The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett-Packard from 1990 until 2003.[1] The series includes the HP 48S, HP 48SX, HP 48G, HP 48GX, and HP 48G+, the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models. The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM (memory expansion) and ROM (software application) cards. In particular, the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models. The G+ models have more onboard memory only. The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory.
Note that the similarly named hp 48gII (2004) is not a member of the series but closely related to the HP 49G+.
The calculators use Reverse Polish Notation (RPN) and the RPL programming language. The hardware architecture developed for the HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G, with a simplified user interface and an infix input method, and the HP 49G with various software enhancements. Likewise, the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line, most of all by the HP-18C and the HP-28 series.
The HP 48 series' Saturnmicroprocessor is a hybrid 64-bit / 20-bit CPU hardware-wise but acts like a 4-bit processor in that it presents nibble-based data to programs and uses a nibble-based addressing system. The main registers A, B, C, D, along with temp registers R0, R1, R2, R3, and R4 are a full 64-bits wide, but the data registers D0 & D1 are only 20-bit. External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8-bit physical fetches. The processor has a 20-bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high/low nibble selection bit, only 19 bits are available externally.
In both the HP 48S/SX and G/GX series, the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit (IC) package. These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S/SX, after William Clark, and Yorke in the G/GX, after Clark's manservant. The previous series of Saturn-based ICs were codenamed Lewis, after Meriwether Lewis.
Screen resolution: 131×64 pixels. There were 3 versions of the LCD display used across the range with each improving visibility and contrast over the predecessor.[2]
Communication ports: 4-pin RS-232 (Serial port, standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity (none/even/odd/mark/space)) and Infrared port (not IrDA, similar to serial, zeroes are pulses with duration 1/8 of a full bit time)[3]
Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature[6]
According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP 48G series (Dave Arnett), the yields for 4 MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins: the ones closest to spec, generally near 3.93–3.94 MHz, were reserved for the expandable models (GX), and those just slightly under spec were used for the non-expandable units (G). Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4 MHz were installed in the non-expandable units as well. The effects of (non-extreme) temperatures are almost negligible.[citation needed]
Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1: 128 KB
Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2: 4 MB (128 KB addressable at any given time via bank switching)
ROM versions: K, L, M, P, R
Purple and blue-green shift buttons. This is sort of a design error, since these colors may be indistinguishable for red-green color blind people
ProgrammingEdit
The HP 48 series of calculators support a stack-based programming language named RPL, a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation (RPN) and Lisp. RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack-based programming, allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions, or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack.
RPL comes in two flavors: User RPL and System RPL. User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator. System RPL requires an external compiler; this may be done on the calculator with a third-party utility, or on another machine. The two languages vary mainly in the number of low-level operations available to them. User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments. Consequently, User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator (and are therefore slower than System RPL programs), whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset.
It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in machine language.
EmulatorsEdit
Emu48 for Windows
Alcuin for Commodore Amiga
for Mac OS X, POSIX (Unix/Linux)
i48 - HP48GX emulator for iOS, based on X48
m48 – HP48 emulator for the iPhone, based on Emu48
Droid48 – HP48G Emulator for Android, based on X48
droid48sx – HP48SX Emulator for Android, based on Droid48
An HP48 emulator – decompiler for Unix/Linux or Windows (using Cygwin) by Paul Courbis
^ abcdePaiva, Joseph V. (2004-10-01). "The End of An Era - On the genesis, life and death of the HP 48". Point of Beginning (PoB). BNP Media. from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
^Schoorl, André; Maddock, Keith; Okahata, Darryl (2000-04-14) [1997]. Rechlin, Eric (ed.). "HP48 FAQ Section 3: Questions about ROM versions". Official HP48 FAQ - Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48. 4.62. HP Calculator Archive. from the original on 2016-08-20. Retrieved 2015-09-12.
^Wickes, William C. (1991-03-12). "HP 48 Version F: False Alarm". comp.sys.handhelds. hpcvra.cv.hp.com item: 2404. from the original on 2016-04-28. Retrieved 2016-08-20.
HP 48G Series – User's Guide (UG) (8th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90126, (00048-90104). from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [1]
HP 48G Series – Advanced User's Reference Manual (AUR) (4th ed.). Hewlett-Packard. December 1994 [1993]. HP 00048-90136, 0-88698-01574-2. from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [2]
Wickes, William C.; Patton, Charles M. (1991). "The HP 48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator: Innovation and Evolution" (PDF). Hewlett-Packard Journal. Hewlett-Packard. 42 (3): 6–12. (PDF) from the original on 2016-04-24. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Courbis, Paul; Lalande, Sébastien (2006-06-25) [1993]. HP48 Machine Language - A Journey to the Center of the HP 48s/sx. Translated by Cannon, Douglas R. (2nd ed.). Corvallis, Oregon, USA: Grapevine Publications, Inc. OCLC 34148948. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [3][4][5][6][7][8] (First edition: [9])
Courbis, Paul; de Brébisson, Cyrille (March 1994). (in French). Paris, France: Editions Angkor. ISBN2-87892-007-4. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06. [29]
Byrne, Diana K. (1994). "An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator: A concise treatment of design objectives, major engineering decisions, and the hardware/software of the HP 48G/GX, compared to the S/SX". Hewlett-Packard Journal. Hewlett-Packard. 45 (4): 6–22. from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2015-09-06.
Mastracci, Matthew (1998) [1995]. . 1.0b. Archived from the original on 2016-08-06. Retrieved 2006-05-03.
External linksEdit
Wikimedia Commons has media related to HP 48.
The Museum of Hewlett-Packard Calculators: HP 48S/SX
The HP48 Goodies Page
The HPCALC.org web site
HP48 FAQ (including program list)
October 02, 2023
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This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations November 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message Not to be confused with hp 48gII The HP 48 is a series of graphing calculators designed and produced by Hewlett Packard from 1990 until 2003 1 The series includes the HP 48S HP 48SX HP 48G HP 48GX and HP 48G the G models being expanded and improved versions of the S models The models with an X suffix are expandable via special RAM memory expansion and ROM software application cards In particular the GX models have more onboard memory than the G models The G models have more onboard memory only The SX and S models have the same amount of onboard memory HP 48 seriesHP 48GX CalculatorHP 48GXTypeProgrammableScientificGraphingManufacturerHewlett PackardIntroduced1990Discontinued2003 1 PredecessorHP 28SSuccessorHP 49GCost350 USDCalculatorEntry modeRPNPrecision12 BCD digits exp 499Display typeTN LCDDisplay size131 64 pixelsCPUProcessorClarke 1LT8 Saturn core for the HP48S series and the Yorke HP 00048 80063 Saturn core for the HP48G series Frequency2 4 MHzProgrammingProgramming language s RPL Saturn Machine languageUser memoryHP48S series 32 KB HP48G series 32 to 128 KBFirmware memoryHP48S series 256 KB HP48G series 512 KBExternal memoryHP48SX Ports 1 and 2 merged 256 KB HP48GX Port 1 128 KBPort 2 4 096 KB 4 MB InterfacesConnection4 pin RS 232 HP IRPortsSerial Infrared Kermit protocol Xmodem added on G series OtherPower supply4 5 V 3 AAA battery Weight0 25 kg 0 55 lb Dimensions17 9 7 9 2 8 cm 7 05 3 11 1 1 inch Note that the similarly named hp 48gII 2004 is not a member of the series but closely related to the HP 49G The calculators use Reverse Polish Notation RPN and the RPL programming language The hardware architecture developed for the HP 48 series became the basis for the HP 38G with a simplified user interface and an infix input method and the HP 49G with various software enhancements Likewise the hardware and software design of the HP 48 calculators are themselves strongly influenced by other calculators in the HP line most of all by the HP 18C and the HP 28 series Contents 1 Models Availability 2 Specifications 2 1 Common for all models 2 2 HP 48S HP 48SX specific 2 3 HP 48G HP 48GX HP 48G specific 3 Programming 4 Emulators 5 In popular culture 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External linksModels Availability EditThe HP 48SX was introduced on 1990 03 06 Availability 48SX 1990 1993 48S 1991 1993 48GX F1895A 1993 2003 1 48GX ASEE 1993 special edition labelled 1893 ASEE 1993 Shaping our world Century II 48G 1993 2003 1 48G F1630A F1894A 1998 2003 1 Specifications EditThe HP 48 series Saturn microprocessor is a hybrid 64 bit 20 bit CPU hardware wise but acts like a 4 bit processor in that it presents nibble based data to programs and uses a nibble based addressing system The main registers A B C D along with temp registers R0 R1 R2 R3 and R4 are a full 64 bits wide but the data registers D0 amp D1 are only 20 bit External logical data fetches are transparently converted to 8 bit physical fetches The processor has a 20 bit address bus available to code but due to the presence of the high low nibble selection bit only 19 bits are available externally In both the HP 48S SX and G GX series the Saturn CPU core is integrated as part of a more complex integrated circuit IC package These packages have codenames inspired by the members of the Lewis and Clark Expedition The codename of the IC is Clarke in the S SX after William Clark and Yorke in the G GX after Clark s manservant The previous series of Saturn based ICs were codenamed Lewis after Meriwether Lewis Common for all models Edit CPU architecture Saturn Screen resolution 131 64 pixels There were 3 versions of the LCD display used across the range with each improving visibility and contrast over the predecessor 2 Communication ports 4 pin RS 232 Serial port standard UART at 1200 to 9600 bauds with option for parity none even odd mark space and Infrared port not IrDA similar to serial zeroes are pulses with duration 1 8 of a full bit time 3 Data bus width 8 bit external Maximum 4 bit cell address width 20 bits leading to the address space shown next Logical address space 512 KB Maximum register size 64 bit both working and scratch registers Available expansion card ports on X models 2 Expansion card pins 40HP 48S HP 48SX specific Edit CPU clock frequency 2 MHz Memory clock frequency 2 MHz CPU codename Clarke Saturn 1LT8 core Communication protocol s Kermit protocol On board ROM 256 KB On board RAM 32 KB Maximum additional memory per expansion card 128 KB 48SX only ROM versions A B C D E F 4 5 J Orange and blue shift buttonsHP 48G HP 48GX HP 48G specific Edit nbsp Hewlett Packard 48GX Scientific Graphing CalculatorCPU clock frequency 3 68 to 4 MHz Some claim that the frequency varies according to temperature 6 According to one of the engineers on the design team of the HP 48G series Dave Arnett the yields for 4 MHz CPUs were essentially separated into two bins the ones closest to spec generally near 3 93 3 94 MHz were reserved for the expandable models GX and those just slightly under spec were used for the non expandable units G Eventually the yields improved and the CPUs which clocked closer to 4 MHz were installed in the non expandable units as well The effects of non extreme temperatures are almost negligible citation needed Memory clock frequency 2 MHz CPU codename Yorke Saturn HP 00048 80063 core Communication protocol s Kermit protocol Xmodem On board ROM 512 KB On board RAM 32 KB 48G or 128 KB 48G 48GX Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 1 128 KB Maximum additional memory for expansion card port 2 4 MB 128 KB addressable at any given time via bank switching ROM versions K L M P R Purple and blue green shift buttons This is sort of a design error since these colors may be indistinguishable for red green color blind peopleProgramming EditThe HP 48 series of calculators support a stack based programming language named RPL a supposed combination of Reverse Polish notation RPN and Lisp RPL adds the concepts of lists and functions to stack based programming allowing the programmer to pass unevaluated code as arguments to functions or return unevaluated code from a function by leaving it on the stack RPL comes in two flavors User RPL and System RPL User RPL is the language that a user can program directly on the calculator System RPL requires an external compiler this may be done on the calculator with a third party utility or on another machine The two languages vary mainly in the number of low level operations available to them User RPL does not expose any commands that do not check their arguments Consequently User RPL programs cannot normally crash the calculator and are therefore slower than System RPL programs whereas a System RPL program that invokes a command with incorrect arguments will almost certainly leave the calculator in a state which requires a full memory reset It is also possible to program the HP 48 directly in machine language Emulators EditEmu48 for Windows Alcuin for Commodore Amiga X48 for Mac OS X POSIX Unix Linux i48 HP48GX emulator for iOS based on X48 m48 HP48 emulator for the iPhone based on Emu48 Droid48 HP48G Emulator for Android based on X48 droid48sx HP48SX Emulator for Android based on Droid48 An HP48 emulator decompiler for Unix Linux or Windows using Cygwin by Paul CourbisIn popular culture EditA HP48 can be seen in the 2012 movie The Amazing Spider Man and in its sequel 7 In the 2015 movie the Fantastic Four an HP 48 series calculator can be seen at about 28 minutes into the film citation needed See also EditComparison of HP graphing calculators HP calculators RPL character setReferences Edit a b c d e Paiva Joseph V 2004 10 01 The End of An Era On the genesis life and death of the HP 48 Point of Beginning PoB BNP Media Archived from the original on 2016 08 20 Retrieved 2015 10 20 HP 48 Calculator Display Versions retrieved 2022 08 10 HP 48 I O Technical Interfacing Guide hpcalc org Hewlett Packard 1990 06 14 Retrieved 2020 09 12 Schoorl Andre Maddock Keith Okahata Darryl 2000 04 14 1997 Rechlin Eric ed HP48 FAQ Section 3 Questions about ROM versions Official HP48 FAQ Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about the HP48 4 62 HP Calculator Archive Archived from the original on 2016 08 20 Retrieved 2015 09 12 Wickes William C 1991 03 12 HP 48 Version F False Alarm comp sys handhelds hpcvra cv hp com item 2404 Archived from the original on 2016 04 28 Retrieved 2016 08 20 HPedia The HP Calculator Encyclopedia Spiderman s Dad an HP Calculator Fan Further reading EditHP 48G Series User s Guide UG 8th ed Hewlett Packard December 1994 1993 HP 00048 90126 00048 90104 Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2015 09 06 1 HP 48G Series Advanced User s Reference Manual AUR 4th ed Hewlett Packard December 1994 1993 HP 00048 90136 0 88698 01574 2 Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2015 09 06 2 Wickes William C Patton Charles M 1991 The HP 48SX Scientific Expandable Calculator Innovation and Evolution PDF Hewlett Packard Journal Hewlett Packard 42 3 6 12 Archived PDF from the original on 2016 04 24 Retrieved 2015 09 06 Courbis Paul Lalande Sebastien 2006 06 25 1993 HP48 Machine Language A Journey to the Center of the HP 48s sx Translated by Cannon Douglas R 2nd ed Corvallis Oregon USA Grapevine Publications Inc OCLC 34148948 Retrieved 2015 09 06 3 4 5 6 7 8 First edition 9 Courbis Paul Lalande Sebastien 2006 06 25 1991 Voyage au centre de la HP48 s sx 3 02 in French 3rd ed Paris France Editions Angkor ISBN 2 87892 003 1 OCLC 29640044 Retrieved 2015 09 06 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Courbis Paul 2006 06 25 1993 Voyage au centre de la HP48 g gx 3 05 in French 3rd ed Paris France Editions Angkor ISBN 2 87892 006 6 OCLC 29640044 Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2015 09 06 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Courbis Paul de Brebisson Cyrille March 1994 Le compagnon de Voyage de la HP48 G GX in French Paris France Editions Angkor ISBN 2 87892 007 4 Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2015 09 06 29 Byrne Diana K 1994 An Advanced Scientific Graphing Calculator A concise treatment of design objectives major engineering decisions and the hardware software of the HP 48G GX compared to the S SX Hewlett Packard Journal Hewlett Packard 45 4 6 22 Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2015 09 06 Mastracci Matthew 1998 1995 Guide to the Saturn Processor With HP48 Applications 1 0b Archived from the original on 2016 08 06 Retrieved 2006 05 03 External links Edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to HP 48 The Museum of Hewlett Packard Calculators HP 48S SX The HP48 Goodies Page The HPCALC org web site HP48 FAQ including program list Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HP 48 series amp oldid 1178231375, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
