There are conflicting reports of Hassan's origin. One of the only historical reference extant, Juwayni (who was hostile to Ismailis), claims that Hassan was the son of Muhammad ibn Buzurg-Ummid, Fatimid dai and lord of Alamut. According to Juwayni's reports, Hassan first implicitly claimed the imamate and then claimed to be the caliph himself. [3] However, Nizari sources generally claim an Alid descent for Hassan, and believe that Hassan ibn Muhammad ibn Buzurg-Ummid is distinct from Hassan II of Alamut.
Leadershipedit
In 1164 Hassan, leading the Nizari sect of Ismaili Islam, proclaimed the Qiyamat, the abrogation of Sharia law. The concept of Qiyamah in exoteric Islam means the End of the World and the Day of Judgment. But in the esoteric interpretations of Ismaili Islam, Qiyamah is the beginning of an era of spiritual renaissance where the spiritual dimensions of Islam will be practiced openly, spiritual truths will become widely known, and certain ritualistic aspects of Islam will be abrogated. Fatimid Ismaili texts from the 10th-11th century describe the anticipated arrival of the Qiyamah era by a future Fatimid Ismaili Imam. These expectations were fulfilled by the declaration of Qiyamah by Imam Hasan.[4]
Only two years after his accession, the Imām Hasan ‘Alā Zikrihi's Salām conducted a ceremony known as qiyama (resurrection) at the grounds of the Alamut Castle, whereby the Imām would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizārī Ismā'īlī state. Given Juwayni's polemical aims, and the fact that he burned the Ismā'īlī libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history, scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources. Fortunately, descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al-Din’s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab Baba-yi Sayyidna, written 60 years after the event, and the later Haft Bab-i Abi Ishaq, an Ismaili book of the 15th century AD. However, Rashid al-Din's narrative is based on Juwayni,[5] and the Nizari sources do not go into specific details.[6] Since very few contemporary Nizari Ismaili accounts of the events has survived, and it is likely that scholars will never know the exact details of this event. However, there was no total abrogation of all law - only certain exoteric rituals like the Salah/Namaz, Fasting in Ramadan, Hajj to Makkah and facing Makkah in prayer were abrogated; however the Nizaris continued to perform rituals of worship, except these rituals were more esoteric and spiritually oriented. For example, the true prayer is to remember God at every moment; the true fasting is to keep all of the body's organs away from whatever is unethical and forbidden. Ethical conduct is enjoined at all times.[7]
Deathedit
The Imām Hasan died a violent death[8] in 1166, only a year and a half after the declaration of the qiyama. According to Juwayni, he was stabbed in the Ismaili castle of Lambsar by his brother-in-law, Hasan Namwar. He was succeeded by his son Imām Nūr al-Dīn Muhammad, who refined and explained Hasan's doctrine of qiyamah in greater detail.
^Also transliterated as Ḥasan ʿAlā Zikrihi's-Salām, Ḥasan ʿAlā Dhikrihi al-Salām and Ḥasan ʿAlā Dhikrihi as-Salām. The Arabic term Ala Dhikrihi's-Salam means "on his mention, peace!".
^Slack, Corliss K. (2009). The A to Z of the Crusades. Scarecrow Press. p. 34. ISBN9780810863316.
^ ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Joveyni, Taʾriḵ-e jahān-goshāy, ed. Moḥammad Qazvini, Leiden, 1912-37, III, pp. 225-39; tr. John A. Boyle, Manchester, II, pp. 688-97.
^Farhad Daftary, Encyclopaedia Iranica, Volume II, Fascicle 1, pgs. 24-25. "ḤASAN II".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
^Hodgson, Marshall G.S. (2005). The Secret Order of Assassins: The Struggle of the Early Nizārī Ismā'īlīs Against the Islamic World. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN9780812219166.
^Lewis, Bernard (2003). The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam. New York: Perseus Books Group, pgs. 71-75
^Wilson, Peter Lamborn (1993). Sacred Drift: Essays on the Margins of Islam. City Lights Books. pp. 63–64. ISBN9780872862753. Hassan II + imam + persia.
hassan, alamut, confused, with, hassan, morocco, Ḥasan, ʿalā, zikrihi, salām, persian, arabic, حسن, على, ذكره, السلام, hassan, hereditary, imam, nizari, isma, ilis, alamut, period, from, 1162, until, 1166, from, capital, alamut, ruled, parts, persia, syria, ch. Not to be confused with Hassan II of Morocco Ḥasan ʿAla Zikrihi s Salam 1 Persian Arabic حسن على ذكره السلام or Hassan II was the hereditary Imam of the Nizari Isma ilis of the Alamut Period from 1162 until 1166 From his capital of Alamut he ruled parts of Persia and Syria His chief subordinate in Syria was Rashid ad Din Sinan the Old Man of the Mountain 2 Hasan Ala Zikrihi s Salam حسن على ذكره السلام23rd Ismaili Nizari Imam Hasan Ala Zikrihi s SalamBorn1142 1145 ADAlamut CastleDied1166 ADResting placeLambsar CastleOther namesMalik es Selam Lord of Peace Malik ul Kulub Lord of Hearts Term1164 1166PredecessorHasan al QahirSuccessorNur al Din Muhammad Contents 1 Biography 1 1 Controversy Over Origin 1 2 Leadership 1 3 Declaration of the Qiyama 1 4 Death 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksBiography editControversy Over Origin edit There are conflicting reports of Hassan s origin One of the only historical reference extant Juwayni who was hostile to Ismailis claims that Hassan was the son of Muhammad ibn Buzurg Ummid Fatimid dai and lord of Alamut According to Juwayni s reports Hassan first implicitly claimed the imamate and then claimed to be the caliph himself 3 However Nizari sources generally claim an Alid descent for Hassan and believe that Hassan ibn Muhammad ibn Buzurg Ummid is distinct from Hassan II of Alamut Leadership edit In 1164 Hassan leading the Nizari sect of Ismaili Islam proclaimed the Qiyamat the abrogation of Sharia law The concept of Qiyamah in exoteric Islam means the End of the World and the Day of Judgment But in the esoteric interpretations of Ismaili Islam Qiyamah is the beginning of an era of spiritual renaissance where the spiritual dimensions of Islam will be practiced openly spiritual truths will become widely known and certain ritualistic aspects of Islam will be abrogated Fatimid Ismaili texts from the 10th 11th century describe the anticipated arrival of the Qiyamah era by a future Fatimid Ismaili Imam These expectations were fulfilled by the declaration of Qiyamah by Imam Hasan 4 Declaration of the Qiyama edit Main article Qiyama Nizari Isma ilism Only two years after his accession the Imam Hasan Ala Zikrihi s Salam conducted a ceremony known as qiyama resurrection at the grounds of the Alamut Castle whereby the Imam would once again become visible to his community of followers in and outside of the Nizari Isma ili state Given Juwayni s polemical aims and the fact that he burned the Isma ili libraries which may have offered much more reliable testimony about the history scholars have been dubious about his narrative but are forced to rely on it given the absence of alternative sources Fortunately descriptions of this event are also preserved in Rashid al Din s narrative and recounted in the Haft Bab Baba yi Sayyidna written 60 years after the event and the later Haft Bab i Abi Ishaq an Ismaili book of the 15th century AD However Rashid al Din s narrative is based on Juwayni 5 and the Nizari sources do not go into specific details 6 Since very few contemporary Nizari Ismaili accounts of the events has survived and it is likely that scholars will never know the exact details of this event However there was no total abrogation of all law only certain exoteric rituals like the Salah Namaz Fasting in Ramadan Hajj to Makkah and facing Makkah in prayer were abrogated however the Nizaris continued to perform rituals of worship except these rituals were more esoteric and spiritually oriented For example the true prayer is to remember God at every moment the true fasting is to keep all of the body s organs away from whatever is unethical and forbidden Ethical conduct is enjoined at all times 7 Death edit The Imam Hasan died a violent death 8 in 1166 only a year and a half after the declaration of the qiyama According to Juwayni he was stabbed in the Ismaili castle of Lambsar by his brother in law Hasan Namwar He was succeeded by his son Imam Nur al Din Muhammad who refined and explained Hasan s doctrine of qiyamah in greater detail See also edit nbsp Islam portal Alamut Castle Order of Assassins Ata al Mulk Juvayni Tarikh i Jahan gusha Crusades History of Nizari IsmailismReferences edit Also transliterated as Ḥasan ʿAla Zikrihi s Salam Ḥasan ʿAla Dhikrihi al Salam and Ḥasan ʿAla Dhikrihi as Salam The Arabic term Ala Dhikrihi s Salam means on his mention peace Slack Corliss K 2009 The A to Z of the Crusades Scarecrow Press p 34 ISBN 9780810863316 ʿAlaʾ al Din Joveyni Taʾriḵ e jahan goshay ed Moḥammad Qazvini Leiden 1912 37 III pp 225 39 tr John A Boyle Manchester II pp 688 97 Farhad Daftary Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume II Fascicle 1 pgs 24 25 ḤASAN II a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Charles Melville Encyclopaedia Iranica Volume XIV Fascicle 4 pgs 378 382 JAHANGOSA YE JOVAYNI TARIḴ E a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Hodgson Marshall G S 2005 The Secret Order of Assassins The Struggle of the Early Nizari Isma ilis Against the Islamic World Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania Press ISBN 9780812219166 Lewis Bernard 2003 The Assassins A Radical Sect in Islam New York Perseus Books Group pgs 71 75 Wilson Peter Lamborn 1993 Sacred Drift Essays on the Margins of Islam City Lights Books pp 63 64 ISBN 9780872862753 Hassan II imam persia External links editHassan II at the Encyclopaedia Iranica HASAN ALA ZIKRIHI S SALAM 557 561 1162 1166 The Qa im and Qiyama Doctrines in the Thought of Faṭimid and Alamut Ismaʿilism the Evolution of a Doctrine Ḥasan ʿAla Zikrihi s SalamBanu HashimClan of the Banu QuraishBorn 1142 1145 C E Died 1166 C E Regnal titles Preceded byMuhammad Buzurg Ummidasda i 4th ruler of the Nizari Ismaili state and commander of Alamut Castle1164 1166 Succeeded byNur al Din Muhammad II Shia Islam titles Preceded byHasan I al Qahir in concealment 23rd Imam of Nizari Isma ilism1164 1166 Succeeded byNur al Din Muhammad II Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hassan II of Alamut amp oldid 1197755233, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
