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Heartbeat star

April 12, 2024

Heartbeat stars are pulsating variable binary star systems in eccentric orbits with vibrations caused by tidal forces. The name "heartbeat" comes from the similarity of the light curve of the star with what a heartbeat looks like through an electrocardiogram if their brightness was mapped over time.[1][2] Many heartbeat stars have been discovered with the Kepler Space Telescope.[1]

Artist's conception of two heartbeat stars and a companion star. (NASA/JPL-Caltech)

Orbital information edit

Heartbeat stars are binary star systems where each star travels in a highly elliptical orbit around the common mass center, and the distance between the two stars varies drastically as they orbit each other.[1] Heartbeat stars can get as close as a few stellar radii to each other and as far as 100 times that distance during one orbit.[1][2] As the star with the more elliptical orbit swings closer to its companion, gravity will stretch the star into a non-spherical shape, changing its apparent light output.[3] At their closest point in orbit, the tidal forces cause the shape of the heartbeat stars to fluctuate rapidly.[2] When the stars reach the point of their closest encounter, the mutual gravitational pull between the two stars will cause them to become slightly ellipsoidal in shape, which is one of the reasons for their observed brightness being so variable.[1]

Discoveries edit

Heartbeat stars were studied for the first time on the basis of OGLE project observations.[4] The Kepler Space Telescope with its long monitoring of the brightness off hundreds of thousands of stars enabled the discovery of many heartbeat stars. One of the first binary systems discovered to show the elliptical orbits, KOI-54, has been shown to increase in brightness every 41.8 days.[2] A subsequent study in 2012 characterized 17 additional objects from the Kepler data and united them as a class of binary stars.[5][1][2]

A study which measured the rotation rate of star spots on the surface of heartbeat stars showed that most heartbeat stars rotate slower than expected.[6] A study which measured the orbits of 19 heartbeat star systems, found that surveyed heartbeat stars tend to be both bigger and hotter than the Sun.[7]

The star HD 74423, discovered using NASA's Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite, was found to be unusually teardrop-shaped, which causes the star to pulsate only on one side, the first known heartbeat star to do so.[8][9]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f Landau, Elizabeth (22 October 2016). "'Heartbeat Stars' Unlocked in New Study". NASA. Retrieved 3 January 2019. As cited in "'Heartbeat stars' unlocked in new study". Phys.org. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e Brabaw, Kasandra (23 November 2016). "19 'Heartbeat' Stars Mapped — Most Ever in Single Study". Space.com. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  3. ^ "Binary stars with strange orbits have been found by the Kepler space telescope". SETI.org. 24 October 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2019.
  4. ^ I. Soszyński; A. Udalski; M. Kubiak; M. K. Szymański; G. Pietrzyński; K. Żebruń; O. Szewczyk; Ł. Wyrzykowski; W. A. Dziembowski (December 2004). "The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment. Ellipsoidal Variability of Red Giants in the Large Magellanic Cloud" (PDF). Acta Astronomica. 54: 347. arXiv:astro-ph/0412505. Bibcode:2004AcA....54..347S.
  5. ^ S.E.Thompson; M. Everett; F. Mullally; T. Barclay; S. B. Howell; M. Still; et al. (July 2012). "A Class of Eccentric Binaries with Dynamic Tidal Distortions Discovered with Kepler". Astrophysical Journal. 753 (1): 86. arXiv:1203.6115. Bibcode:2012ApJ...753...86T. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/753/1/86. S2CID 119203028.
  6. ^ M. Zimmerman; S. E. Thompson; F. Mullally; J. Fuller; K. Hambleton; A. Shiporer (September 2017). "The Pseudosynchronization of Binary Stars Undergoing Strong Tidal Interactions". Astrophysical Journal. 846 (2): 147. arXiv:1706.05434. Bibcode:2017ApJ...846..147Z. doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa85e3. S2CID 5607901.
  7. ^ Shporer, Avi; Fuller, Jim; Isaacson, Howard; Hambleton, Kelly; Thompson, Susan E.; Prša, Andrej; Kurtz, Donald W.; Howard, Andrew W.; O'Leary, Ryan M. (2016). "Radial Velocity Monitoring of Kepler Heartbeat Stars". The Astrophysical Journal. 829 (1): 34. arXiv:1606.02723. Bibcode:2016ApJ...829...34S. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/829/1/34. ISSN 0004-637X. S2CID 9533109.
  8. ^ Strickland, Ashley (9 March 2020). "Unusual tear-drop shaped, half-pulsating star discovered by amateur astronomers". CNN. Retrieved 10 March 2020.
  9. ^ G. Handler; D. W. Kurtz; S. A. Rappaport; H. Saio; J. Fuller; D. Jones; Z. Guo; S. Chowdhury; P. Sowicka; F. Kahraman Aliçavuş; M. Streamer; S. J. Murphy; R. Gagliano; T. L. Jacobs; A. Vanderburg (9 March 2020). "Tidally trapped pulsations in a close binary star system discovered by TESS". Nature Astronomy. 48 (7): 684–689. arXiv:2003.04071. Bibcode:2020NatAs...4..684H. doi:10.1038/s41550-020-1035-1. S2CID 212634328. Retrieved 10 March 2020.

Further reading edit

  • Hambleton, K.; Fuller, J.; Thompson, S.; Prša, A.; Kurtz, D. W.; Shporer, A.; Isaacson, H.; Howard, A. W.; Endl, M.; Cochran, W.; Murphy, S. J. (13 October 2017). "KIC 8164262: a heartbeat star showing tidally induced pulsations with resonant locking". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 473 (4): 5165–5176. arXiv:1706.05051. doi:10.1093/mnras/stx2673. ISSN 0035-8711. Retrieved 29 February 2020.
  • Manuel, Joseph; Hambleton, Kelly (January 2018). "Binary Model for the Heartbeat Star System KIC 4142768". AAS. 231: 146.01. Bibcode:2018AAS...23114601M.

April 12, 2024
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Heartbeat stars are pulsating variable binary star systems in eccentric orbits with vibrations caused by tidal forces The name heartbeat comes from the similarity of the light curve of the star with what a heartbeat looks like through an electrocardiogram if their brightness was mapped over time 1 2 Many heartbeat stars have been discovered with the Kepler Space Telescope 1 Artist s conception of two heartbeat stars and a companion star NASA JPL Caltech Contents 1 Orbital information 2 Discoveries 3 References 4 Further readingOrbital information editHeartbeat stars are binary star systems where each star travels in a highly elliptical orbit around the common mass center and the distance between the two stars varies drastically as they orbit each other 1 Heartbeat stars can get as close as a few stellar radii to each other and as far as 100 times that distance during one orbit 1 2 As the star with the more elliptical orbit swings closer to its companion gravity will stretch the star into a non spherical shape changing its apparent light output 3 At their closest point in orbit the tidal forces cause the shape of the heartbeat stars to fluctuate rapidly 2 When the stars reach the point of their closest encounter the mutual gravitational pull between the two stars will cause them to become slightly ellipsoidal in shape which is one of the reasons for their observed brightness being so variable 1 Discoveries editHeartbeat stars were studied for the first time on the basis of OGLE project observations 4 The Kepler Space Telescope with its long monitoring of the brightness off hundreds of thousands of stars enabled the discovery of many heartbeat stars One of the first binary systems discovered to show the elliptical orbits KOI 54 has been shown to increase in brightness every 41 8 days 2 A subsequent study in 2012 characterized 17 additional objects from the Kepler data and united them as a class of binary stars 5 1 2 A study which measured the rotation rate of star spots on the surface of heartbeat stars showed that most heartbeat stars rotate slower than expected 6 A study which measured the orbits of 19 heartbeat star systems found that surveyed heartbeat stars tend to be both bigger and hotter than the Sun 7 The star HD 74423 discovered using NASA s Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite was found to be unusually teardrop shaped which causes the star to pulsate only on one side the first known heartbeat star to do so 8 9 References edit a b c d e f Landau Elizabeth 22 October 2016 Heartbeat Stars Unlocked in New Study NASA Retrieved 3 January 2019 As cited in Heartbeat stars unlocked in new study Phys org 24 October 2016 Retrieved 4 January 2019 a b c d e Brabaw Kasandra 23 November 2016 19 Heartbeat Stars Mapped Most Ever in Single Study Space com Retrieved 29 February 2020 Binary stars with strange orbits have been found by the Kepler space telescope SETI org 24 October 2016 Retrieved 3 January 2019 I Soszynski A Udalski M Kubiak M K Szymanski G Pietrzynski K Zebrun O Szewczyk L Wyrzykowski W A Dziembowski December 2004 The Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment Ellipsoidal Variability of Red Giants in the Large Magellanic Cloud PDF Acta Astronomica 54 347 arXiv astro ph 0412505 Bibcode 2004AcA 54 347S S E Thompson M Everett F Mullally T Barclay S B Howell M Still et al July 2012 A Class of Eccentric Binaries with Dynamic Tidal Distortions Discovered with Kepler Astrophysical Journal 753 1 86 arXiv 1203 6115 Bibcode 2012ApJ 753 86T doi 10 1088 0004 637X 753 1 86 S2CID 119203028 M Zimmerman S E Thompson F Mullally J Fuller K Hambleton A Shiporer September 2017 The Pseudosynchronization of Binary Stars Undergoing Strong Tidal Interactions Astrophysical Journal 846 2 147 arXiv 1706 05434 Bibcode 2017ApJ 846 147Z doi 10 3847 1538 4357 aa85e3 S2CID 5607901 Shporer Avi Fuller Jim Isaacson Howard Hambleton Kelly Thompson Susan E Prsa Andrej Kurtz Donald W Howard Andrew W O Leary Ryan M 2016 Radial Velocity Monitoring of Kepler Heartbeat Stars The Astrophysical Journal 829 1 34 arXiv 1606 02723 Bibcode 2016ApJ 829 34S doi 10 3847 0004 637X 829 1 34 ISSN 0004 637X S2CID 9533109 Strickland Ashley 9 March 2020 Unusual tear drop shaped half pulsating star discovered by amateur astronomers CNN Retrieved 10 March 2020 G Handler D W Kurtz S A Rappaport H Saio J Fuller D Jones Z Guo S Chowdhury P Sowicka F Kahraman Alicavus M Streamer S J Murphy R Gagliano T L Jacobs A Vanderburg 9 March 2020 Tidally trapped pulsations in a close binary star system discovered by TESS Nature Astronomy 48 7 684 689 arXiv 2003 04071 Bibcode 2020NatAs 4 684H doi 10 1038 s41550 020 1035 1 S2CID 212634328 Retrieved 10 March 2020 Further reading editHambleton K Fuller J Thompson S Prsa A Kurtz D W Shporer A Isaacson H Howard A W Endl M Cochran W Murphy S J 13 October 2017 KIC 8164262 a heartbeat star showing tidally induced pulsations with resonant locking Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 473 4 5165 5176 arXiv 1706 05051 doi 10 1093 mnras stx2673 ISSN 0035 8711 Retrieved 29 February 2020 Manuel Joseph Hambleton Kelly January 2018 Binary Model for the Heartbeat Star System KIC 4142768 AAS 231 146 01 Bibcode 2018AAS 23114601M Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Heartbeat star amp oldid 1194879371, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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