Helothermine (or HLTx) is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican beaded lizardHeloderma horridum horridum. Helothermine inhibits ryanodine receptors, calcium channels and potassium channels. Helothermine can cause lethargy, partial paralysis of rear limbs and lowering of the body temperature.
The name of the toxin helothermine is derived from its source, a Heloderma lizard, and one of its effects in mice, induction of hypothermia.[1]
Sourcesedit
Helothermine is a toxin found in the venom (salivary secretion) of the Mexican beaded lizard Heloderma horridum horridum, one of the four subspecies of the beaded lizard. Besides helothermine the venom of the Mexican beaded lizard also contains at least three other toxins and several enzymes.[1]
Chemistryedit
The peptide HLTx consists of 242 amino acids residues in a single polypeptide chain. It is stabilized with eight disulfide bridges and has a molecular weight of 25.5 kDa. The iso-electric point is 6.8 and the N-terminal amino acid sequence is: Glu-Ala-Ser-Pro-Lys-Leu-Pro-Gly-Leu-Met-Thr-Ser-Asn-Pro-Asp-Gln-Gln-Thr- Glu-Ile.[1] HLTx shows no structural similarities with any of the known sodium-, potassium- or calcium channel-specific toxins.[2] Highest similarities are found with a family of cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISP), found in human and in mice testes.[3]
The effects of HLTx on voltage-dependent calcium channels have been tested in granule cells of the cerebellum. In these cells, HLTx inhibits up to 67% of the calcium currents, acting on multiple subtypes. This inhibition is reversible, concentration-dependent and practically voltage-independent. No effects on the activation and inactivation kinetics were observed. A small shift in the steady-state inactivation curve has been reported. IC50 is 0.25 μM.[4]
Potassium Channelsedit
HLTx inhibits both delayed rectifier and A-type potassium channels in cerebellar granular cells. HLTx reduces the A-type current in a voltage and concentration-dependent way, with an IC50 of 0.52 μM. It slows down both the activation and the inactivation kinetics of the A-type current. The block of the delayed-rectifier current is not voltage-dependent, but only concentration-dependent, with an IC50 of 0.83 μM.[5]
Ryanodine receptoredit
The ryanodine receptor, both in skeletal and in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), is inhibited by HLTx. The affinity of the toxin is much higher for the skeletal- than for the cardiac SR receptors, but binding is reversible in both cases.[3]
Toxicityedit
The main effect of HTLx seems to be the induction of hypothermia. Other effects are lethargy, intestinal distension/diarrhea and paralysis of the rear limbs. Sporadic tonic convulsions can occur when the intoxicated animals are touched on the dorsal parts of their body.[5] The specific toxins of the Mexican beaded lizard are probably evolved to immobilize preys, as these lizards move very slowly themselves.[1]
^ abcdeJ. Mochca-Morales, B.M. Martin, L.D. Possani, 1990, Isolation and characterization of helothermine, a novel toxin from Heloderma horridum horridum (Mexican beaded lizard) venom, Toxicon, 28 (3), 299-309
^ abM.E. Adams and G. Swanson, 1994, Neurotoxins, Trends in Neurosciences, 17:1s-28s
^ abcdJ. Morrissette et al, 1995, Primary structure and properties of Helothermine, a peptide toxin that blocks ryanodine receptors, Biophys. J, 68(6): 2280-8
^ abcM. Nobile et al, 1996, Helothermine, a lizard venom toxin, inhibits calcium current in cerebellar granules, Exp Brain Res, 110:15-20
^ abcdM.Nobile et al, 1994, the toxin HLTx affects potassium currents in newborn rat cerebellar granule cells, J. Membrane Biology, 139: 49-55
January 01, 1970
helothermine, hltx, toxin, from, venom, mexican, beaded, lizard, heloderma, horridum, horridum, inhibits, ryanodine, receptors, calcium, channels, potassium, channels, cause, lethargy, partial, paralysis, rear, limbs, lowering, body, temperature, contents, ety. Helothermine or HLTx is a toxin from the venom of the Mexican beaded lizard Heloderma horridum horridum Helothermine inhibits ryanodine receptors calcium channels and potassium channels Helothermine can cause lethargy partial paralysis of rear limbs and lowering of the body temperature Contents 1 Etymology 2 Sources 3 Chemistry 4 Target and mode of action 4 1 Calcium channels 4 2 Potassium Channels 4 3 Ryanodine receptor 5 Toxicity 6 ReferencesEtymology editThe name of the toxin helothermine is derived from its source a Heloderma lizard and one of its effects in mice induction of hypothermia 1 Sources editHelothermine is a toxin found in the venom salivary secretion of the Mexican beaded lizard Heloderma horridum horridum one of the four subspecies of the beaded lizard Besides helothermine the venom of the Mexican beaded lizard also contains at least three other toxins and several enzymes 1 Chemistry editThe peptide HLTx consists of 242 amino acids residues in a single polypeptide chain It is stabilized with eight disulfide bridges and has a molecular weight of 25 5 kDa The iso electric point is 6 8 and the N terminal amino acid sequence is Glu Ala Ser Pro Lys Leu Pro Gly Leu Met Thr Ser Asn Pro Asp Gln Gln Thr Glu Ile 1 HLTx shows no structural similarities with any of the known sodium potassium or calcium channel specific toxins 2 Highest similarities are found with a family of cysteine rich secretory proteins CRISP found in human and in mice testes 3 Target and mode of action editHLTx inhibits ryanodine receptors of sarcoplasmic reticulum and both calcium channels and potassium channels 3 4 5 Calcium channels edit The effects of HLTx on voltage dependent calcium channels have been tested in granule cells of the cerebellum In these cells HLTx inhibits up to 67 of the calcium currents acting on multiple subtypes This inhibition is reversible concentration dependent and practically voltage independent No effects on the activation and inactivation kinetics were observed A small shift in the steady state inactivation curve has been reported IC50 is 0 25 mM 4 Potassium Channels edit HLTx inhibits both delayed rectifier and A type potassium channels in cerebellar granular cells HLTx reduces the A type current in a voltage and concentration dependent way with an IC50 of 0 52 mM It slows down both the activation and the inactivation kinetics of the A type current The block of the delayed rectifier current is not voltage dependent but only concentration dependent with an IC50 of 0 83 mM 5 Ryanodine receptor edit The ryanodine receptor both in skeletal and in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum SR is inhibited by HLTx The affinity of the toxin is much higher for the skeletal than for the cardiac SR receptors but binding is reversible in both cases 3 Toxicity editThe main effect of HTLx seems to be the induction of hypothermia Other effects are lethargy intestinal distension diarrhea and paralysis of the rear limbs Sporadic tonic convulsions can occur when the intoxicated animals are touched on the dorsal parts of their body 5 The specific toxins of the Mexican beaded lizard are probably evolved to immobilize preys as these lizards move very slowly themselves 1 References edit 1 2 3 4 5 a b c d e J Mochca Morales B M Martin L D Possani 1990 Isolation and characterization of helothermine a novel toxin from Heloderma horridum horridum Mexican beaded lizard venom Toxicon 28 3 299 309 a b M E Adams and G Swanson 1994 Neurotoxins Trends in Neurosciences 17 1s 28s a b c d J Morrissette et al 1995 Primary structure and properties of Helothermine a peptide toxin that blocks ryanodine receptors Biophys J 68 6 2280 8 a b c M Nobile et al 1996 Helothermine a lizard venom toxin inhibits calcium current in cerebellar granules Exp Brain Res 110 15 20 a b c d M Nobile et al 1994 the toxin HLTx affects potassium currents in newborn rat cerebellar granule cells J Membrane Biology 139 49 55 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Helothermine amp oldid 1194601554, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
