In junipers (the primary hosts, see photo), some species form a ball-like gall about 2–4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle-like spore tubes called telial horns. These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet. In other species, such as in G. clarvariforme, the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling.[4] The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple, pear, hawthorn or suitable tree.
On the secondary hosts, the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves. It also infects the fruit, which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head. These are the spore tubes. These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle. All the types of spores can spread over long distances.[5]
The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers, but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus. Although the genus has a worldwide distribution, its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species. Individual species are found in Northern and Central America, Asia, Europe and the Middle East.[5]
Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance, some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and/or eradicate the coniferous hosts.[6]
In 2020, the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium.[7] As accepted by Wijayawardene et al. 2020.[8]
^Brand, Bert; Brand, Gill; Shattock, Richard (October 2006). "Sorting out Gymnosporangium species – the aecial stage". Field Mycology. 7 (4): 123–127. doi:10.1016/S1468-1641(10)60574-9.
gymnosporangium, genus, heteroecious, plant, pathogenic, fungi, which, alternately, infect, members, family, cupressaceae, primarily, species, genus, juniperus, junipers, members, family, rosaceae, subfamily, amygdaloideae, apples, pears, quinces, shadbush, ha. Gymnosporangium is a genus of heteroecious plant pathogenic fungi which alternately infect members of the family Cupressaceae primarily species in the genus Juniperus junipers and members of the family Rosaceae in the subfamily Amygdaloideae apples pears quinces shadbush hawthorns rowans and their relatives The common name cedar apple rusts has been used for these fungi 1 According to the Dictionary of the Fungi 10th edition 2008 there was 57 species in the genus 2 In 2023 Species Fungorum lists up to 74 species 3 GymnosporangiumGymnosporangium juniperiScientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom FungiDivision BasidiomycotaClass PucciniomycetesOrder PuccinialesFamily GymnosporangiaceaeGenus GymnosporangiumR Hedw ex DC 1805 Type speciesGymnosporangium fuscumDC 1805 In junipers the primary hosts see photo some species form a ball like gall about 2 4 cm in diameter which produces a set of orange tentacle like spore tubes called telial horns These horns expand and have a jelly like consistency when wet In other species such as in G clarvariforme the telia are produced directly from the bark of the juniper with no obvious gall formation or swelling 4 The basidiospores are released and travel on the wind until they infect an apple pear hawthorn or suitable tree On the secondary hosts the fungus produces yellowish depressions on the leaves It also infects the fruit which grows whitish tubes like a Medusa head These are the spore tubes These aeciospores must then infect a juniper to complete the life cycle All the types of spores can spread over long distances 5 The fungus does not cause serious damage to junipers but apple and pear trees can suffer serious loss of fruit production due to the effects of the fungus Although the genus has a worldwide distribution its impact depends on availability of its two host plant species Individual species are found in Northern and Central America Asia Europe and the Middle East 5 Due to the economic impacts of the rusts in some areas where orchards are of commercial importance some regions have attempted to ban the planting of and or eradicate the coniferous hosts 6 In 2020 the monotypic family Gymnosporangiaceae was proposed to accommodate Gymnosporangium 7 As accepted by Wijayawardene et al 2020 8 Contents 1 Selected species and hosts 2 Full list of species 3 References 4 Other sources 5 External linksSelected species and hosts editSpecies Primary host Secondary host Common nameGymnosporangium amelanchieris Juniperus sect Juniperus AmelanchierGymnosporangium clavariiforme Juniperus sect Juniperus Amelanchier Crataegus Pyrus Tongues of Fire 9 Gymnosporangium clavipes Juniperus Crataegus Cydonia Cedar quince rust quince rust 10 Gymnosporangium confusum Juniperus Crataegus Cydonia Mespilus PyrusGymnosporangium cornutum Juniperus sect Juniperus Sorbus subgen Sorbus Mountain ash juniper rust 10 Gymnosporangium cupressi Cupressus AmelanchierGymnosporangium dobroznakovii Juniperus sect Juniperus PyrusGymnosporangium fusisporum Juniperus sect Sabina CotoneasterGymnosporangium gaeumannii Juniperus communis not known Gymnosporangium globosum Juniperus Crataegus Cedar hawthorn rust American hawthorn rust 10 11 Gymnosporangium gracile Juniperus Amelanchier Crataegus CydoniaGymnosporangium harknessianum Juniperus AmelanchierGymnosporangium inconspicuum Juniperus AmelanchierGymnosporangium juniperi virginianae Juniperus Malus Cedar apple rust 10 Gymnosporangium kernianum Juniperus Amelanchier Kern s pear rust 11 Gymnosporangium libocedri Now Gymnotelium blasdaleanum Pucciniaceae family Calocedrus Amelanchier Pacific Coast pear rust 11 Incense cedar broom rust 10 Gymnosporangium malyi not known CrataegusGymnosporangium multiporum Juniperus not known Gymnosporangium nelsonii Juniperus Amelanchier Witches broom rust 10 Rocky Mountain pear 11 Gymnosporangium nidus avis Juniperus sect Sabina Crataegus Cydonia Malus Juniper witches broom rust 10 Gymnosporangium sabinae Juniperus Pyrus Malus Crataegus Pear rust European pear rust or pear trellis rust 10 Gymnosporangium torminalis juniperinum Juniperus sect Juniperus Sorbus torminalisGymnosporangium tremelloides Juniperus sect Juniperus Cydonia Malus SorbusGymnosporangium yamadae Juniperus Malus Japanese apple rust 12 Full list of species editAs accepted by Species Fungorum 3 Gymnosporangium amelanchieris DC E Fisch 1909 Gymnosporangium annulatum Y M Liang amp B Cao 2020 Gymnosporangium asiaticum Miyabe ex G Yamada 1904 Gymnosporangium atlanticum Guyot amp Malencon 1957 Gymnosporangium aurantiacum Syd amp P Syd 1904 Gymnosporangium bermudianum Earle 1893 Gymnosporangium bethelii F Kern 1907 Gymnosporangium biseptatum Ellis 1874 Gymnosporangium clavariiforme Wulfen DC 1805 Gymnosporangium clavipes Cooke amp Peck 1873 Gymnosporangium confusum Plowr 1889 Gymnosporangium connersii Parmelee 1965 Gymnosporangium corniculans F Kern 1910 Gymnosporangium corniforme Sawada 1928 Gymnosporangium cornutum Pers Arthur 1910 Gymnosporangium cunninghamianum Barclay 1890 Gymnosporangium cupressi Long amp Goodd 1921 Gymnosporangium davisii F Kern 1908 Gymnosporangium dobrozrakovae Mitrof 1969 Gymnosporangium echinulatum Seung K Lee amp Kakish Y M Liang amp B Cao 2020 Gymnosporangium effusum F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium exiguum F Kern 1908 Gymnosporangium exterum Arthur amp F Kern 1910 Gymnosporangium floriforme Thaxt 1908 Gymnosporangium formosanum Hirats f amp Hashioka 1935 Gymnosporangium fraternum F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium fusisporum E Fisch 1918 Gymnosporangium gaeumannii H Zogg 1949 Gymnosporangium gjaerumii Korbonsk amp Azbukina 1997 Gymnosporangium globosum Farl Farl 1886 Gymnosporangium gracile Pat 1902 Gymnosporangium gracilens Peck F Kern amp Bethel 1911 Gymnosporangium harknessianum Ellis amp Everh ex F Kern F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium hemisphaericum Hara 1917 Gymnosporangium huanglongense Y M Liang amp B Cao 2016 Gymnosporangium hyalinum Cooke F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium inconspicuum F Kern 1907 Gymnosporangium juniperi virginianae Schwein 1822 Gymnosporangium kanasense P Zhao amp L Cai 2020 Gymnosporangium kernianum Bethel 1911 Gymnosporangium lachrymiforme P Zhao amp L Cai 2020 Gymnosporangium lianhuaense Y M Liang B Cao amp S Q Tao 2020 Gymnosporangium meridissimum Crowell 1940 Gymnosporangium mespili DC F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium minus Crowell 1940 Gymnosporangium miyabei G Yamada amp I Miyake 1908 Gymnosporangium monticola H Y Yun 2009 Gymnosporangium multiporum F Kern 1909 Gymnosporangium nelsonii Arthur 1901 Gymnosporangium nidus avis Thaxt 1891 Gymnosporangium niitakayamense Y M Shen 2018 Gymnosporangium nipponicum G Yamada 1935 Gymnosporangium orientale P Syd amp Syd 1912 Gymnosporangium padmarense Balf Browne 1955 Gymnosporangium paraphysatum Vienn Bourg 1961 Gymnosporangium pleoporum Y M Liang amp B Cao 2020 Gymnosporangium przewalskii Y M Liang amp B Cao 2017 Gymnosporangium raphiolepidis Syd T Kasuya K Hosaka amp Kakish 2020 Gymnosporangium sabinae Dicks G Winter 1884 Gymnosporangium shennongjiaense P Zhao amp L Cai 2020 Gymnosporangium shiraianum Hara 1919 Gymnosporangium sorbi Arthur F Kern 1911 Gymnosporangium spinulosum P Zhao amp L Cai 2020 Gymnosporangium taianum F Kern 1964 Gymnosporangium tiankengense P Zhao amp L Cai 2020 Gymnosporangium tianschanicum Z Y Zhao amp J Y Zhuang 2007 Gymnosporangium torminali juniperini E Fisch 1910 Gymnosporangium trachysorum F Kern 1910 Gymnosporangium tremelloides R Hartig 1882 Gymnosporangium tsingchenense C T Wei 1947 Gymnosporangium turkestanicum Tranzschel 1939 Gymnosporangium unicorne H Y Yun 2009 Gymnosporangium vauqueliniae Long amp Goodd 1939 Gymnosporangium yamadae Miyabe ex G Yamada 1904 References edit Kern Frank D 1973 Revised Taxonomic Account of Gymnosporangium Pennsylvania State University Press p 136 ISBN 978 0271011059 Kirk PM Cannon PF Minter DW Stalpers JA 2008 Dictionary of the Fungi 10th ed Wallingford UK CABI p 298 ISBN 978 0 85199 826 8 a b Species Fungorum Search Page Gymnosporangium www speciesfungorum org Retrieved 17 August 2023 Brand Bert Brand Gill Shattock Richard October 2006 Sorting out Gymnosporangium species the aecial stage Field Mycology 7 4 123 127 doi 10 1016 S1468 1641 10 60574 9 a b Diagnostics Gymnosporangium spp non European OEPP EPPO Bulletin 36 41 446 2006 Cedar Apple Rust Plant of the Week Archived from the original on 2006 09 26 Retrieved 2006 11 17 Zhao P Qi X Crous P Duan W Cai L 2020 Gymnosporangium species on Malus species delineation diversity and host alternation Persoonia 45 1 68 100 doi 10 3767 persoonia 2020 45 03 Wijayawardene Nalin Hyde Kevin Al Ani Laith Khalil Tawfeeq Somayeh Dolatabadi Stadler Marc Haelewaters Danny et al 2020 Outline of Fungi and fungus like taxa Mycosphere 11 1060 1456 doi 10 5943 mycosphere 11 1 8 Gymnosporangium cornutum clavariforme Scottish Fungi a b c d e f g h FullFungi List Widely Prevalent Fungi of the United States a b c d Diseases of Pear APS Gymnosporangium yamadae Archived 2015 06 04 at the Wayback Machine Data sheets on Quaranteen PestsOther sources editPhillips D H amp Burdekin D A 1992 Diseases of Forest and Ornamental Trees Macmillan Scharpf R F ed 1993 Diseases of Pacific Coast Conifers USDA Forest Service Agricultural Handbook 521 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gymnosporangium nbsp Wikispecies has information related to Gymnosporangium Forestry Images Gymnosporangium Photo of Gymnosporangium sabinae on Juniperus sabina Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gymnosporangium amp oldid 1170754172, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
