Gynocriticism or gynocritics is the term coined in the seventies by Elaine Showalter to describe a new literary project intended to construct "a female framework for the analysis of women's literature".
By expanding the historical study of women writers as a distinct literary tradition, gynocritics sought to develop new models based on the study of female experience to replace male models of literary creation, and so "map the territory"[1] left unexplored in earlier literary criticisms.
While previous figures like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir had already begun to review and evaluate the female image in literature,[2] and second-wave feminism had explored phallocentrism and sexism through a female reading of male authors, gynocriticism was designed as a "second phase" in feminist criticism – turning to a focus on, and interrogation of female authorship, images, the feminine experience and ideology, and the history and development of the female literary tradition.[3][2]
Development as a literary critiqueedit
Gynocriticism also examines the female struggle for identity and the social construct of gender.[2] According to Elaine Showalter,[2] gynocritics is the study of not only the female as a gender status but also the 'internalized consciousness' of the female. The uncovering of the female subculture and exposition of a female model is the intention of gynocriticism,[3] comprising recognition of a distinct female canon where a female identity is sought free from the masculine definitions and oppositions.[3]
Gynocriticism accordingly challenged a Freudian psychoanalytic perspective whereby the female inherently suffers envy of men and feelings of inadequacy and injustice,[3] combined with feelings of intellectual inferiority.[4] Arguing that male 'phallic prejudice'[3] itself creates a female consciousness that demands a critique,[3] and that prejudice against the female incites a specific noesis that gets attributed to the female,[4] Gynocriticism stressed that this prejudice has concealed the female literary tradition to the point of imitating the masculine.[5]
Achievements and limitationsedit
Gynocriticism helped reclaim from obscurity a vast body of early female writings, often published in Virago,[6] as well as producing such feminist classics as The Madwoman in the Attic.[7] However its very successes left it open to new challenges from within feminism. Poststructuralists complained that it fetishized the role of the author, at the expense of the reader and the text, and that its grand narrative, setting up a female canon in opposition to the male, was essentialist, and omitted differences and divisions among women, leaving out lesbians and women of color, for example.[8]
Race, class, social interest, political inclination, religion and sexuality[3][5] all arguably come into play in the construction of identity.[5] Separating out such properties would create a one-dimensional view of the female, yet if gender and identity are merely constructs then it becomes difficult to assign any inherent qualities of nature or language to found a critique.[2]
Despite such limitations, gynocriticism offers a valuable interrogation of 'female' literature, through the study of sameness and difference in gender.[5] While the term is rarely used in third-wave feminism, the practices and canon establishment of gynocriticism continues to underpin feminist literary criticism.[9]
^I. Buchanan, A Dictionary of Critical Theory (2010) p. 215
Further readingedit
Groden, Michael and Martin Kreiswurth, eds. The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.
External linksedit
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Gynocriticism or gynocritics is the term coined in the seventies by Elaine Showalter to describe a new literary project intended to construct a female framework for the analysis of women s literature By expanding the historical study of women writers as a distinct literary tradition gynocritics sought to develop new models based on the study of female experience to replace male models of literary creation and so map the territory 1 left unexplored in earlier literary criticisms Contents 1 History 2 Development as a literary critique 3 Achievements and limitations 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editWhile previous figures like Virginia Woolf and Simone de Beauvoir had already begun to review and evaluate the female image in literature 2 and second wave feminism had explored phallocentrism and sexism through a female reading of male authors gynocriticism was designed as a second phase in feminist criticism turning to a focus on and interrogation of female authorship images the feminine experience and ideology and the history and development of the female literary tradition 3 2 Development as a literary critique editGynocriticism also examines the female struggle for identity and the social construct of gender 2 According to Elaine Showalter 2 gynocritics is the study of not only the female as a gender status but also the internalized consciousness of the female The uncovering of the female subculture and exposition of a female model is the intention of gynocriticism 3 comprising recognition of a distinct female canon where a female identity is sought free from the masculine definitions and oppositions 3 Gynocriticism accordingly challenged a Freudian psychoanalytic perspective whereby the female inherently suffers envy of men and feelings of inadequacy and injustice 3 combined with feelings of intellectual inferiority 4 Arguing that male phallic prejudice 3 itself creates a female consciousness that demands a critique 3 and that prejudice against the female incites a specific noesis that gets attributed to the female 4 Gynocriticism stressed that this prejudice has concealed the female literary tradition to the point of imitating the masculine 5 Achievements and limitations editGynocriticism helped reclaim from obscurity a vast body of early female writings often published in Virago 6 as well as producing such feminist classics as The Madwoman in the Attic 7 However its very successes left it open to new challenges from within feminism Poststructuralists complained that it fetishized the role of the author at the expense of the reader and the text and that its grand narrative setting up a female canon in opposition to the male was essentialist and omitted differences and divisions among women leaving out lesbians and women of color for example 8 Race class social interest political inclination religion and sexuality 3 5 all arguably come into play in the construction of identity 5 Separating out such properties would create a one dimensional view of the female yet if gender and identity are merely constructs then it becomes difficult to assign any inherent qualities of nature or language to found a critique 2 Despite such limitations gynocriticism offers a valuable interrogation of female literature through the study of sameness and difference in gender 5 While the term is rarely used in third wave feminism the practices and canon establishment of gynocriticism continues to underpin feminist literary criticism 9 See also editEllen Moers Ecriture feminine Feminist studiesReferences edit Quoted in J Childers ed The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism 1995 p 129 a b c d e Barry P 2009 Beginning theory An introduction to literary and cultural theory Manchester University Press Manchester a b c d e f g Xu Y 2007 Contribution of gynocriticism to feminist criticism US China Foreign Language vol 5 no 5 pp 1 5 a b Frager R amp Fadiman J 2005 Personality and personal growth 6th ed Pearson Prentice Hall New Jersey a b c d Friedman Susan Stanford Mappings Feminism and the Cultural Geographies of Encounter Princeton N J Princeton University Press 1998 Patricia Waugh Literary Theory and Criticism 2006 p 328 J Childers ed The Columbia Dictionary of Modern Literary and Cultural Criticism 1995 p 129 Literary Terms Fall 2002 Montclair State University students of ENGL 605 Literary Research 05 Jun 2005 lt http english montclair edu isaacs 605LitResearch litermFA02 htm gt I Buchanan A Dictionary of Critical Theory 2010 p 215Further reading editGroden Michael and Martin Kreiswurth eds The Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press 1997 External links editListen to this article 4 minutes source source nbsp This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 12 September 2023 2023 09 12 and does not reflect subsequent edits Audio help More spoken articles vitualLit Fiction page on Feminist Criticism Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gynocriticism amp oldid 1175116390, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
