Hendiadys (/hɛnˈdaɪ.ədɪs/; a Latinized form of the Greek phrase ἓν διὰ δυοῖν (hèn dià duoîn) 'one through two') is a figure of speech used for emphasis—"The substitution of a conjunction for a subordination". The basic idea is to use two words linked by the conjunction "and" instead of the one modifying the other. English names for hendiadys include two for one and figure of twins. The term hendiaduo may also be used. The 17th century English Biblical commentator Matthew Poole referred to "hendiaduos" in his comments on Genesis 3:16, Proverbs 1:6, and Isaiah 19:20.[1]
The typical result of a hendiadys is to transform a noun-plus-adjective into two nouns joined by a conjunction. For example, sound and fury (from act V, scene 5 of Macbeth) seems to offer a more striking image than "furious sound". In this example, as typically, the subordinate idea originally present in the adjective is transformed into a noun in and of itself.
Another example is Dieu et mon droit, present in the coat of arms of the United Kingdom. In fact, hendiadys is most effective in English when the adjectival and nominal forms of the word are identical. Thus "the cold wind went down the hall" becomes the cold and the wind went down the hall. He came despite rain and weather instead of "He came despite the rainy weather".
Two verbs (as in the case of a catenative verb) can be so joined: come and get it (also come get it in American English) and Fowler says that try and... for "try to..." is a "true example" of hendiadys.[2] The etymology of try and... is explained in a "Usage Note" in the online Merriam Webster Dictionary[3]
The conjunction may be elided (parataxis): This coffee is nice and hot can become This is nice hot coffee; in both cases one is saying that the coffee is hot to a nice degree, not that the coffee itself would be nice even if cold.
When hendiadys fails in its effects, it can sound merely redundant. For example, the Latin grade cum amicitia atque pace, literally with friendship and peace, which originally contained hendiadys for emphasis, is often translated instead as "with peaceful friendship", which lacks hendiadys, and can therefore be interpreted to lack the same emphasis as the original phrase.
In classical and Biblical literatureedit
Hendiadys is often used in Latin poetry. There are many examples in Virgil's Aeneid, e.g., Book 1, line 54: vinclis et carcere, literally translated as "with chains and prison" but the phrase means "with prison chains".
Exodus 15:4 markəbǒt par‘õh wəḥêlôthe chariots of Pharaoh and his army for "the chariots of Pharaoh's army"[4]
In Leviticus 25:47, the Hebrew says ger v'toshav, literally translated as "an alien and a resident", but the phrase means a "resident alien"[citation needed].
In Lamentations 2:9, the Hebrew says ibbad v'shibar, literally translated as "ruined and broken", but the phrase means "totally destroyed".
In Isaiah 4:5, the phrase literally translated as a cloud by day, and smoke is sometimes interpreted as a hendiadys meaning "a cloud of smoke by day".[5]
In Mark 11:24, the Greek says "ὅσα προσεύχεσθε καὶ αἰτεῖσθε", literally translated as "whatever you pray and ask", but the phrase means "whatever you ask in prayer".[6]
William Shakespeare uses hendiadys throughout his canon, most notably in Hamlet where their use is replete. When cautioning his sister Ophelia, Laertes makes use of this rhetorical trope repeatedly with "safety and health" (1.3.20), "voice and yielding" (1.3.22), and "morn and liquid dew" (1.3.41). Perhaps the most famous use of hendiadys in the play is Hamlet's own "Oh what a rogue and peasant slave am I” (2.2.538).
As linguistic terminology in describing Turkic languagesedit
Hendiadys is the preferred terminology used to describe some types of compounding in Turkic linguistics. Johanson, in his discussion of Turkic compounding, considers compounds of synonymous components to be hendiadys:
The asyndetic type noun + noun is also used in coordinative compounds, so-called twin words or binomes. In this case, two parallel nouns with similar meanings form a synonym compound, hendiadys, ...or a hyponym compound to express a higher concept...[7]
See alsoedit
Look up hendiadys in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Hendiadys is different from these:
Hendiatris, one through three does not have a subordination of parts
Irreversible binomial, word pairs of collocation in which the order of the words cannot be reversed
^Merriam Webster Dictionary Words at Play "We're Going to Explain the Deal with 'Try And' and 'Try To'"
^page 121 in J. Kenneth Kuntz (2005). "Hendiadys as an Agent of Rhetorical Enrichment in Biblical Poetry, With Special Reference to Prophetic Discourse". In Deborah L. Ellens; J. Harold Ellens; Isaac Kalimi; Rolf Knierim (eds.). God's Word for Our World. Vol. 1. New York: T & T Clark International. pp. 114–135. ISBN0826469744. No less prominent is the first of several hendiadyadic elements that significantly enrich the poetic discourse in the Song of the Sea (Exod. 15.1-18).
^Delitzsch, Franz (1890). Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah. Vol. 1. James Denney, translator. New York: Funk and Wagnalls. p. 143.
^Zerwick, Maximilian, Joseph Smith (transl). Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples. Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici. Rome, 1963. §460
^Johanson, Lars (1998). The Turkic languages. Johanson, Lars, 1936-, Csató, Éva Ágnes. London: Routledge. pp. 50. ISBN978-0415412612. OCLC 908192061.
Wright, George T. (1981). "Hendiadys and Hamlet". Publications of the Modern Language Association of America. 96 (2): 168–93. doi:10.2307/461987. JSTOR 461987. Reprinted in George T. Wright, Hearing the Measures: Shakespearean and Other Inflections (The University of Wisconsin Press, 2001).
Wallace, Daniel B. (1996). Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan. pp. 276–7. ISBN0-310-21895-0.
October 29, 2023
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Hendiadys h ɛ n ˈ d aɪ e d ɪ s a Latinized form of the Greek phrase ἓn diὰ dyoῖn hen dia duoin one through two is a figure of speech used for emphasis The substitution of a conjunction for a subordination The basic idea is to use two words linked by the conjunction and instead of the one modifying the other English names for hendiadys include two for one and figure of twins The term hendiaduo may also be used The 17th century English Biblical commentator Matthew Poole referred to hendiaduos in his comments on Genesis 3 16 Proverbs 1 6 and Isaiah 19 20 1 Contents 1 Use and effect 2 In classical and Biblical literature 3 As linguistic terminology in describing Turkic languages 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Further readingUse and effect editThis section possibly contains original research Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations Statements consisting only of original research should be removed June 2022 Learn how and when to remove this template message The typical result of a hendiadys is to transform a noun plus adjective into two nouns joined by a conjunction For example sound and fury from act V scene 5 of Macbeth seems to offer a more striking image than furious sound In this example as typically the subordinate idea originally present in the adjective is transformed into a noun in and of itself Another example is Dieu et mon droit present in the coat of arms of the United Kingdom In fact hendiadys is most effective in English when the adjectival and nominal forms of the word are identical Thus the cold wind went down the hall becomes the cold and the wind went down the hall He came despite rain and weather instead of He came despite the rainy weather Two verbs as in the case of a catenative verb can be so joined come and get it also come get it in American English and Fowler says that try and for try to is a true example of hendiadys 2 The etymology of try and is explained in a Usage Note in the online Merriam Webster Dictionary 3 The conjunction may be elided parataxis This coffee is nice and hot can become This is nice hot coffee in both cases one is saying that the coffee is hot to a nice degree not that the coffee itself would be nice even if cold When hendiadys fails in its effects it can sound merely redundant For example the Latin grade cum amicitia atque pace literally with friendship and peace which originally contained hendiadys for emphasis is often translated instead as with peaceful friendship which lacks hendiadys and can therefore be interpreted to lack the same emphasis as the original phrase In classical and Biblical literature editHendiadys is often used in Latin poetry There are many examples in Virgil s Aeneid e g Book 1 line 54 vinclis et carcere literally translated as with chains and prison but the phrase means with prison chains Exodus 15 4 markebǒt par oh weḥelo the chariots of Pharaoh and his army for the chariots of Pharaoh s army 4 In Leviticus 25 47 the Hebrew says ger v toshav literally translated as an alien and a resident but the phrase means a resident alien citation needed In Lamentations 2 9 the Hebrew says ibbad v shibar literally translated as ruined and broken but the phrase means totally destroyed In Isaiah 4 5 the phrase literally translated as a cloud by day and smoke is sometimes interpreted as a hendiadys meaning a cloud of smoke by day 5 In Mark 11 24 the Greek says ὅsa proseyxes8e kaὶ aἰteῖs8e literally translated as whatever you pray and ask but the phrase means whatever you ask in prayer 6 William Shakespeare uses hendiadys throughout his canon most notably in Hamlet where their use is replete When cautioning his sister Ophelia Laertes makes use of this rhetorical trope repeatedly with safety and health 1 3 20 voice and yielding 1 3 22 and morn and liquid dew 1 3 41 Perhaps the most famous use of hendiadys in the play is Hamlet s own Oh what a rogue and peasant slave am I 2 2 538 As linguistic terminology in describing Turkic languages editHendiadys is the preferred terminology used to describe some types of compounding in Turkic linguistics Johanson in his discussion of Turkic compounding considers compounds of synonymous components to be hendiadys The asyndetic type noun noun is also used in coordinative compounds so called twin words or binomes In this case two parallel nouns with similar meanings form a synonym compound hendiadys or a hyponym compound to express a higher concept 7 See also edit nbsp Look up hendiadys in Wiktionary the free dictionary Hendiadys is different from these Hendiatris one through three does not have a subordination of parts Irreversible binomial word pairs of collocation in which the order of the words cannot be reversed Litotes a form of understatement for emphasis Merism a figure of speech in which a whole is indicated by a brief enumeration of parts Legal doublets which are the conjoining of two synonymous wordsReferences edit Matthew Poole s Commentaries on Genesis 3 Proverbs 1 and Isaiah 19 accessed 14 November 2015 page 245 entry hendiadys in Burchfield Robert William 1996 The New Fowler s Modern English Usage 3rd ed Oxford University Press ISBN 0 198 69126 2 OCLC 36063311 Merriam Webster Dictionary Words at Play We re Going to Explain the Deal with Try And and Try To page 121 in J Kenneth Kuntz 2005 Hendiadys as an Agent of Rhetorical Enrichment in Biblical Poetry With Special Reference to Prophetic Discourse In Deborah L Ellens J Harold Ellens Isaac Kalimi Rolf Knierim eds God s Word for Our World Vol 1 New York T amp T Clark International pp 114 135 ISBN 0826469744 No less prominent is the first of several hendiadyadic elements that significantly enrich the poetic discourse in the Song of the Sea Exod 15 1 18 Delitzsch Franz 1890 Biblical Commentary on the Prophecies of Isaiah Vol 1 James Denney translator New York Funk and Wagnalls p 143 Zerwick Maximilian Joseph Smith transl Biblical Greek Illustrated by Examples Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici Rome 1963 460 Johanson Lars 1998 The Turkic languages Johanson Lars 1936 Csato Eva Agnes London Routledge pp 50 ISBN 978 0415412612 OCLC 908192061 Further reading edit Smyth Herbert Weir 1920 Greek Grammar Cambridge Massachusetts Harvard University Press p 678 ISBN 0 674 36250 0 Wright George T 1981 Hendiadys and Hamlet Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 96 2 168 93 doi 10 2307 461987 JSTOR 461987 Reprinted in George T Wright Hearing the Measures Shakespearean and Other Inflections The University of Wisconsin Press 2001 Wallace Daniel B 1996 Greek Grammar Beyond the Basics Grand Rapids Michigan Zondervan pp 276 7 ISBN 0 310 21895 0 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hendiadys amp oldid 1182223373, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
