Hawaii Territorial Legislature
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature was the legislative body of the Territory of Hawaii from 1900 to 1959 (when Hawaii became a state).
Hawaii Territorial Legislature | |
|---|---|
Seal of the Territory of Hawaii | |
| Type | |
| Type | |
| Houses | |
| History | |
| Founded | April 30, 1900 |
| Preceded by | Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom |
| Succeeded by | Hawaii State Legislature |
| Structure | |
| Seats | 76 |
Length of term | |
Senators | 25 (15 until February 18, 1959) |
Representatives | 51 (30 until February 18, 1959) |
| Meeting place | |
| ʻIolani Palace | |
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature was established on April 30, 1900, by the Hawaiian Organic Act which established the Territory of Hawaii as part of the United States.
Establishment edit
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature was established on April 30, 1900, by the Hawaiian Organic Act which annexed the Republic of Hawaii into the United States and established it as the Territory of Hawaii.[1] All laws created by the Republic of Hawaii were retained, except for those "inconsistent with the Constitution or laws of the United States" or with the provisions of the Organic Act;[2] various laws of the Republic of Hawaii were explicitly repealed in the text of the Organic Act.[3]
Makeup and operation edit
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature was a bicameral body comprising a Senate and a House of Representatives.[4] Positions in both chambers were elected.[5] Each had the power to select its own officers and design its procedural rules.[6] A quorum was defined as the majority of the members of a given chamber, and a vote by a quorum was sufficient for "the conduct of ordinary business", but a simple majority was required for the passage of laws.[7]
Legislative sessions were required to be held in odd-numbered years, and could be held in even-numbered years at the discretion of the legislature. Those held in even-numbered years, called "budget sessions", were restricted to matters related to the budget, elections, and impeachment of officials. Sessions began on the third Wednesday in February.[8]
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature convened at ʻIolani Palace.[9]
Admission of women edit
Very soon after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1920, which allowed women to vote in elections, women began seeking election to the Territorial Legislature.[10] However, the Organic Act required that members of the legislature be male citizens of the United States. In 1922, the United States Congress passed a bill to modify the Organic Act to allow women to hold office.[11] The first woman in the Hawaii Territorial Legislature was Rosalie Keliʻinoi, elected to the Territorial House of Representatives in 1925. Elsie Wilcox became the first woman elected to the Territorial Senate in 1933.[12]
Senate edit
The Senate of the Territory of Hawaii had 25 members (15 members until February 18, 1959), elected for four-year terms.[13] Members, required to be United States citizens who were older than 30, eligible to vote, and had lived in Hawaii for three years, were initially elected from six senatorial districts:[14]
- First district: Puna, Hilo and Hamakua (5 senators)
- Second district: Kau, Kona and Kohala (2 senators)
- Third district: Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe (5 senators)
- Fourth district: "That portion of the island of Oahu lying east and south of Nuuanu Street and Pali Road and the upper ridge of the Koolau Range from the Nuuanu Pali to Makapuu Point and all other islands not specifically enumerated" (5 senators)
- Fifth district: The portion of Oahu lying outside the fourth district (5 senators)
- A sixth district consisting of Kauai and Niihau was established in 1956. (3 senators)
House of Representatives edit
The House of Representatives of the Territory of Hawaii had 51 members (30 members until February 18, 1959),[15] elected to two-year terms.[16] There were eighteen representative districts,[17][18] which were each entitled to elect somewhere from one to six representatives.[19] Representatives were required to be United States citizens who were older than 25, eligible to vote, and had lived in Hawaii for three years.[20]
Disestablishment edit
The Hawaii Territorial Legislature adjourned for the final time on May 2, 1959, when Hawaii became a state and the Hawaii State Legislature therefore became its legislative body.[21]
References edit
Citations edit
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 1.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 6.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 7.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 12.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 13.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 20.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 22.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 41.
- ^ Rice, Diana (1941-01-26). "Hawaii Dresses Up for Opening of Its Legislature". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
- ^ McGreevy, Nora (August 13, 2020). "How the 19th Amendment Complicated the Status and Role of Women in Hawai'i". Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ "Hawaii women now have right to hold office". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. September 20, 1922. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ "First Women to Serve in State and Territorial Legislatures". National Conference of State Legislatures. March 6, 2019. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 30.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 32–33.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 35.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 36.
- ^ "Organic Act". Hawaii State Legislature. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ "Laws of the Territory of Hawaii Passed by the Thirtieth Legislature - Regular Session 1959". LLMC Digital. Retrieved 16 December 2022.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 38–39.
- ^ Organic Act 1900, p. 40.
- ^ "HAWAII: The Souvenir Collectors". Time. 1959-06-22. ISSN 0040-781X. Retrieved 2022-04-29.
Works cited edit
- "An Act to Provide a Government for the Territory of Hawaii". capitol.hawaii.gov. April 30, 1900. Retrieved 2022-04-29.