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Hamburg, Aiken County, South Carolina

December 18, 2023

See also: Hamburg massacre

Hamburg, South Carolina is a ghost town in Aiken County, in the U.S. state of South Carolina. It was once a thriving upriver market located across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia in the Edgefield District. It was founded by Henry Shultz in 1821 who named it after his home town in Germany of the same name. The town was one of the state's primary interior markets by the 1830s, due largely to the fact that the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company chose Hamburg as the western terminus of its line to Charleston.

Hamburg, SC as shown in Mills' Atlas, 1825

The enervation of the town, which relied on its in-land port being the destination of cotton headed toward the ports of Charleston or Savannah for business, began in 1848 after Augusta siphoned much of the town's river traffic with the completion of the Augusta Canal. The town's decline was finalized in the 1850s when the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company extended its line into Augusta.

After the American Civil War, Hamburg was repopulated mostly by freedmen and was within newly organized Aiken County. The town became notorious in 1876 as the site of a massacre of blacks by whites in what was one of a number of violent incidents by Democratic paramilitary groups to suppress black voting in that year's elections. The Democrats regained control of the state government and federal troops were withdrawn the next year from South Carolina and other states, ending the Reconstruction era.

History edit

Early years edit

The founder of Hamburg, Henry Shultz, was a parvenu until his origin was discovered in 2016 by Jürgen Möller.[1] Born in Germany in 1776 as Klaus Hinrich Klahn, Shultz arrived in Augusta in 1806 as a simple day worker. But, by 1813, the business dealings of Shultz had elevated him to a position capable of building a long-lasting bridge across the Savannah River, a feat which one of the wealthiest South Carolinian of the 1790s, Wade Hampton I, had failed to accomplish on two previous occasions.[2]

Shultz would go on to become a leading citizen in the city of Augusta, owning part of the Steamboat Company of Georgia as well as a wharf in Augusta. But, like many bank owners (Shultz used his bridge to back a bank which he called the Bridge Bank) in the 1810s, Shultz issued paper currency which led to his bankruptcy during the Panic of 1819. After being sued by his creditors, the Georgia state officials seized the Augusta Bridge from Shultz.[3]: 20 

Shultz felt slighted by the city of Augusta and purchased a swath of land opposite the Savannah River which had previously been owned by Chickasaw indians in order to compete with the city.[3]: 21  The following year, Shultz sought and procured loans from the South Carolina General Assembly to improve inland navigation between the town and Charleston. On top of this, the General Assembly exempted all taxable property within the town from taxation for five years.[3]: 22 

Shultz established a second bank, the Bank of Hamburg, in 1823, backed by his Hamburg property which "faded into oblivion" within two years.[4] Ten years later, a decade bank was founded with support from the General Assembly. This second iteration became one of the best-known banks in the country, reliable enough to be used by many families to pay colleges in the North.[3]: 25  The establishment of the second bank coincided with the decline of the South Carolina wagon trade. From 1819 to 1823, the trade shrunk to one-fourth its former size as steamboats became the cheaper form of transportation for upcountry harvests.[5]: 39  The emergence of steamboats led Hamburg and other towns strategically located at the fall lines of major rivers such as Camden and Columbia to become economically important for the first time.[3]: 40 

During his American tour as 'Guest of the Nation', the Marquis de Lafayette visited Hamburg on March 24, 1825.[6] In a book recounting their trip, Lafayette's secretary wrote that Lafayette was invited to visit "a sort of prodigy", a "village called Hamburg", which was "not yet two years old and its port was already filled with vessels."[7]

Slave market edit

According to the Anti-Slavery Bugle in 1848, Hamburg was successful in part because it was a slave market located just outside Georgia, which had a state law banning interstate slave trading,[8] "Hamburg, South Carolina was built up just opposite Augusta, for the purpose of furnishing slaves to the planters of Georgia. Augusta is the market to which the planters of Upper and Middle Georgia bring their cotton; and if they want to purchase negroes, they step over into Hamburg and do so. There are two large houses there, with piazzas in front to expose the 'chattels' to the public during the day, and yards in rear of them where they are penned up at night like sheep, so close that they can hardly breathe, with bull-dogs on the outside as sentinels. They sometimes have thousands here for sale, who in consequence of their number suffer most horribly."[9] The Georgia law prohibiting the importation of slaves across state lines was repealed in 1856.[8]

Traders edit

The main trading cluster was likely on Center Street. Some of the slave traders working in Hamburg in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s:

Competition with Augusta edit

 
A poster drawing of the Augusta Bridge from 1836.

At the completion of the South Carolina Railroad in 1833 (at the time the largest railroad under single management in the world) Hamburg became the railroad's western terminus.[22]

In its heyday, 60,000 bales of cotton worth $2,000,000 were brought by wagon to Hamburg each year.[23] With the completion of the Augusta Canal (1848) and general expansion of railroads in the 1850s, strenuous overland hauls to Hamburg became unnecessary and the famous wagon traffic declined.[24]: 238  Hamburg became a ghost town by the time of the Civil War.[24]: 20 

 
Remnants of Hamburg, SC in 1921 (on the river above "B M 122")

After the Civil War edit

Following the war, Hamburg was repopulated and governed by freedmen, starting with Prince Rivers; Samuel J. Lee, a free man before the war, who was elected as the speaker of the House and was the first black man admitted to the South Carolina Bar; and Charles D. Hayne, a freeman from an elite Charleston family. These three men were founders of Aiken County. They began to redevelop Hamburg, attracting freedmen. To celebrate Aiken County's 125th anniversary, a stone-and-bronze marker was installed at the county courthouse. Rivers, Hayne and Leeld are listed as founders but their race is not indicated.[25]

After the deaths and damage in the Hamburg Massacre of July 8, 1876, the town declined for good.[26]: 154  Augusta began construction of a river levee after a 1911 flood, but Hamburg remained unprotected.[27]: 210  Particularly disastrous floods finally forced out the last residents in 1929.[28][29]

 
Site of Hamburg, SC viewed from Augusta, GA. The road bridge is at the same location as Henry Shultz's 1814 bridge. The broken piers remain from the South Carolina Rail Road, which operated from 1854 to 1908

Geography edit

Occasionally styled as Hamburgh (especially after the American Civil War), the town was named after Shultz's home town in Germany. It was located at 33.4799°N, 81.9579°W directly across the Savannah River from Augusta, Georgia. Population at its peak in the 1840s reached 2,500 (Haskel 1843:257), and exceeded 1,000 in the 1870s.[30] For the most part the town was on the Savannah River floodplain. The town was originally accessible by a stagecoach road starting at the Edgefield County Courthouse, and later by the Edgefield and Hamburg Plank Road.[31]

Under protection of the Clarks Hill Dam and Lake, adjacent North Augusta has begun to develop on the grounds of old Hamburg.

Notable people edit

References edit

  1. ^ "Henry Shultz Unmasked!". Henry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg, SC. December 14, 2016. from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
  2. ^ National Register of Historic Places Inventory Form for the FitzSimons-Hampton-Harris. Submitted 1976. Found at https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset/2e601930-fd24-4268-a1c7-c4350caad9f6 July 27, 2023, at the Wayback Machine. Page 4.
  3. ^ a b c d e Taylor, R. (1934). HAMBURG: AN EXPERIMENT IN TOWN PROMOTION. The North Carolina Historical Review, 11(1), 20-38. Retrieved May 27, 2020, from www.jstor.org/stable/23515073
  4. ^ Downey, Thomas More. Planting a capitalist south : the transformation of western South Carolina, 1790-1860. p. 151. OCLC 46403540. from the original on June 12, 2020. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  5. ^ Freehling, William W., 1935- (1992). Prelude to Civil War : the nullification controversy in South Carolina, 1816-1836. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-507681-8. OCLC 24955035.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Cashin, Edward J., 1927-2007. (1991). The story of Augusta. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. p. 86. ISBN 0-87152-452-X. OCLC 24068684.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  7. ^ Levasseur, Auguste. (2006). Lafayette in America, in 1824 and 1825 : journal of a voyage to the United States. Hoffman, Alan R. (1st ed.). Manchester, N.H.: Lafayette Press. p. 66. ISBN 978-0-9787224-0-1. OCLC 85812563.
  8. ^ a b "Slave Laws of Georgia, 1755–1860" (PDF). georgiaarchives.org. (PDF) from the original on September 20, 2023. Retrieved July 18, 2023.
  9. ^ "Slave Trading in Georgia". Anti-Slavery Bugle. October 27, 1848. p. 3. from the original on August 15, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  10. ^ "Atkins & Spiers". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. January 19, 1851. p. 1. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  11. ^ "One Hundred Dollars Reward". The Charleston Daily Courier. September 9, 1837. p. 3. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  12. ^ "The American slave code in theory and practice: its distinctive features shown by its statues, judicial decisions, and illustrative facts ..." HathiTrust. pp. 54–55. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t7np25m2c. from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  13. ^ a b "Oliver Simpson & W.C. Ferrell". The Weekly Telegraph. April 17, 1833. p. 4. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  14. ^ "Virginia Negroes for Sale by T. Goldsmith, Agent". Edgefield Advertiser. November 12, 1840. p. 3. from the original on October 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  15. ^ "Negroes! Negroes! Negroes!". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. February 5, 1851. p. 1. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  16. ^ "200 Negroes". The Weekly Telegraph. December 5, 1833. p. 1. from the original on August 14, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  17. ^ "R.M. Owings & Co". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. April 3, 1857. p. 4. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  18. ^ a b "For Sale Two Hundred and Twenty Likely Young Negroes". Georgia Journal and Messenger. April 17, 1834. p. 4. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  19. ^ "Spires & Wilson". The Charleston Mercury. February 8, 1853. p. 3. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  20. ^ "N.C. Trowbridge". The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic. March 21, 1849. p. 4. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  21. ^ "Bill of sale for Leander, an enslaved person, from N.C. Trowbridge to E.H. Simmons, 1851 April 17 :autograph manuscript signed. / American Slavery Documents / Duke Digital Repository". Duke Digital Collections. from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved October 9, 2023.
  22. ^ "South Carolina Railroad". from the original on April 19, 2019. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
  23. ^ Cordle, Charles (1940). Henry Shultz and the Founding of Hamburg, South Carolina. Studies in Georgia History and Government. University of Georgia Press.
  24. ^ a b Chapman, John A. (1897). History of Edgefield County, South Carolina. Genealogical Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8063-4696-5.
  25. ^ "County, once booming, now shadows town it used to rival" March 4, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, Augusta Chronicle, July 2014, hosted at Rootsweb
  26. ^ Vandervelde, Isabel. (1998). Aiken County : the only South Carolina County founded during Reconstruction. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. ISBN 0-87152-517-8. OCLC 39763469.
  27. ^ Cashin, Edward J., 1927-2007. (1991). The story of Augusta. Spartanburg, S.C.: Reprint Co. ISBN 0-87152-452-X. OCLC 24068684.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ "Historic Hamburg To Pass If Plan of Red Cross Works Out". The Greenville News. November 24, 1929. p. 7. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  29. ^ "Buys Land on Hill for Hamburg Residents". The State. December 11, 1929. p. 2. Retrieved November 30, 2023.
  30. ^ Budiansky, Stephen. (2008). The bloody shirt : terror after Appomattox. New York: Viking. ISBN 978-0-670-01840-6. OCLC 173350931.
  31. ^ "Notice". Edgefield Advertiser. October 15, 1856. p. 4. from the original on August 25, 2023. Retrieved August 25, 2023.
  32. ^ "Florida Governor James Emilius Broome". National Governors Association. from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved September 1, 2013.
  33. ^ "PARROTT, Marcus Junius, (1828 - 1879)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved September 1, 2013.

Further reading edit

  • Haskel, Daniel (1843). Descriptive and Statistical Gazetteer of the United States of America. Sherman & Smith. ISBN 0-8063-4696-5.
  • Chapman, John A. (1897). History of Edgefield County, South Carolina. Various Reprints. ISBN 0-8063-4696-5. pp. 20 and 236-243
  • Derrick, Samuel Melanchthon (1930). Centennial History of South Carolina Railroad. State Company, Columbia, SC.
  • Cordle, Charles G. (1940). Henry Shultz and the Founding of Hamburg, South Carolina. Studies in Georgia History and Government. University of Georgia Press. pp. 79–93 and 257-263
  • Cashin, Edward J. (1980). The Story of Augusta. Various Reprints. ISBN 0-87152-452-X.
  • Vandervelde, Isabel (1999). Aiken County: The Only South Carolina County Founded During Reconstruction. Reprint Company Publishers. ISBN 0-87152-517-8.
  • Budiansky, Stephen (2008). The Bloody Shirt: Terror After Appomattox. Viking Penguin. ISBN 978-0-670-01840-6.

External links edit

  • Henry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg, SC Accessed March 2015
  • City of Dust: Honky Tonk Hell
  • 1835 Hamburg Town Plat[usurped]
  • Streets of Hamburg shown on 1884 Sanborn Map of Augusta, Georgia. Hamburg is located just right of center of the Augusta index map
  • Hiram Hutchison an Antebellum S.C. Banker / Entrepreneur

33°29′N 81°57′W / 33.483°N 81.950°W / 33.483; -81.950

December 18, 2023
hamburg, aiken, county, south, carolina, also, hamburg, massacre, hamburg, south, carolina, ghost, town, aiken, county, state, south, carolina, once, thriving, upriver, market, located, across, savannah, river, from, augusta, georgia, edgefield, district, foun. See also Hamburg massacre Hamburg South Carolina is a ghost town in Aiken County in the U S state of South Carolina It was once a thriving upriver market located across the Savannah River from Augusta Georgia in the Edgefield District It was founded by Henry Shultz in 1821 who named it after his home town in Germany of the same name The town was one of the state s primary interior markets by the 1830s due largely to the fact that the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company chose Hamburg as the western terminus of its line to Charleston Hamburg SC as shown in Mills Atlas 1825The enervation of the town which relied on its in land port being the destination of cotton headed toward the ports of Charleston or Savannah for business began in 1848 after Augusta siphoned much of the town s river traffic with the completion of the Augusta Canal The town s decline was finalized in the 1850s when the South Carolina Canal and Rail Road Company extended its line into Augusta After the American Civil War Hamburg was repopulated mostly by freedmen and was within newly organized Aiken County The town became notorious in 1876 as the site of a massacre of blacks by whites in what was one of a number of violent incidents by Democratic paramilitary groups to suppress black voting in that year s elections The Democrats regained control of the state government and federal troops were withdrawn the next year from South Carolina and other states ending the Reconstruction era Contents 1 History 1 1 Early years 1 2 Slave market 1 2 1 Traders 1 3 Competition with Augusta 1 4 After the Civil War 2 Geography 3 Notable people 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External linksHistory editEarly years edit The founder of Hamburg Henry Shultz was a parvenu until his origin was discovered in 2016 by Jurgen Moller 1 Born in Germany in 1776 as Klaus Hinrich Klahn Shultz arrived in Augusta in 1806 as a simple day worker But by 1813 the business dealings of Shultz had elevated him to a position capable of building a long lasting bridge across the Savannah River a feat which one of the wealthiest South Carolinian of the 1790s Wade Hampton I had failed to accomplish on two previous occasions 2 Shultz would go on to become a leading citizen in the city of Augusta owning part of the Steamboat Company of Georgia as well as a wharf in Augusta But like many bank owners Shultz used his bridge to back a bank which he called the Bridge Bank in the 1810s Shultz issued paper currency which led to his bankruptcy during the Panic of 1819 After being sued by his creditors the Georgia state officials seized the Augusta Bridge from Shultz 3 20 Shultz felt slighted by the city of Augusta and purchased a swath of land opposite the Savannah River which had previously been owned by Chickasaw indians in order to compete with the city 3 21 The following year Shultz sought and procured loans from the South Carolina General Assembly to improve inland navigation between the town and Charleston On top of this the General Assembly exempted all taxable property within the town from taxation for five years 3 22 Shultz established a second bank the Bank of Hamburg in 1823 backed by his Hamburg property which faded into oblivion within two years 4 Ten years later a decade bank was founded with support from the General Assembly This second iteration became one of the best known banks in the country reliable enough to be used by many families to pay colleges in the North 3 25 The establishment of the second bank coincided with the decline of the South Carolina wagon trade From 1819 to 1823 the trade shrunk to one fourth its former size as steamboats became the cheaper form of transportation for upcountry harvests 5 39 The emergence of steamboats led Hamburg and other towns strategically located at the fall lines of major rivers such as Camden and Columbia to become economically important for the first time 3 40 During his American tour as Guest of the Nation the Marquis de Lafayette visited Hamburg on March 24 1825 6 In a book recounting their trip Lafayette s secretary wrote that Lafayette was invited to visit a sort of prodigy a village called Hamburg which was not yet two years old and its port was already filled with vessels 7 Slave market edit According to the Anti Slavery Bugle in 1848 Hamburg was successful in part because it was a slave market located just outside Georgia which had a state law banning interstate slave trading 8 Hamburg South Carolina was built up just opposite Augusta for the purpose of furnishing slaves to the planters of Georgia Augusta is the market to which the planters of Upper and Middle Georgia bring their cotton and if they want to purchase negroes they step over into Hamburg and do so There are two large houses there with piazzas in front to expose the chattels to the public during the day and yards in rear of them where they are penned up at night like sheep so close that they can hardly breathe with bull dogs on the outside as sentinels They sometimes have thousands here for sale who in consequence of their number suffer most horribly 9 The Georgia law prohibiting the importation of slaves across state lines was repealed in 1856 8 Traders edit The main trading cluster was likely on Center Street Some of the slave traders working in Hamburg in the 1830s 1840s and 1850s Atkins amp Spires 10 Mr Boyce 11 Benjamin Davis 12 W C Ferrell 13 T Goldsmith agent 14 Thomas J Jennings amp Co also Jennings amp Robertson 15 John Lane 16 R M Owings amp Co 17 James Patterson 18 Oliver Simpson 13 the Slatter brothers Hope H Slatter and Shadrack F Slatter 18 Spires amp Wilson 19 N C Trowbridge 20 21 Competition with Augusta edit nbsp A poster drawing of the Augusta Bridge from 1836 At the completion of the South Carolina Railroad in 1833 at the time the largest railroad under single management in the world Hamburg became the railroad s western terminus 22 In its heyday 60 000 bales of cotton worth 2 000 000 were brought by wagon to Hamburg each year 23 With the completion of the Augusta Canal 1848 and general expansion of railroads in the 1850s strenuous overland hauls to Hamburg became unnecessary and the famous wagon traffic declined 24 238 Hamburg became a ghost town by the time of the Civil War 24 20 nbsp Remnants of Hamburg SC in 1921 on the river above B M 122 After the Civil War edit Following the war Hamburg was repopulated and governed by freedmen starting with Prince Rivers Samuel J Lee a free man before the war who was elected as the speaker of the House and was the first black man admitted to the South Carolina Bar and Charles D Hayne a freeman from an elite Charleston family These three men were founders of Aiken County They began to redevelop Hamburg attracting freedmen To celebrate Aiken County s 125th anniversary a stone and bronze marker was installed at the county courthouse Rivers Hayne and Leeld are listed as founders but their race is not indicated 25 After the deaths and damage in the Hamburg Massacre of July 8 1876 the town declined for good 26 154 Augusta began construction of a river levee after a 1911 flood but Hamburg remained unprotected 27 210 Particularly disastrous floods finally forced out the last residents in 1929 28 29 nbsp Site of Hamburg SC viewed from Augusta GA The road bridge is at the same location as Henry Shultz s 1814 bridge The broken piers remain from the South Carolina Rail Road which operated from 1854 to 1908Geography editOccasionally styled as Hamburgh especially after the American Civil War the town was named after Shultz s home town in Germany It was located at 33 4799 N 81 9579 W directly across the Savannah River from Augusta Georgia Population at its peak in the 1840s reached 2 500 Haskel 1843 257 and exceeded 1 000 in the 1870s 30 For the most part the town was on the Savannah River floodplain The town was originally accessible by a stagecoach road starting at the Edgefield County Courthouse and later by the Edgefield and Hamburg Plank Road 31 Under protection of the Clarks Hill Dam and Lake adjacent North Augusta has begun to develop on the grounds of old Hamburg Notable people editJames E Broome governor of Florida from 1853 to 1857 32 A Viola Neblett 1842 1897 activist suffragist women s rights pioneer Marcus Junius Parrott delegate to the U S Congress from Kansas Territory from 1857 to 1861 33 References edit Henry Shultz Unmasked Henry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg SC December 14 2016 Archived from the original on October 25 2023 Retrieved May 27 2020 National Register of Historic Places Inventory Form for the FitzSimons Hampton Harris Submitted 1976 Found at https npgallery nps gov GetAsset 2e601930 fd24 4268 a1c7 c4350caad9f6 Archived July 27 2023 at the Wayback Machine Page 4 a b c d e Taylor R 1934 HAMBURG AN EXPERIMENT IN TOWN PROMOTION The North Carolina Historical Review 11 1 20 38 Retrieved May 27 2020 from www jstor org stable 23515073 Downey Thomas More Planting a capitalist south the transformation of western South Carolina 1790 1860 p 151 OCLC 46403540 Archived from the original on June 12 2020 Retrieved June 13 2020 Freehling William W 1935 1992 Prelude to Civil War the nullification controversy in South Carolina 1816 1836 New York Oxford University Press ISBN 0 19 507681 8 OCLC 24955035 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Cashin Edward J 1927 2007 1991 The story of Augusta Spartanburg S C Reprint Co p 86 ISBN 0 87152 452 X OCLC 24068684 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Levasseur Auguste 2006 Lafayette in America in 1824 and 1825 journal of a voyage to the United States Hoffman Alan R 1st ed Manchester N H Lafayette Press p 66 ISBN 978 0 9787224 0 1 OCLC 85812563 a b Slave Laws of Georgia 1755 1860 PDF georgiaarchives org Archived PDF from the original on September 20 2023 Retrieved July 18 2023 Slave Trading in Georgia Anti Slavery Bugle October 27 1848 p 3 Archived from the original on August 15 2023 Retrieved August 15 2023 Atkins amp Spiers The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic January 19 1851 p 1 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 One Hundred Dollars Reward The Charleston Daily Courier September 9 1837 p 3 Retrieved November 30 2023 The American slave code in theory and practice its distinctive features shown by its statues judicial decisions and illustrative facts HathiTrust pp 54 55 hdl 2027 loc ark 13960 t7np25m2c Archived from the original on October 25 2023 Retrieved October 9 2023 a b Oliver Simpson amp W C Ferrell The Weekly Telegraph April 17 1833 p 4 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 Virginia Negroes for Sale by T Goldsmith Agent Edgefield Advertiser November 12 1840 p 3 Archived from the original on October 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 Negroes Negroes Negroes The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic February 5 1851 p 1 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 200 Negroes The Weekly Telegraph December 5 1833 p 1 Archived from the original on August 14 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 R M Owings amp Co The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic April 3 1857 p 4 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 a b For Sale Two Hundred and Twenty Likely Young Negroes Georgia Journal and Messenger April 17 1834 p 4 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 Spires amp Wilson The Charleston Mercury February 8 1853 p 3 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 N C Trowbridge The Daily Constitutionalist and Republic March 21 1849 p 4 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 Bill of sale for Leander an enslaved person from N C Trowbridge to E H Simmons 1851 April 17 autograph manuscript signed American Slavery Documents Duke Digital Repository Duke Digital Collections Archived from the original on May 26 2022 Retrieved October 9 2023 South Carolina Railroad Archived from the original on April 19 2019 Retrieved June 1 2020 Cordle Charles 1940 Henry Shultz and the Founding of Hamburg South Carolina Studies in Georgia History and Government University of Georgia Press a b Chapman John A 1897 History of Edgefield County South Carolina Genealogical Publishing Company ISBN 0 8063 4696 5 County once booming now shadows town it used to rival Archived March 4 2016 at the Wayback Machine Augusta Chronicle July 2014 hosted at Rootsweb Vandervelde Isabel 1998 Aiken County the only South Carolina County founded during Reconstruction Spartanburg S C Reprint Co ISBN 0 87152 517 8 OCLC 39763469 Cashin Edward J 1927 2007 1991 The story of Augusta Spartanburg S C Reprint Co ISBN 0 87152 452 X OCLC 24068684 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint multiple names authors list link CS1 maint numeric names authors list link Historic Hamburg To Pass If Plan of Red Cross Works Out The Greenville News November 24 1929 p 7 Retrieved November 30 2023 Buys Land on Hill for Hamburg Residents The State December 11 1929 p 2 Retrieved November 30 2023 Budiansky Stephen 2008 The bloody shirt terror after Appomattox New York Viking ISBN 978 0 670 01840 6 OCLC 173350931 Notice Edgefield Advertiser October 15 1856 p 4 Archived from the original on August 25 2023 Retrieved August 25 2023 Florida Governor James Emilius Broome National Governors Association Archived from the original on November 4 2012 Retrieved September 1 2013 PARROTT Marcus Junius 1828 1879 Biographical Directory of the United States Congress Archived from the original on March 4 2016 Retrieved September 1 2013 Further reading editHaskel Daniel 1843 Descriptive and Statistical Gazetteer of the United States of America Sherman amp Smith ISBN 0 8063 4696 5 Chapman John A 1897 History of Edgefield County South Carolina Various Reprints ISBN 0 8063 4696 5 pp 20 and 236 243 Derrick Samuel Melanchthon 1930 Centennial History of South Carolina Railroad State Company Columbia SC Cordle Charles G 1940 Henry Shultz and the Founding of Hamburg South Carolina Studies in Georgia History and Government University of Georgia Press pp 79 93 and 257 263 Cashin Edward J 1980 The Story of Augusta Various Reprints ISBN 0 87152 452 X Vandervelde Isabel 1999 Aiken County The Only South Carolina County Founded During Reconstruction Reprint Company Publishers ISBN 0 87152 517 8 Budiansky Stephen 2008 The Bloody Shirt Terror After Appomattox Viking Penguin ISBN 978 0 670 01840 6 External links editHenry Shultz and his Town of Hamburg SC Accessed March 2015 City of Dust Honky Tonk Hell 1835 Hamburg Town Plat usurped Streets of Hamburg shown on 1884 Sanborn Map of Augusta Georgia Hamburg is located just right of center of the Augusta index map Hiram Hutchison an Antebellum S C Banker Entrepreneur 33 29 N 81 57 W 33 483 N 81 950 W 33 483 81 950 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hamburg Aiken County South Carolina amp oldid 1187577326, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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