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HMS Crane (U23)

August 26, 2023

For other ships with the same name, see HMS Crane.

HMS Crane was a modified Black Swan-class sloop of the Royal Navy. She was laid down by William Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton on 13 June 1941, launched on 9 November 1942 and commissioned on 10 May 1943, with the pennant number U23.[1] She saw active service during the Second World War, initially performing convoy escort roles in the Atlantic before supporting the Normandy landings. In the final months of the war, Crane joined the British Pacific Fleet and saw service during the Battle of Okinawa. Post-war, Crane remained in south-east Asia and took part in hostilities during the Korean War. She was redeployed to the Middle East during the Suez Crisis before returning to Asia for service during the Malayan Emergency. Crane was withdrawn from service in the early 1960's and was scrapped in 1965.

HMS Crane at Greenock on 6 May 1943.
History
United Kingdom
NameCrane
NamesakeCrane
Ordered9 January 1941
BuilderWilliam Denny and Brothers, Dumbarton
Laid down13 June 1941
Launched9 November 1942
Commissioned10 May 1943
IdentificationPennant number: U23
FateScrapped in 1965
General characteristics
Class and typeModified Black Swan-class sloop
Displacement1,350 tons
Length283 ft (86 m)
Beam38.5 ft (11.7 m)
Propulsion
  • Geared turbines
  • two shafts
Speed20 knots (37 km/h; 23 mph) at 4,300 hp (3,200 kW)
Complement192 men + 1 cat
Armament

Design Edit

Crane was one of two Modified Black Swan-class sloops ordered by the Admiralty on 9 January 1941.[2][3] The Modified Black Swans were an improved version of the pre-war Black Swan-class sloops, with greater beam, allowing a heavier close-in anti-aircraft armament to be accommodated.[4][5]

Crane was 299 ft 6 in (91.29 m) long overall and 283 ft 0 in (86.26 m) between perpendiculars, with a beam of 38 feet 6 inches (11.73 m) and a draught of 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) at deep load.[6] Displacement of the Modified Black Swans was 1,350–1,490 long tons (1,370–1,510 t) standard and 1,880–1,950 long tons (1,910–1,980 t) deep load depending on the armament and equipment fitted.[7] Two Admiralty three-drum water-tube boilers provided steam to Parsons geared steam turbines which drove two shafts. The machinery was rated at 4,300 shaft horsepower (3,200 kW), giving a speed of 19.75 knots (36.58 km/h; 22.73 mph).[8]

The ship's main gun armament (as fitted to all the Modified Black Swans) consisted of three twin QF 4-inch (102 mm) Mk XVI guns, in dual purpose mounts, capable of both anti-ship and anti-aircraft use.[8] Crane completed with a close-in anti-aircraft armament of 4 twin and 2 single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon.[9] Anti-submarine armament consisted of eight depth charge throwers and two rails, with 110 depth charges carried.[10][11]

Crane's close-in armament was modified during the war to 2 twin Bofors 40 mm guns and 1 twin and two single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon. Post-war, the ship's remaining 20 mm guns were replaced by 4 single Bofors guns, while a split Hedgehog anti submarine mortar was fitted.[9]

Construction and career Edit

HMS Crane was laid down at William Denny and Brothers' Dumbarton shipyard on 13 June 1941 and was launched on 9 November 1942 and was completed on 10 May 1943, with the pennant number U23.[12][13]

After commissioning she joined the 7th Escort Group based at Greenock in Scotland,[14] with other members including sister ships Chanticleer and Cygnet and to be later joined by Hart and Pheasant.[15] Duties included the escort and support of convoys in the North Atlantic and to Gibraltar.[14][16] In July 1943, Crane took part in Operation Husky, the Anglo-American invasion of Sicily, escorting an assault convoy from Britain to the Mediterranean from 28 June to 7 July, and then a second assault convoy to the beaches on 13 July.[17][18] In August 1943, in order to avoid attacks by aircraft of RAF Coastal Command in the Bay of Biscay, German U-boats on course for the north Atlantic started to hug the coast of France and Northern Spain. As a response, the Royal Navy deployed Escort groups to patrol off Cape Finisterre to stop the Germans from using this route, but German air attacks forced the patrols to move further west, where they were less effective. Crane was briefly deployed in one of these groups in September 1943, but saw no success.[14][19][20]

On 13 November 1943 Convoy MKS 30 left Gibraltar from Britain, joining up with Convoy SL 139, Britain-bound from West Africa the next day, with the 7th Escort Group, including Crane, ordered to reinforce the convoy, while the Germans formed three patrol lines of submarines to attack the convoy. On 18 December, Crane and Chanticleer attacked the submarine U-515, with U-515 firing a T5 acoustic homing torpedo which hit and damaged Chanticleer, which had to be towed to port in the Azores. Crane continued to attack U-515 with depth charges for 10 hours, damaging the submarine and driving U-515 off. German attacks on the convoy continued, and on 21 November 1943 Crane and the frigate Fowey sank U-538 with depth charges. There were no survivors from the submarine.[21][22]

Crane and Cygnet depth charged and sank the German submarine U-962 on 8 April 1944 in the North Atlantic northwest of Cape Finisterre.[23][24][25] In May 1944, the 7th Escort Group, including Crane she was transferred to the English Channel to support the Allies planned Normandy landings for Operation Neptune.[14][16] On 6 June Crane formed part of the escort of an assault convoy to Gold Beach.[26] In August 1944, she was released from support duties in the Channel and sent for refit at Hull, but while on passage to Hull, collided with the merchant steamer Tilapia, sustaining structural damage. The refit and repairs continued until November 1944.[14][16]

At the end of the work, she was transferred for service with the British Pacific Fleet, arriving in Sydney on 17 February 1945 and joining the fleet at Manus Island on 4 March 1945.[27] Crane was employed in escorting the replenishment ships of the fleet train supporting the carriers of the fleet,[28] supporting operations against Japanese airbases during the Battle of Okinawa in March–May 1945 [29] She continued to protect replenishment ships in support of the British Pacific fleet until the end of the war,[30] Crane was present in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 during the signing of Japan's surrender.[31] She was deployed on a Hong Kong-based patrol until refitted at Brisbane, Australia from October 1945 to January 1946.[16][32]

Following completion of the refit, the ship was assigned to the 3rd Frigate Flotilla.[16] She collided with the destroyer Cockade on 23 April 1946, and on 1 July 1946, she set out on her return journey to Britain.[16][32] Upon arrival in England, she was reduced to reserve status in Harwich, transferring to the Chatham Reserve Fleet in 1948.[32]

Following a refit during which Hedgehog was fitted and the ship's anti-aircraft outfit upgraded, Crane returned to active service in August 1951, joining the 3rd Frigate Squadron in the Far East.[32][33] She was the leader of the squadron, and served on blockade and bombardment duties off the west coast of Korea during the Korean War, firing 1756 rounds of 4-inch ammunition during the war.[34] Crane was refitted in Hong Kong in February 1952.[33] On 27 March 1952, Crane was hit by a shell from a North Korean shore battery off He Do Island. Crane was not seriously damaged and suffered no casualties.[35]

In 1956 she was deployed to the Red Sea during the Suez Crisis. While there, she was attacked by Israeli Air Force fighter aircraft after supposedly being mistaken for an Egyptian warship. Crane was hit by rocket fire from the aircraft and small bombs which exploded around the stern, spraying the ship with shrapnel. The attack inflicted widespread damage on the hull, damaging two antiaircraft guns, destroying a depth charge thrower, and cutting various electrical circuits and water mains, but damage was limited as the rockets were impact-fused and did not penetrate deep into the ship's hull. The ship's fighting efficiency was only slightly impaired. Three crewmen were wounded in the attack. Crane claimed to have shot down one of the Israeli fighters.[32][34][36] She was then refitted at Singapore, being modernised and having her accommodation improved, returning to service in January 1958.[34] Duties included shelling Malayan National Liberation Army targets in South Malaya during the Malayan Emergency as well as fishery protection patrols off Hong Kong and training.[34] She continued to serve in the Far East until 1962, the last of her class in service with the Royal Navy.[32][33]

The ship was paid off at the end of 1962 at Portsmouth, and was transferred to BISCO for disposal in 1965, being scrapped at the Queenborough, Kent yard of Lacmots Ltd from March 1965.[16][32][33]

Legacy Edit

The ship bell is placed in the foyer of Tower Hamlets Town Hall. The ship was adopted by the old Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green during the Second World War and the connection with the ship and its crew was maintained after the borough of Bethnal Green merged with neighbours to form the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965.[37]

Citations Edit

  1. ^ "HMS Crane (U 23) of the Royal Navy – British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class – Allied Warships of WWII – uboat.net". uboat.net. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  2. ^ Hague 1993, p. 6
  3. ^ Friedman 2008, pp. 332–333
  4. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 67
  5. ^ Gardiner & Chesneau 1980, p. 58
  6. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 321
  7. ^ Gardiner & Chesneau 1980, pp. 57–58
  8. ^ a b Gardiner & Chesneau 1980, p. 57
  9. ^ a b Hague 1993, p. 83
  10. ^ Hague 1993, p. 22
  11. ^ Elliott 1977, p. 143
  12. ^ Hague 1993, p. 82
  13. ^ Friedman 2008, p. 333
  14. ^ a b c d e Hague 1993, p. 88
  15. ^ Hague 1993, pp. 87, 89, 105
  16. ^ a b c d e f g "HMS Crane, sloop". www.naval-history.net. Retrieved 20 October 2020.
  17. ^ Winser 2002, p. 95
  18. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 222
  19. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, pp. 226–227
  20. ^ Blair 2000, p. 405
  21. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 246
  22. ^ Blair 2000, pp. 448–450
  23. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, p. 267
  24. ^ Blair 2000, p. 508
  25. ^ Kemp 1997, p. 182
  26. ^ Winser 1994, p. 110
  27. ^ Hague 1993, pp. 88–89
  28. ^ Hobbs 2017, p. 61
  29. ^ Rohwer & Hümmelchen 1992, pp. 341, 352
  30. ^ Hobbs 2017, pp. 275, 279
  31. ^ Hobbs 2017, pp. 299–301
  32. ^ a b c d e f g Hague 1993, p. 89
  33. ^ a b c d Critchley 1992, p. 9
  34. ^ a b c d Navy News June 1959, p. 11
  35. ^ "Korean War: Chronology of U.S. Pacific Fleet Operations, January–April 1952". Korean War Chronology. Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 22 April 2021.
  36. ^ "Lot 81, Orders, Decorations, Medals and Militaria (9 & 10 May 2018) | Dix Noonan Webb". www.dnw.co.uk. Retrieved 28 April 2021.
  37. ^ "ELA article on Remembrance ceremony at the Town Hall". Retrieved 16 October 2021.

References Edit

  • Blair, Clay (2000). Hitler's U-Boat War: The Hunted 1942–1945. New York: Modern Library. ISBN 0-679-64033-9.
  • Critchley, Mike (1992). British Warships Since 1945: Part 5: Frigates. Liskeard, UK: Maritime Press. ISBN 0-907771-13-0.
  • Elliott, Peter (1977). Allied Escort Ships of World War II: A complete survey. London: Macdonald and Jane's. ISBN 0-356-08401-9.
  • Friedman, Norman (2008). British Destroyers and Frigates: The Second World War and After. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84832-015-4.
  • "Frigate does Thousands of Miles in Short Commission: Crane's travels in Far East" (PDF). Navy News. No. 61. June 1959. p. 11. Retrieved 17 April 2021.
  • Gardiner, Robert; Chesneau, Roger, eds. (1980). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-146-7.
  • Hague, Arnold (1993). Sloops: A History of the 71 Sloops Built in Britain and Australia for the British, Australian and Indian Navies 1926–1946. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-67-3.
  • Hobbs, David (2017). The British Pacific Fleet: The Royal Navy's Most Powerful Strike Force. Barnsley, UK: Seaforth Publishing. ISBN 978-1-5267-0283-8.
  • Kemp, Paul (1997). U-Boats Destroyed: German Submarine Losses in the World Wars. London: Arms & Armour Press. ISBN 1-85409-321-5.
  • Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992). Chronology of the War at Sea 1939–1945. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 1-85367-117-7.
  • Winser, John de S. (2002). British Invasion Fleets: The Mediterranean and beyond 1942–1945. Gravesend, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-9543310-0-1.
  • Winser, John de S. (1994). The D-Day Ship: Neptune: the Greatest Amphibious Operation in History. Kendal, UK: World Ship Society. ISBN 0-905617-75-4.

Further reading Edit

August 26, 2023
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For other ships with the same name see HMS Crane HMS Crane was a modified Black Swan class sloop of the Royal Navy She was laid down by William Denny and Brothers Dumbarton on 13 June 1941 launched on 9 November 1942 and commissioned on 10 May 1943 with the pennant number U23 1 She saw active service during the Second World War initially performing convoy escort roles in the Atlantic before supporting the Normandy landings In the final months of the war Crane joined the British Pacific Fleet and saw service during the Battle of Okinawa Post war Crane remained in south east Asia and took part in hostilities during the Korean War She was redeployed to the Middle East during the Suez Crisis before returning to Asia for service during the Malayan Emergency Crane was withdrawn from service in the early 1960 s and was scrapped in 1965 HMS Crane at Greenock on 6 May 1943 HistoryUnited KingdomNameCraneNamesakeCraneOrdered9 January 1941BuilderWilliam Denny and Brothers DumbartonLaid down13 June 1941Launched9 November 1942Commissioned10 May 1943IdentificationPennant number U23FateScrapped in 1965General characteristicsClass and typeModified Black Swan class sloopDisplacement1 350 tonsLength283 ft 86 m Beam38 5 ft 11 7 m PropulsionGeared turbines two shaftsSpeed20 knots 37 km h 23 mph at 4 300 hp 3 200 kW Complement192 men 1 catArmament6 QF 4 in Mk XVI anti aircraft guns 12 20 mm anti aircraft guns Contents 1 Design 2 Construction and career 3 Legacy 4 Citations 5 References 6 Further readingDesign EditCrane was one of two Modified Black Swan class sloops ordered by the Admiralty on 9 January 1941 2 3 The Modified Black Swans were an improved version of the pre war Black Swan class sloops with greater beam allowing a heavier close in anti aircraft armament to be accommodated 4 5 Crane was 299 ft 6 in 91 29 m long overall and 283 ft 0 in 86 26 m between perpendiculars with a beam of 38 feet 6 inches 11 73 m and a draught of 11 ft 4 in 3 45 m at deep load 6 Displacement of the Modified Black Swans was 1 350 1 490 long tons 1 370 1 510 t standard and 1 880 1 950 long tons 1 910 1 980 t deep load depending on the armament and equipment fitted 7 Two Admiralty three drum water tube boilers provided steam to Parsons geared steam turbines which drove two shafts The machinery was rated at 4 300 shaft horsepower 3 200 kW giving a speed of 19 75 knots 36 58 km h 22 73 mph 8 The ship s main gun armament as fitted to all the Modified Black Swans consisted of three twin QF 4 inch 102 mm Mk XVI guns in dual purpose mounts capable of both anti ship and anti aircraft use 8 Crane completed with a close in anti aircraft armament of 4 twin and 2 single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon 9 Anti submarine armament consisted of eight depth charge throwers and two rails with 110 depth charges carried 10 11 Crane s close in armament was modified during the war to 2 twin Bofors 40 mm guns and 1 twin and two single Oerlikon 20 mm cannon Post war the ship s remaining 20 mm guns were replaced by 4 single Bofors guns while a split Hedgehog anti submarine mortar was fitted 9 Construction and career EditHMS Crane was laid down at William Denny and Brothers Dumbarton shipyard on 13 June 1941 and was launched on 9 November 1942 and was completed on 10 May 1943 with the pennant number U23 12 13 After commissioning she joined the 7th Escort Group based at Greenock in Scotland 14 with other members including sister ships Chanticleer and Cygnet and to be later joined by Hart and Pheasant 15 Duties included the escort and support of convoys in the North Atlantic and to Gibraltar 14 16 In July 1943 Crane took part in Operation Husky the Anglo American invasion of Sicily escorting an assault convoy from Britain to the Mediterranean from 28 June to 7 July and then a second assault convoy to the beaches on 13 July 17 18 In August 1943 in order to avoid attacks by aircraft of RAF Coastal Command in the Bay of Biscay German U boats on course for the north Atlantic started to hug the coast of France and Northern Spain As a response the Royal Navy deployed Escort groups to patrol off Cape Finisterre to stop the Germans from using this route but German air attacks forced the patrols to move further west where they were less effective Crane was briefly deployed in one of these groups in September 1943 but saw no success 14 19 20 On 13 November 1943 Convoy MKS 30 left Gibraltar from Britain joining up with Convoy SL 139 Britain bound from West Africa the next day with the 7th Escort Group including Crane ordered to reinforce the convoy while the Germans formed three patrol lines of submarines to attack the convoy On 18 December Crane and Chanticleer attacked the submarine U 515 with U 515 firing a T5 acoustic homing torpedo which hit and damaged Chanticleer which had to be towed to port in the Azores Crane continued to attack U 515 with depth charges for 10 hours damaging the submarine and driving U 515 off German attacks on the convoy continued and on 21 November 1943 Crane and the frigate Fowey sank U 538 with depth charges There were no survivors from the submarine 21 22 Crane and Cygnet depth charged and sank the German submarine U 962 on 8 April 1944 in the North Atlantic northwest of Cape Finisterre 23 24 25 In May 1944 the 7th Escort Group including Crane she was transferred to the English Channel to support the Allies planned Normandy landings for Operation Neptune 14 16 On 6 June Crane formed part of the escort of an assault convoy to Gold Beach 26 In August 1944 she was released from support duties in the Channel and sent for refit at Hull but while on passage to Hull collided with the merchant steamer Tilapia sustaining structural damage The refit and repairs continued until November 1944 14 16 At the end of the work she was transferred for service with the British Pacific Fleet arriving in Sydney on 17 February 1945 and joining the fleet at Manus Island on 4 March 1945 27 Crane was employed in escorting the replenishment ships of the fleet train supporting the carriers of the fleet 28 supporting operations against Japanese airbases during the Battle of Okinawa in March May 1945 29 She continued to protect replenishment ships in support of the British Pacific fleet until the end of the war 30 Crane was present in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945 during the signing of Japan s surrender 31 She was deployed on a Hong Kong based patrol until refitted at Brisbane Australia from October 1945 to January 1946 16 32 Following completion of the refit the ship was assigned to the 3rd Frigate Flotilla 16 She collided with the destroyer Cockade on 23 April 1946 and on 1 July 1946 she set out on her return journey to Britain 16 32 Upon arrival in England she was reduced to reserve status in Harwich transferring to the Chatham Reserve Fleet in 1948 32 Following a refit during which Hedgehog was fitted and the ship s anti aircraft outfit upgraded Crane returned to active service in August 1951 joining the 3rd Frigate Squadron in the Far East 32 33 She was the leader of the squadron and served on blockade and bombardment duties off the west coast of Korea during the Korean War firing 1756 rounds of 4 inch ammunition during the war 34 Crane was refitted in Hong Kong in February 1952 33 On 27 March 1952 Crane was hit by a shell from a North Korean shore battery off He Do Island Crane was not seriously damaged and suffered no casualties 35 In 1956 she was deployed to the Red Sea during the Suez Crisis While there she was attacked by Israeli Air Force fighter aircraft after supposedly being mistaken for an Egyptian warship Crane was hit by rocket fire from the aircraft and small bombs which exploded around the stern spraying the ship with shrapnel The attack inflicted widespread damage on the hull damaging two antiaircraft guns destroying a depth charge thrower and cutting various electrical circuits and water mains but damage was limited as the rockets were impact fused and did not penetrate deep into the ship s hull The ship s fighting efficiency was only slightly impaired Three crewmen were wounded in the attack Crane claimed to have shot down one of the Israeli fighters 32 34 36 She was then refitted at Singapore being modernised and having her accommodation improved returning to service in January 1958 34 Duties included shelling Malayan National Liberation Army targets in South Malaya during the Malayan Emergency as well as fishery protection patrols off Hong Kong and training 34 She continued to serve in the Far East until 1962 the last of her class in service with the Royal Navy 32 33 The ship was paid off at the end of 1962 at Portsmouth and was transferred to BISCO for disposal in 1965 being scrapped at the Queenborough Kent yard of Lacmots Ltd from March 1965 16 32 33 Legacy EditThe ship bell is placed in the foyer of Tower Hamlets Town Hall The ship was adopted by the old Metropolitan Borough of Bethnal Green during the Second World War and the connection with the ship and its crew was maintained after the borough of Bethnal Green merged with neighbours to form the new London Borough of Tower Hamlets in 1965 37 Citations Edit HMS Crane U 23 of the Royal Navy British Sloop of the Modified Black Swan class Allied Warships of WWII uboat net uboat net Retrieved 20 October 2020 Hague 1993 p 6 Friedman 2008 pp 332 333 Friedman 2008 p 67 Gardiner amp Chesneau 1980 p 58 Friedman 2008 p 321 Gardiner amp Chesneau 1980 pp 57 58 a b Gardiner amp Chesneau 1980 p 57 a b Hague 1993 p 83 Hague 1993 p 22 Elliott 1977 p 143 Hague 1993 p 82 Friedman 2008 p 333 a b c d e Hague 1993 p 88 Hague 1993 pp 87 89 105 a b c d e f g HMS Crane sloop www naval history net Retrieved 20 October 2020 Winser 2002 p 95 Rohwer amp Hummelchen 1992 p 222 Rohwer amp Hummelchen 1992 pp 226 227 Blair 2000 p 405 Rohwer amp Hummelchen 1992 p 246 Blair 2000 pp 448 450 Rohwer amp Hummelchen 1992 p 267 Blair 2000 p 508 Kemp 1997 p 182 Winser 1994 p 110 Hague 1993 pp 88 89 Hobbs 2017 p 61 Rohwer amp Hummelchen 1992 pp 341 352 Hobbs 2017 pp 275 279 Hobbs 2017 pp 299 301 a b c d e f g Hague 1993 p 89 a b c d Critchley 1992 p 9 a b c d Navy News June 1959 p 11 Korean War Chronology of U S Pacific Fleet Operations January April 1952 Korean War Chronology Naval History and Heritage Command Retrieved 22 April 2021 Lot 81 Orders Decorations Medals and Militaria 9 amp 10 May 2018 Dix Noonan Webb www dnw co uk Retrieved 28 April 2021 ELA article on Remembrance ceremony at the Town Hall Retrieved 16 October 2021 References EditBlair Clay 2000 Hitler s U Boat War The Hunted 1942 1945 New York Modern Library ISBN 0 679 64033 9 Critchley Mike 1992 British Warships Since 1945 Part 5 Frigates Liskeard UK Maritime Press ISBN 0 907771 13 0 Elliott Peter 1977 Allied Escort Ships of World War II A complete survey London Macdonald and Jane s ISBN 0 356 08401 9 Friedman Norman 2008 British Destroyers and Frigates The Second World War and After Barnsley UK Seaforth Publishing ISBN 978 1 84832 015 4 Frigate does Thousands of Miles in Short Commission Crane s travels in Far East PDF Navy News No 61 June 1959 p 11 Retrieved 17 April 2021 Gardiner Robert Chesneau Roger eds 1980 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1922 1946 London Conway Maritime Press ISBN 0 85177 146 7 Hague Arnold 1993 Sloops A History of the 71 Sloops Built in Britain and Australia for the British Australian and Indian Navies 1926 1946 Kendal UK World Ship Society ISBN 0 905617 67 3 Hobbs David 2017 The British Pacific Fleet The Royal Navy s Most Powerful Strike Force Barnsley UK Seaforth Publishing ISBN 978 1 5267 0283 8 Kemp Paul 1997 U Boats Destroyed German Submarine Losses in the World Wars London Arms amp Armour Press ISBN 1 85409 321 5 Rohwer Jurgen Hummelchen Gerhard 1992 Chronology of the War at Sea 1939 1945 London Greenhill Books ISBN 1 85367 117 7 Winser John de S 2002 British Invasion Fleets The Mediterranean and beyond 1942 1945 Gravesend UK World Ship Society ISBN 0 9543310 0 1 Winser John de S 1994 The D Day Ship Neptune the Greatest Amphibious Operation in History Kendal UK World Ship Society ISBN 0 905617 75 4 Further reading EditColledge J J Warlow Ben 2006 1969 Ships of the Royal Navy The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy Rev ed London Chatham Publishing ISBN 978 1 86176 281 8 Gardiner Robert Gardiner 1996 Conway s All the World s Fighting Ships 1947 1995 US Naval Institute Press p 675 ISBN 1 55750 132 7 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title HMS Crane U23 amp oldid 1169318259, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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