XE-class submarine
The XE-class submarines were a series of twelve midget submarines that were built for the Royal Navy during 1944; four more to a slightly different design were built 1954-5 as the Stickleback class. They were an improved version of the X class used in the attack on the German battleship Tirpitz.
XE4 in Sydney Harbour, 1945 | |
| Class overview | |
|---|---|
| Operators | Royal Navy |
| Preceded by | X class |
| Planned | 16 |
| Completed | 15 |
| Cancelled | 1 |
| Retired | 13 |
| Preserved | 2 |
| General characteristics | |
| Displacement |
|
| Length | 53.25 ft (16.23 m) |
| Beam | 5.75 ft (1.75 m) |
| Draught | 5.3 ft (1.62 m) |
| Propulsion | |
| Speed |
|
| Range |
|
| Test depth | 300 ft (91 m) |
| Complement | 4–5 |
| Armament | Two × 4,400 lb (1,996 kg) detachable explosive charges |
They carried a crew of four, typically a lieutenant in command, with a sub-lieutenant as deputy, an engine room artificer in charge of the mechanical side and a seaman or leading-seaman. At least one of them was qualified as a diver.
In addition to the two side charges (each of which contained two tons of amatol explosive), they carried around six 20-pound (9 kg) limpet mines which were attached to the target by the diver.
They and their depot ship HMS Bonaventure arrived at Labuan in July 1945. Four of them managed to take part in operations before the war ended.
Operations Sabre and Foil edit
These operations, carried out in July 1945, were intended to cut the undersea telephone cables connecting Singapore, Saigon, Hong Kong and Tokyo. The intention was to oblige the Japanese to use radio and render themselves open to message interception.
Operation Sabre was directed at the Hong Kong to Saigon telephone cable, and carried out by XE4, which was towed to within 40 miles (64 km) of the Mekong Delta by the submarine HMS Spearhead, where she looked for the two telephone cables by using a towed grapnel. She eventually snagged the first cable, and managed to haul it about 10 feet (3.0 m) off the seabed. XE4's diver, Sub-Lieutenant K.M. Briggs, used the net/cable cutter to sever it. The second cable was soon found as well, and was severed by the second diver, Sub-Lieutenant A. Bergius. Two divers were carried due to the operating rule that a diver should not spend more than 20 minutes in depths over 33 feet (10 m) and no more than 10 minutes over 40 feet (12 m). XE4 and Spearhead returned to Labuan on 3 August 1945.
Operation Foil was directed at the Hong Kong to Singapore telephone cable and carried out by XE5 against the Hong Kong end of the cable, after being towed into position by the submarine HMS Selene. Operating close inshore near to Lamma Island, working conditions were poor, XE5's divers having to work in thick mud under the constant threat of oxygen poisoning. Despite repeated attempts it was not completely certain that the cable had in fact been severed, and it was not until after the Japanese surrender that it was confirmed that XE5 had succeeded in doing so. XE5 and Selene returned to Subic Bay on 6 August 1945.
Operation Struggle edit
In August 1945, HMS XE1 and XE3 executed a joint attack on Japanese warships within Singapore harbour. XE3 was tasked with mining the heavy cruiser Takao while XE1 was to attack the heavy cruiser Myōkō.
The approach of XE3 along the Straits of Johor and through the various harbour defences took 11 hours plus a further two hours to locate the camouflaged target. Despite several opportunities for Japanese defenders to spot the vessel, XE3 successfully reached the Takao, fixed limpet mines and dropped its two, 2-ton side charges. The withdrawal was successfully made and XE3 returned to HMS Stygian, her towing submarine. Meanwhile, XE1 was delayed by Japanese patrol craft, and her captain, realizing that he could not reach Myōkō (which was two miles further into the harbour than Takao) before the mines already laid by XE3 would explode, also elected to drop his own charges under Takao. XE1 also successfully returned to her towing submarine, HMS Spark.
The Takao, already damaged and not seaworthy, was severely damaged and never sailed again. XE3s commander, Lieutenant Ian Edward Fraser RNR, and diver Leading Seaman James Joseph Magennis were awarded the Victoria Cross (VC) for their part in the attack; whilst Sub-Lieutenant William James Lanyon Smith, RNZNVR, who was at the controls of XE3, received the Distinguished Service Order (DSO); Engine Room Artificer Third Class Charles Alfred Reed, who was at the wheel, received the Conspicuous Gallantry Medal (CGM). XE1's C/O, Lieutenant John Elliott Smart RNVR received the DSO, and Sub-Lieutenant Harold Edwin Harper, RNVR received the Distinguished Service Cross (DSC); and ERA Fourth Class Henry James Fishleigh and Leading Seaman Walter Henry Arthur Pomeroy received the Distinguished Service Medal. ERA Fourth Class Albert Nairn, Acting Leading Stoker Jack Gordan Robinson, and Able Seaman Ernest Raymond Dee were Mentioned in Despatches for their part in bringing the two midget submarines from harbour to the point where the crews that took part in the attack took over.[1]
Post war edit
In 1950 XE7 was loaned, along with its crew, to the US for testing.[2]
List of XE Craft edit
- First group
- XE1 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, used in Operation Struggle, scrapped 1945
- XE2 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, scrapped 1945
- XE3 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, used in Operation Struggle, scrapped 1945
- XE4 "Exciter" — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, used in Operation Sabre, scrapped 1945
- XE5 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, used in Operation Foil, scrapped 1945
- XE6 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, scrapped 1945
- XE7 — built by Thomas Broadbent and Sons, scrapped 1952
- XE8 "Expunger" — built by Broadbent, sunk as target 1952, recovered 1973 and preserved at Chatham Historic Dockyard, on loan from the Imperial War Museum
- XE9 — built by Markham, scrapped 1952
- XE10 — built by Markham, cancelled incomplete 1945
- Second group
- XE11 — built by Marshall, collided with boom defence vessel in Loch Striven after drifting out of her exercise area and lost 6 March 1945. Three crew were killed in the accident but two managed to escape.[3][4] The boat was later salvaged.
- XE12 — built by Marshall, cannibalised for spares 1952
- Third group
- with minor improvements, built 1954-5. See
- X51 Stickleback - to Swedish Navy as Spiggen. Now on display at Scottish Submarine Heritage Centre, Helensburgh.[5]
- X52 Shrimp
- X53 Sprat - to United States Navy
- X54 Minnow
In popular culture edit
Author Douglas Reeman featured XE craft in two of his novels, the 1961 Dive in the Sun and Surface with Daring published in 1976.
References edit
- ^ "No. 37346". The London Gazette (Supplement). 9 November 1945. pp. 5529–5530.
- ^ Parken, Oliver (26 April 2023). "The Navy Procured This Midget Submarine For Coastal Defense During The Cold War". The Drive. Retrieved 30 April 2023.
- ^ Kemp, Paul (1999). The Admiralty Regrets British Warship Losses of the 20th Century. Sutton Publishing Ltd. p. 251. ISBN 0-7509-1567-6.
- ^ . U.S. Naval Submarine School. 1966. Archived from the original on 11 September 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help)CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "MIDGET SUBMARINE TAKES THE HIGH ROAD TO SCOTLAND". Royal Navy Submarine Museum. Retrieved 10 September 2017.
Bibliography edit
- Submarines in Colour by Bill Gunston - Blandford Colour Series - Blandford - 1976 - ISBN 0-7137-0780-1
- Submarines - The History and Evolution of Underwater Fighting Vessels by Antony Preston - Octopus Books - 1974 - ISBN 0-7064-0429-7
- The Sea Devils: Operation Struggle and the Last Great Raid of World War Two by Mark Felton - Icon Books - 2015 - ISBN 978-184831-994-3