud, A. G.; Miltgen, F.; Copeman, B.; Boulard, Y. (1985). "Description et transmission expérimentale de l'Haemoprotéidé Hepatocystis levinei n. sp". Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparée. 60 (4): 373–382. doi:10.1051/parasite/1985604373. ISSN 0003-4150.  
  10. ^ Landau I, Baccam D, Ratanaworabhan N, Yenbutra S (1980). "[Description of Hepatocystis muuli n. sp., Haemoproteidae, parasite of Sciuridae in Thailand]". Ann Parasitol Hum Comp (in French). 55 (5): 477–84. doi:10.1051/parasite/1980555477. PMID 6784654.
  11. ^ Otsuru M, Sekikawa H (1979). "Surveys of simian malaria in Japan". Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A. 244 (2–3): 245–50. PMID 116437.
  12. ^ Garnham PC, Rajapaksa N (1973). "Malaria parasites in Presbytis aygula. New host record of Hepatocystis semnopitheci". Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 67 (1): 2. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(73)90251-4. PMID 4204748.
  13. ^ Van Peenen PF, Hoogstraal H, Duncan JF, Ryan PF (1968). "Hematozoa from mammals of South Vietnam". J Euk Microbiol. 15 (3): 608–614. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1968.tb02180.x.
  14. ^ a b c d e Manwell RD, Kuntz RE (1966). "Hepatocystis in Formosan mammals with a description of a new species". J. Euk Microbiol. 13 (4): 670–2. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1966.tb01979.x.
  15. ^ a b Olival KJ, Stiner EO, Perkins SL (2007). "Detection of Hepatocystis sp. in southeast Asian flying foxes (Pteropodidae) using microscopic and molecular methods". J. Parasitol. 93 (6): 1538–40. doi:10.1645/GE-1208.1. PMID 18314711.
  16. ^ Masbar S, Palmieri JR, Marwoto HA, Purnomo, Darwis F (1981). "Blood parasites of wild and domestic animals from South Kalimantan (Borneo), Indonesia". Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health. 12 (1): 42–6. PMID 6789456.
  17. ^ Shiroishi T, Davis J, Warren M (1968). "Hepatocystis in the white-cheeked gibbon, Hylobates concolor". J. Parasitol. 54 (1): 168. doi:10.2307/3276896. JSTOR 3276896. PMID 4966669.
  18. ^ Zeiss CJ, Shomer N (2001). "Hepatocystosis in a baboon (Papio anubis)". Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci. 40 (1): 41–2. PMID 11300677.
  19. ^ Stafford EE, Galdikas-Brindamour B, Beaudoin, et al. (1978). "Hepatocystis in the orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus". Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg. 72 (1): 106–7. doi:10.1016/0035-9203(78)90314-0. PMID 416523.

January 01, 1970
hepatocystis, genus, parasites, transmitted, midges, genus, culicoides, hosts, include, world, primates, bats, hippopotamus, squirrels, this, genus, found, world, genus, erected, levaditi, schoen, 1932, hepatocystes, scientific, classification, domain, eukaryo. Hepatocystis is a genus of parasites transmitted by midges of the genus Culicoides Hosts include Old World primates bats hippopotamus and squirrels This genus is not found in the New World The genus was erected by Levaditi and Schoen 1932 as Hepatocystes Hepatocystis Scientific classification Domain Eukaryota Clade Diaphoretickes Clade SAR Clade Alveolata Phylum Apicomplexa Class Aconoidasida Order Haemospororida Family Plasmodiidae Genus HepatocystisLevaditi amp Schoen 1932 Species See text Synonyms Hepatocystes Contents 1 Taxonomy 1 1 Species list 2 History 3 Life cycle 4 Pathology 5 Clinical features 6 Host records 6 1 Hosts where parasite species is known 6 2 Parasite species unknown 7 Vectors 8 ReferencesTaxonomy editThe type species is Hepatocystis kochi There are currently 25 recognised species in this genus Species list edit Select show at right to expand listHepatocystis bainae Hepatocystis bouillezi Hepatocystis brayi Hepatocystis brosseti Hepatocystis carpenteri Hepatocystis cercopitheci Hepatocystis epomophori Hepatocystis fieldi Hepatocystis foylei Hepatocystis garnhami Hepatocystis hipposideri Hepatocystis hippopotami Hepatocystis kochi Hepatocystis levinei Hepatocystis limnotragi Hepatocystis malayensis Hepatocystis muuli Hepatocystis perronae Hepatocystis pteropi Hepatocystis ratufae Hepatocystis rodhaini Hepatocystis semnopitheci Hepatocystis simiae Hepatocystis taiwanensis Hepatocystis vassaliHistory editThe first observation of malaria in bats dates to the end of the 19th century when Dionisi described gametocytes in the blood of a bat in 1898 The type species of this genus Hepatocystis kochi was described by Laveran in 1899 from the blood of a primate and he named it Plasmodium kochi Life cycle editThe protozoa are transmitted by the bite of the insect vector The sporozoites migrate to the liver where they typically form merocysts within the liver parenchyma These may also develop in the spleen and lungs Macroscopically these may appear as white to gray nodular foci within the tissue These lesions within these organs are characterized by well circumscribed focal fibrosis accumulation of eosinophils and histiocytes hemorrhage or hemosiderosis with the loss of normal architecture The cystlike exoerythrocytic schizonts are found within the merocysts These are found around the edges of the merocytes in huge numbers The central core of the cyst consists of a non cellular granular material Released merozoites either invade other hepatocytes or erythrocytes Within the erythrocytes the merozoites first become ring forms then trophozoites and finally gametocytes The gametocytes are huge and fill the entire erythrocyte Like those of Plasmodium and unlike those of Hepatozoon their nuclei are Feulgen negative Haemozoin may be found within the erythrocytes Infected erythrocytes are then taken up when the insect vector feeds on the host Within the vector the sporogonic cycle lasts between 5 6 days The oocysts develop in the haemocoele chiefly in the head near the brain and eye Pathology editThe mature merocysts are visible to the naked eye on the hepatic surface These appear as raised grayish white to translucent foci with a central accumulation of fluid Multiple depressed areas of fibrosis with calcification representing healed lesions may also be found Microscopically the liver cysts have an irregular central space filled with faintly eosinophilic acellular flocculent material Surrounding this is a peripheral rim of myriad round lightly basophilic merozoites which measure 1 0 2 0 mm in diameter The cysts themselves are delineated by a thin convoluted eosinophilic hyaline capsule A significant inflammatory response to the merocysts may or may not be present If a reaction is present it is typically granulomatous with an admixture of eosinophils and lymphocytes The first appearance in the blood is normally two months after infection The only stage seen in the blood are gametocytes These double in number for the first three days and mature Having reached maturity they gradually decline in number and normally disappear after a month Secondary episodes may occur at variable intervals The early gametocytes consist of minute dense spots of chromatin with a tiny loop of cytoplasm As the parasite grows the chromatin tends to spread in a semicircle or into multiple dots There is no stippling of the erythrocyte Mature gametocytes are larger than a normal erythrocyte stain poorly compared to other protozoa In both male and female gametocytes the nucleus consists of two portions The macrogametocyte is a steel blue color measuring 9 5 micrometres in diameter The nucleus has a pale pink area with dense chromatin in the middle and is much smaller than that of the microgametocyte The microgametocyte stains less densely is biscuit colored and measures 9 0 micrometres in diameter The nucleus is a large oval pale pink area occupying one third to one half of the parasite Clinical features editIn endemic areas the incidence can range from 24 to 75 in nonhuman primates Although infection with Hepatocystis does not normally cause fever it may cause anaemia in the host Some versions of the Duffy antigen have been associated with protection from Hepatocytis infection in yellow baboons Papio cynocephalus 1 Host records editPrimates and bats are the most commonly identified host of these parasites H bouillezi H cercopitheci H kochi and H simiae infect African monkeys H semnopitheci and H taiwanensis infect Asian monkeys These species may lie in different phylogenetic clades but this is not yet known Hosts where parasite species is known edit H bainae Cantor s roundleaf bat Hipposideros galeritus 2 H bouillezi mona monkey Cercopithecus mona H brosseti Franquet s epauletted fruit bat Epomops franqueti 3 H carpenteri hammerhead bat Hypsignathus monstrosus 4 5 H cercopitheci De Brazza s monkey Cercopithecus neglectus and greater spot nosed monkey Cercopithecus nictitans H epomorphori fruit bat Epomorphorus gambianus 6 H garnhami greater short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus sphinx H hippopotami hippopotamus Hippopotamus amphibius H hipposideri large leafnosed bat Hipposideros armiger terasensis H kochi African green monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops 7 8 black mangabey Cercocebus aterrimus black crested gibbon Hylobates concolor H levinei grey headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus 9 H muuli Berdmore s ground squirrel Menetes berdmorei 10 H perronnae Angolan fruit bat Lissonycteris angolensis little collared fruit bat Myonycteris torquata H pteropi bat Cynopterus bracyotis Horsefield s fruit bat Cynopterus horsfieldi bat Pteropus colinus common flying fox Pteropus edwarsii spectacled flying fox Pteropus conspicillatus fruit bat Pteropus geddiei black flying fox Pteropus gouldi grey headed flying fox Pteropus poliocephalus little red flying fox Pteropus sacpulatus H rhodiani bat Hipposideros galeritus H simiae chacma baboon Papio ursinus H semnopitheci crab eating macque Macaca irus 11 Sunda Island leaf monkey Presbytis aygula 12 H taiwanensis Formosan rock macque Macaca cyclopis H vassali squirrel Callosciurus flavimanus 13 Parasite species unknown edit Red bellied tree squirrel Callosciurus erythraeus 14 Lesser short nosed fruit bat Cynopterus brachyotis 15 Fruit bat Cynopterus horsfieldi 16 Bare backed fruit bat Dobsonia moluccense Ethiopian epauletted fruit bat Epomophorus labiatus Large leafnosed bat Hipposideros armiger terasensis 14 Diadem leaf nosed bat Hipposideros diadema White cheeked gibbon Hylobates concolor 17 Formosan macaque Macaca cyclopis 14 Southern pig tailed macaque Macaca nemestrina Long winged bat Miniopterus schreibersii 14 Olive baboon Papio anubis 18 Yellow baboon Papio cynocephalus 1 Formosan giant flying squirrel Petaurista grandis 14 Orangutan Pongo pygmaeus 19 Black flying fox Pteropus alecto Small flying fox Pteropus hypomelanus 15 Horseshoe bat Rhinolophus speciesVectors editKnown vectors belong to the genus Culicoides Species of Streblidae may also be able to act as vectors but this is not yet certain H brayi Culicoides nubeculosus and Culicoides variipennis H kochi Culicoides adersi Ingram and Macfie 1923 H levinei Culicoides nubeculosusReferences edit a b Tung J Primus A Bouley AJ Severson TF Alberts SC Wray GA 2009 Evolution of a malaria resistance gene in wild primates Nature 460 7253 388 91 doi 10 1038 nature08149 PMID 19553936 Mialhe E Landau I 1977 Description of Hepatocystis bainae n sp parasite of Hipposideros galeritus Cantor Microchiroptera in Malaysia Ann Parasitol Hum Comp in French 52 4 385 90 doi 10 1051 parasite 1977524385 PMID 412454 Miltgen F Landau I Rosin G Erard C 1977 Hepatocystis brosseti n sp Haemproteidae parasite of Epomops franqueti Pteropinae in Gabon Ann Parasitol Hum Comp in French 52 6 589 96 doi 10 1051 parasite 1977526589 PMID 418727 Ayala SC Bradbury J Bradbury S 1981 Hepatocystis in Hypsignathus monstrosus pteropinea in Gaboon I Hepatocystis malaria in a hammerhead bat population in Gaboon West Africa Ann Parasitol Hum Comp 56 1 21 2 doi 10 1051 parasite 1981561021 PMID 7258993 Miltgen F Landau I Bradbury J 1980 Hepatocystis of Hypsignathus monstrosus Pteropinae in Gabon II Description of Hepatocystis carpenteri n sp Ann Parasitol Hum Comp in French 55 5 485 90 doi 10 1051 parasite 1980555485 PMID 6784655 Bray RS 1984 Some parasitic protozoa from the Gambia J Euk Microbiol 31 4 577 8 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1984 tb05507 x Leathers CW 1978 The prevalence of Hepatocystis kochi in African green monkeys Lab Anim Sci 28 2 186 9 PMID 417213 Dracopoli NC Turner TR Else JG Jolly CJ Anthony R Gallo RC Saxinger WC 1986 STLV I antibodies in feral populations of East African vervet monkeys Cercopithecus aethiops Int J Cancer 38 4 523 9 doi 10 1002 ijc 2910380412 PMID 3019900 Landau I Humphery Smith I Chabaud A G Miltgen F Copeman B Boulard Y 1985 Description et transmission experimentale de l Haemoproteide Hepatocystis levinei n sp Annales de Parasitologie Humaine et Comparee 60 4 373 382 doi 10 1051 parasite 1985604373 ISSN 0003 4150 nbsp Landau I Baccam D Ratanaworabhan N Yenbutra S 1980 Description of Hepatocystis muuli n sp Haemoproteidae parasite of Sciuridae in Thailand Ann Parasitol Hum Comp in French 55 5 477 84 doi 10 1051 parasite 1980555477 PMID 6784654 Otsuru M Sekikawa H 1979 Surveys of simian malaria in Japan Zentralbl Bakteriol Orig A 244 2 3 245 50 PMID 116437 Garnham PC Rajapaksa N 1973 Malaria parasites in Presbytis aygula New host record of Hepatocystis semnopitheci Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 67 1 2 doi 10 1016 0035 9203 73 90251 4 PMID 4204748 Van Peenen PF Hoogstraal H Duncan JF Ryan PF 1968 Hematozoa from mammals of South Vietnam J Euk Microbiol 15 3 608 614 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1968 tb02180 x a b c d e Manwell RD Kuntz RE 1966 Hepatocystis in Formosan mammals with a description of a new species J Euk Microbiol 13 4 670 2 doi 10 1111 j 1550 7408 1966 tb01979 x a b Olival KJ Stiner EO Perkins SL 2007 Detection of Hepatocystis sp in southeast Asian flying foxes Pteropodidae using microscopic and molecular methods J Parasitol 93 6 1538 40 doi 10 1645 GE 1208 1 PMID 18314711 Masbar S Palmieri JR Marwoto HA Purnomo Darwis F 1981 Blood parasites of wild and domestic animals from South Kalimantan Borneo Indonesia Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 12 1 42 6 PMID 6789456 Shiroishi T Davis J Warren M 1968 Hepatocystis in the white cheeked gibbon Hylobates concolor J Parasitol 54 1 168 doi 10 2307 3276896 JSTOR 3276896 PMID 4966669 Zeiss CJ Shomer N 2001 Hepatocystosis in a baboon Papio anubis Contemp Top Lab Anim Sci 40 1 41 2 PMID 11300677 Stafford EE Galdikas Brindamour B Beaudoin et al 1978 Hepatocystis in the orangutan Pongo pygmaeus Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 72 1 106 7 doi 10 1016 0035 9203 78 90314 0 PMID 416523 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hepatocystis amp oldid 1183243793, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.