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Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty

The Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty (German: Helgoland-Sansibar-Vertrag; also known as the Anglo-German Agreement of 1890) was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between Germany and the United Kingdom.

Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty
SignedJuly 1, 1890 (1890-07-01)
LocationBerlin
Signatories
Parties
Handover ceremony on Heligoland, 10 August 1890

The accord gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip (a ribbon of land that gave German South-West Africa access to the Zambezi River), the strategically located island of Heligoland in the North Sea, and the heartland of German East Africa. In return, Germany recognized British authority in Zanzibar. Heligoland was needed to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany's North Sea ports. Britain used Zanzibar as a key link in the British control of East Africa.[1]

Terms edit

 
Imperial German Postal Agency in Zanzibar with its staff (1890)

Germany gained the islands of Heligoland (German: Helgoland) in the North Sea, originally possession of the dukes of Holstein-Gottorp but since 1814 a British possession, the so-called Caprivi Strip in what is now Namibia, and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam that would form the core of German East Africa (later Tanganyika, now the mainland component of Tanzania).[2]

In exchange, Germany handed over to Britain the protectorate over the small sultanate of Wituland (Deutsch-Witu, on the Kenyan coast) and parts of East Africa vital for the British to build a railway to Lake Victoria, and pledged not to interfere with British actions vis-à-vis the independent Sultanate of Zanzibar (i.e. the islands of Unguja and Pemba). In addition, the treaty established the German sphere of interest in German South West Africa (most of present-day Namibia) and settled the borders between German Togoland and the British Gold Coast (now Ghana), as well as between German Kamerun and British Nigeria.[3]

Consequences edit

Britain divested itself of a naval base which covered the approaches to the main German naval bases in the North Sea, but which would be impossible to defend as Germany built up its navy. It immediately declared a protectorate over Zanzibar and, in the subsequent 1896 Anglo-Zanzibar War, gained full control of the sultanate.

The treaty served German chancellor Leo von Caprivi's aims for a settlement with the British. After the 1884 Berlin Conference, Germany had been losing out in the "Scramble for Africa". The German East Africa Company under Carl Peters had acquired a strip of land on the Tanganyikan coast (leading to the 1888 Abushiri Revolt), but had never had any control over the islands of the Zanzibar sultanate. The treaty gave away no vital German interests, while acquiring Heligoland, an island which was strategically placed for control over the German Bight. With the construction of the Kiel Canal from 1887 onward, control of the German Bight had become essential to Emperor Wilhelm's II plans for expansion of the Imperial Navy. Wilhelm's naval policies aborted an accommodation with the British and ultimately led to a rapprochement between Britain and France, sealed with the Entente cordiale in 1904.

The misleading name for the treaty was introduced by ex-Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, who intended to attack his despised successor Caprivi for concluding an agreement that Bismarck himself had arranged during his incumbency. However, Bismarck's nomenclature implied that Germany had swapped an African empire for tiny Heligoland ("trousers for a button").[4] This was eagerly adopted by imperialists, who complained about "treason" against German interests. Carl Peters and Alfred Hugenberg appealed for the foundation of the Alldeutscher Verband ("Pan-German League") which took place in 1891.[5]

Notes edit

  1. ^ James Stuart Olson; Robert Shadle (1991). Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood. pp. 279–80. ISBN 9780313262579.
  2. ^ William L. Langer, The Diplomacy of Imperialism, 1890-1902 (1951) pp 118-20
  3. ^ David R. Gillard, "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890." English Historical Review (1960): 631-653.
  4. ^ Helgoland, The Milwaukee Sentinel, November 9, 1914
  5. ^ Perras, Arne (2004). Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856–1918: A Political Biography. Clarendon Press. pp. 168–79. ISBN 978-0-19-151472-2.

Further reading edit

  • Gillard, D. R. (1960). "Salisbury's African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890". English Historical Review. 75 (297): 631–653. doi:10.1093/ehr/LXXV.297.631. JSTOR 558111.
  • Perras, Arne (2004). Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856–1918: A Political Biography. Clarendon Press. pp. 168–79. ISBN 978-0-19-151472-2.
  • Pyeatt, Duane Niler (1988). Heligoland and the making of the Anglo-German colonial agreement in 1890 (MA thesis). Texas Tech University. hdl:2346/12379.
  • Rüger, Jan (2014). "Sovereignty and Empire in the North Sea, 1807–1918". American Historical Review. 119 (2): 313–338. doi:10.1093/ahr/119.2.313.
  • Rüger, Jan (2016). Heligoland: Britain, Germany, and the struggle for the North Sea. Oxford University Press.
  • Yokell, Marshall A. (2010). The treaty of Helgoland-Zanzibar : the beginning of the end for the Anglo-German friendship? (Master's Thesis). University of Richmond. Includes the citation of the English version of the contract.

External links edit

  • Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und dem Vereinigten Königreich über die Kolonien und Helgoland vom 1. Juli 1890, Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern (DGDB), Transcription of: Das Staatsarchiv. Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstücke zur Geschichte der Gegenwart, Bd. 51, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1891, S. 151. (in German)
  • The Anglo-German Treaty (Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty) 1 July 1890, Translation of the German version of the contract

heligoland, zanzibar, treaty, german, helgoland, sansibar, vertrag, also, known, anglo, german, agreement, 1890, agreement, signed, july, 1890, between, germany, united, kingdom, signedjuly, 1890, 1890, locationberlinsignatorieschancellor, caprivi, friedrich, . The Heligoland Zanzibar Treaty German Helgoland Sansibar Vertrag also known as the Anglo German Agreement of 1890 was an agreement signed on 1 July 1890 between Germany and the United Kingdom Heligoland Zanzibar TreatySignedJuly 1 1890 1890 07 01 LocationBerlinSignatoriesChancellor Leo von Caprivi Friedrich Richard Krauel de Sir Edward Baldwin Malet Sir Henry PercyParties Germany United KingdomHandover ceremony on Heligoland 10 August 1890The accord gave Germany control of the Caprivi Strip a ribbon of land that gave German South West Africa access to the Zambezi River the strategically located island of Heligoland in the North Sea and the heartland of German East Africa In return Germany recognized British authority in Zanzibar Heligoland was needed to control the new Kiel Canal and the approaches to Germany s North Sea ports Britain used Zanzibar as a key link in the British control of East Africa 1 Contents 1 Terms 2 Consequences 3 Notes 4 Further reading 5 External linksTerms edit nbsp Imperial German Postal Agency in Zanzibar with its staff 1890 Germany gained the islands of Heligoland German Helgoland in the North Sea originally possession of the dukes of Holstein Gottorp but since 1814 a British possession the so called Caprivi Strip in what is now Namibia and a free hand to control and acquire the coast of Dar es Salaam that would form the core of German East Africa later Tanganyika now the mainland component of Tanzania 2 In exchange Germany handed over to Britain the protectorate over the small sultanate of Wituland Deutsch Witu on the Kenyan coast and parts of East Africa vital for the British to build a railway to Lake Victoria and pledged not to interfere with British actions vis a vis the independent Sultanate of Zanzibar i e the islands of Unguja and Pemba In addition the treaty established the German sphere of interest in German South West Africa most of present day Namibia and settled the borders between German Togoland and the British Gold Coast now Ghana as well as between German Kamerun and British Nigeria 3 Consequences editBritain divested itself of a naval base which covered the approaches to the main German naval bases in the North Sea but which would be impossible to defend as Germany built up its navy It immediately declared a protectorate over Zanzibar and in the subsequent 1896 Anglo Zanzibar War gained full control of the sultanate The treaty served German chancellor Leo von Caprivi s aims for a settlement with the British After the 1884 Berlin Conference Germany had been losing out in the Scramble for Africa The German East Africa Company under Carl Peters had acquired a strip of land on the Tanganyikan coast leading to the 1888 Abushiri Revolt but had never had any control over the islands of the Zanzibar sultanate The treaty gave away no vital German interests while acquiring Heligoland an island which was strategically placed for control over the German Bight With the construction of the Kiel Canal from 1887 onward control of the German Bight had become essential to Emperor Wilhelm s II plans for expansion of the Imperial Navy Wilhelm s naval policies aborted an accommodation with the British and ultimately led to a rapprochement between Britain and France sealed with the Entente cordiale in 1904 The misleading name for the treaty was introduced by ex Chancellor Otto von Bismarck who intended to attack his despised successor Caprivi for concluding an agreement that Bismarck himself had arranged during his incumbency However Bismarck s nomenclature implied that Germany had swapped an African empire for tiny Heligoland trousers for a button 4 This was eagerly adopted by imperialists who complained about treason against German interests Carl Peters and Alfred Hugenberg appealed for the foundation of the Alldeutscher Verband Pan German League which took place in 1891 5 Notes edit James Stuart Olson Robert Shadle 1991 Historical Dictionary of European Imperialism Greenwood pp 279 80 ISBN 9780313262579 William L Langer The Diplomacy of Imperialism 1890 1902 1951 pp 118 20 David R Gillard Salisbury s African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890 English Historical Review 1960 631 653 Helgoland The Milwaukee Sentinel November 9 1914 Perras Arne 2004 Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856 1918 A Political Biography Clarendon Press pp 168 79 ISBN 978 0 19 151472 2 Further reading editGillard D R 1960 Salisbury s African Policy and the Heligoland Offer of 1890 English Historical Review 75 297 631 653 doi 10 1093 ehr LXXV 297 631 JSTOR 558111 Perras Arne 2004 Carl Peters and German Imperialism 1856 1918 A Political Biography Clarendon Press pp 168 79 ISBN 978 0 19 151472 2 Pyeatt Duane Niler 1988 Heligoland and the making of the Anglo German colonial agreement in 1890 MA thesis Texas Tech University hdl 2346 12379 Ruger Jan 2014 Sovereignty and Empire in the North Sea 1807 1918 American Historical Review 119 2 313 338 doi 10 1093 ahr 119 2 313 Ruger Jan 2016 Heligoland Britain Germany and the struggle for the North Sea Oxford University Press Yokell Marshall A 2010 The treaty of Helgoland Zanzibar the beginning of the end for the Anglo German friendship Master s Thesis University of Richmond Includes the citation of the English version of the contract External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Heligoland Zanzibar Treaty Vertrag zwischen dem Deutschen Reich und dem Vereinigten Konigreich uber die Kolonien und Helgoland vom 1 Juli 1890 Deutsche Geschichte in Dokumenten und Bildern DGDB Transcription of Das Staatsarchiv Sammlung der offiziellen Aktenstucke zur Geschichte der Gegenwart Bd 51 Duncker amp Humblot Leipzig 1891 S 151 in German The Anglo German Treaty Heligoland Zanzibar Treaty 1 July 1890 Translation of the German version of the contract Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heligoland Zanzibar Treaty amp oldid 1188093882, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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