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Gurjaradesa

January 01, 1970

Gurjaradesa (lit. 'Gurjara country') or Gurjaratra is a historical region in India comprising the eastern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat during the period of 6th–12th century CE. The predominant power of the region, the Gurjara-Pratiharas eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at Kannauj. The modern state of "Gujarat" derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra.[1]

Places in Gurjaradeśa, as mentioned in historical texts and determined from the find spots of inscriptions (blue). The neighbouring places are shown as triangles (gray).

Early references to Gurjara country edit

 
Campaigns of Mohammad bin Qasim (712–715), including attacks on Bhinmal.
 
Arab campaigns from the Caliphal province of Sind into Gujarat and Gurjaradesa in 724–740 CE.

Gurjaradēśa, or Gurjara country, is first attested in Bana's Harshacharita (7th century CE). Its king is said to have been subdued by Harsha's father Prabhakaravardhana (died c. 605 CE).[2] The bracketing of the country with Sindha (Sindh), Lāta (southern Gujarat) and Malava (western Malwa) indicates that the region including the northern Gujarat and Rajasthan is meant.[3]

Hieun Tsang, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India between 631–645 CE during Harsha's reign, mentioned the Gurjara country (Kiu-che-lo) with its capital at Bhinmal (Pi-lo-mo-lo) as the second largest kingdom of Western India.[4] He distinguished it from the neighbouring kingdoms of Bharukaccha (Bharuch), Ujjayini (Ujjain), Malava (Malwa), Valabhi and Surashtra.[2] The Gurjara kingdom was said to have measured 833 miles in circuit and its ruler was a 20-year old kshatriya, who was distinguished for his wisdom and courage.[5] It is known that, in 628 CE, the kingdom at Bhinmal was ruled by a Chapa dynasty ruler Vyāgrahamukha, under whose reign the mathematician-astronomer Brahmagupta wrote his famous treatise. It is believed that the young ruler mentioned by Hieun Tsang must have been his immediate successor.[6] It appears that the Gurjara country at that time comprised modern Rajasthan.[2] Following the death of Harsha, his empire split up into small kingdoms. Gurjaradesa is believed to have become independent.

The Arab chroniclers of Sindh (an Arab province from 712 CE onward), narrated the campaigns of Arab governors on Jurz, the Arabic term for Gurjara. They mentioned it jointly with Mermad (Marumāda, in Western Rajasthan) and Al Baylaman (Bhinmal).[7] The country was first conquered by Mohammad bin Qasim (712-715) and, for a second time, by Junayd (723-726).[8] Upon bin Qasim's victory, Al-Baladhuri mentioned that the Indian rulers, including that of Bhinmal, accepted Islam and paid tribute.[9] They presumably recanted after bin Qasim's departure, which made Junayd's attack necessary. After Junayd's reconquest, the kingdom at Bhinmal appears to have been annexed by the Arabs.[8]

Successor Gurjara kingdoms edit

Main article: Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty

A Gurjara kingdom was founded by Harichandra Rohilladhi at Mandore (Mandavyapura) in about 600 CE. This is expected to have been a small kingdom.[10] His descendant, Nagabhata, shifted the capital to Merta (Medāntakapura) in about 680 CE.[5] Eventually, this dynasty adopted the designation of "Pratihara" in line with the Imperial Pratiharas, to whom it became feudatory.[11][12] They are often referred to as Mandore Pratiharas by historians.

The Bharuch line of Gurjaras (Gurjaras of Lata) was founded by Dadda I, who is identified with Harichandra's youngest son of the same name by many historians. These Gurjaras were always recognized as vassals (sāmanthas) though their allegiance might have varied over time. They are believed to have wrested a fair portion of the Lata province of the Chaulukyas and their kingdom also came to be regarded as part of Gurjaradesa.[13]

A final line of Gurjaras was founded by Nagabhata I at Jalore, in the vicinity of Bhinmal, in about 730 CE, soon after Junayd's end of term in Sindh. Nagabhata is said to have defeated the "invincible Gurjaras," presumably those of Bhinmal.[14] Another account credits him for having defeated a "Muslim ruler."[15] Nagabhata is also known to have repelled the Arabs during a later raid.[16] His dynasty later expanded to Ujjain and called itself Pratihara. The rival kingdoms of Pratiharas, the Rashtrakutas and Palas, however continued to call them Gurjaras or kings of Gurjaras (Gurjaresa). The Pratiharas became the dominant force of the entire Rajasthan and Gujarat regions, establishing a powerful empire centered at Kannauj, the former capital of Harshavardhana.[17]

Later references edit

Udyotana Suri's Kuvalayamala composed in Jalore in 778 CE describes in detail the Gurjara country as a beautiful country, whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras.[18] They were differentiated from the Saindhavas (people of Sindh), Latas (in southern Gujarat), Malavas (people of Malwa) and Meravas. They were mentioned to be devotees of dharma and clever in matters of peace as well as war.[19]

The term Gurjaratra is first mentioned in the Ghatiyala inscription of Kakkuka (Mandore Pratihara) in 861 CE. Kakkuka is said to have won the love of the people of Gurjaratra along with those Marumada, Valla and Travani.[20] Later records suggest that this Gurjaratra mandala was in the region of Didwana in the old Jodhpur State.[21]

In later times, the term Gurjaratra is used to connote the present day Gujarat. Jinadatta Suri (1075-1154 CE) mentions a country of Gujaratta with its capital at Anahilapataka (Patan) in northern Gujarat. The Chaulukyas (Solankis) are also referred to as Gurjaras in inscriptions and their country as Gurjaradesa.[22]

Culture and science edit

Bhinmal was a great centre of learning. According to Kanhadade Prabandha, it had 45,000 Brahmins who never tired of studying the ancient sacred books.[23]

Brahmagupta, the well-known mathematicians astronomer, was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal. He is likely to have lived most of his life in the town, during the empire of Harsha. He wrote two texts on mathematics and astronomy: The Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta in 628, and the Khandakhadyaka in 665. He made seminal contributions to mathematics, including the first mathematical treatment of zero, rules for manipulating positive and negative numbers, as well as algorithms for algebraic operations on decimal numbers.[24] His work on astronomy and mathematics was transmitted to the court of the Abbasid Caliph Al-Mansur (r. 754-775 CE), who had the Indian astronomical texts translated into Arabic. Through these texts, the decimal number system spread through the Arab world and later Europe.[25]

The Sanskrit poet Magha, the author of Sisupalavadha, lived here in 680 CE. The Jain scholar Siddharshi Gani, a resident of Bhinmal wrote Upmitibahava prapancha katha in 905 CE. The Jain Ramayana was written by Jain monk Vijayagani in 1595 CE. Jain acharya Udyotana Suri wrote Kuvalayamala here.

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Puri 1986, Chapter 1.
  2. ^ a b c Puri 1986, p. 9.
  3. ^ Goyal, Shankar (1991), "Recent Historiography of the Age of Harṣa", Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 72/73 (1/4): 331–361, JSTOR 41694902
  4. ^ Wink, André (1991). Al-hind: The Making of the Indo-islamic World. BRILL. ISBN 978-90-04-09249-5.
  5. ^ a b Puri 1986, p. 35.
  6. ^ Smith, Vincent A. (October 1907). "'White Hun' Coin of Vyagrahamukha of the Chapa (Gurjara) Dynasty of Bhinmal". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland: 923–928. doi:10.1017/S0035869X00036868. JSTOR 25210490. S2CID 161891450.
  7. ^ Bhandarkar 1929, pp. 29–30; Wink 2002, p. 208; Blankinship 1994, pp. 132–133
  8. ^ a b Blankinship 1994, p. 133.
  9. ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 319.
  10. ^ Puri 1986, p. 34.
  11. ^ Puri 1986, pp. 37–39.
  12. ^ Sanjay Sharma 2006, p. 191.
  13. ^ Puri 1986, p. 41.
  14. ^ Shanta Rani Sharma 2012, p. 8.
  15. ^ Sanjay Sharma 2006, p. 204.
  16. ^ Blankinship 1994, p. 188.
  17. ^ Puri 1986, chapters 3–4.
  18. ^ V. B. Mishra 1954, pp. 50–51.
  19. ^ Manglani, J. J. (March 2012), "Kuvalayamala - A source of Social and Cultural History of Rajasthan" (PDF), International Journal of Recent Research and Review, 1
  20. ^ Puri (1986, p. 8); Krishna Gopal Sharma (1993, p. 15)
  21. ^ Puri 1986, p. 8.
  22. ^ Puri 1986, pp. 8–9.
  23. ^ Padmanābha (1991), Kānhaḍade Prabandha, India's Greatest Patriotic Saga of Medieval Times: Padmanābha's Epic Account of Kānhaḍade, Aditya Prakashan, p. 165, ISBN 978-81-85179-54-4
  24. ^ Sen, Syamal K.; Agarwal, Ravi P. (6 November 2015), Zero: A Landmark Discovery, the Dreadful Void, and the Ultimate Mind, Elsevier Science, pp. 39–, ISBN 978-0-12-804624-1
  25. ^ Avari, Burjor (2013), Islamic Civilization in South Asia: A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent, Routledge, p. 32, ISBN 978-0-415-58061-8
Sources
  • Bhandarkar, D. R. (1929). "Indian Studies No. I: Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 10 (1/2): 25–44. JSTOR 41682407.
  • Blankinship, Khalid Yahya (1994). The End of the Jihad State: The Reign of Hisham Ibn 'Abd al-Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-1827-7. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  • Mishra, V. B. (1954). "Who were the Gurjara-Pratīhāras?". Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute. 35 (1/4): 42–53. JSTOR 41784918.
  • Puri, Baij Nath (1986). The History of the Gurjara-Pratiharas. Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal.
    • Puri, Baij Nath (1957), The history of the Gurjara-Pratihāras, Munshiram Manoharlal
  • Sharma, Krishna Gopal (1993). Early Jaina inscriptions of Rajasthan, Volume 1. Navrang. ISBN 8170130816.
  • Sharma, Sanjay (2006). "Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara-Pratīhāras of Kanauj". Studies in History. 22 (22): 181–220. doi:10.1177/025764300602200202. S2CID 144128358.
  • Sharma, Shanta Rani (2012). "Exploding the Myth of the Gūjara Identity of the Imperial Pratihāras". Indian Historical Review. 39 (1): 1–10. doi:10.1177/0376983612449525. S2CID 145175448.
  • Wink, André (2002) [first published 1996]. Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World. Brill. ISBN 0391041738.
  • Munshi, K.M. (1944). The Glory That was Gurjardesha, Part 3. Bombay: Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan.

January 01, 1970
gurjaradesa, gurjara, country, gurjaratra, historical, region, india, comprising, eastern, rajasthan, northern, gujarat, during, period, 12th, century, predominant, power, region, gurjara, pratiharas, eventually, controlled, major, part, north, india, centered. Gurjaradesa lit Gurjara country or Gurjaratra is a historical region in India comprising the eastern Rajasthan and northern Gujarat during the period of 6th 12th century CE The predominant power of the region the Gurjara Pratiharas eventually controlled a major part of North India centered at Kannauj The modern state of Gujarat derives its name from the ancient Gurjaratra 1 Places in Gurjaradesa as mentioned in historical texts and determined from the find spots of inscriptions blue The neighbouring places are shown as triangles gray Contents 1 Early references to Gurjara country 2 Successor Gurjara kingdoms 3 Later references 4 Culture and science 5 See also 6 ReferencesEarly references to Gurjara country edit nbsp Campaigns of Mohammad bin Qasim 712 715 including attacks on Bhinmal nbsp Arab campaigns from the Caliphal province of Sind into Gujarat and Gurjaradesa in 724 740 CE Gurjaradesa or Gurjara country is first attested in Bana s Harshacharita 7th century CE Its king is said to have been subdued by Harsha s father Prabhakaravardhana died c 605 CE 2 The bracketing of the country with Sindha Sindh Lata southern Gujarat and Malava western Malwa indicates that the region including the northern Gujarat and Rajasthan is meant 3 Hieun Tsang the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim who visited India between 631 645 CE during Harsha s reign mentioned the Gurjara country Kiu che lo with its capital at Bhinmal Pi lo mo lo as the second largest kingdom of Western India 4 He distinguished it from the neighbouring kingdoms of Bharukaccha Bharuch Ujjayini Ujjain Malava Malwa Valabhi and Surashtra 2 The Gurjara kingdom was said to have measured 833 miles in circuit and its ruler was a 20 year old kshatriya who was distinguished for his wisdom and courage 5 It is known that in 628 CE the kingdom at Bhinmal was ruled by a Chapa dynasty ruler Vyagrahamukha under whose reign the mathematician astronomer Brahmagupta wrote his famous treatise It is believed that the young ruler mentioned by Hieun Tsang must have been his immediate successor 6 It appears that the Gurjara country at that time comprised modern Rajasthan 2 Following the death of Harsha his empire split up into small kingdoms Gurjaradesa is believed to have become independent The Arab chroniclers of Sindh an Arab province from 712 CE onward narrated the campaigns of Arab governors on Jurz the Arabic term for Gurjara They mentioned it jointly with Mermad Marumada in Western Rajasthan and Al Baylaman Bhinmal 7 The country was first conquered by Mohammad bin Qasim 712 715 and for a second time by Junayd 723 726 8 Upon bin Qasim s victory Al Baladhuri mentioned that the Indian rulers including that of Bhinmal accepted Islam and paid tribute 9 They presumably recanted after bin Qasim s departure which made Junayd s attack necessary After Junayd s reconquest the kingdom at Bhinmal appears to have been annexed by the Arabs 8 Successor Gurjara kingdoms editMain article Gurjara Pratihara dynasty A Gurjara kingdom was founded by Harichandra Rohilladhi at Mandore Mandavyapura in about 600 CE This is expected to have been a small kingdom 10 His descendant Nagabhata shifted the capital to Merta Medantakapura in about 680 CE 5 Eventually this dynasty adopted the designation of Pratihara in line with the Imperial Pratiharas to whom it became feudatory 11 12 They are often referred to as Mandore Pratiharas by historians The Bharuch line of Gurjaras Gurjaras of Lata was founded by Dadda I who is identified with Harichandra s youngest son of the same name by many historians These Gurjaras were always recognized as vassals samanthas though their allegiance might have varied over time They are believed to have wrested a fair portion of the Lata province of the Chaulukyas and their kingdom also came to be regarded as part of Gurjaradesa 13 A final line of Gurjaras was founded by Nagabhata I at Jalore in the vicinity of Bhinmal in about 730 CE soon after Junayd s end of term in Sindh Nagabhata is said to have defeated the invincible Gurjaras presumably those of Bhinmal 14 Another account credits him for having defeated a Muslim ruler 15 Nagabhata is also known to have repelled the Arabs during a later raid 16 His dynasty later expanded to Ujjain and called itself Pratihara The rival kingdoms of Pratiharas the Rashtrakutas and Palas however continued to call them Gurjaras or kings of Gurjaras Gurjaresa The Pratiharas became the dominant force of the entire Rajasthan and Gujarat regions establishing a powerful empire centered at Kannauj the former capital of Harshavardhana 17 Later references editUdyotana Suri s Kuvalayamala composed in Jalore in 778 CE describes in detail the Gurjara country as a beautiful country whose residents are also referred to as Gurjaras 18 They were differentiated from the Saindhavas people of Sindh Latas in southern Gujarat Malavas people of Malwa and Meravas They were mentioned to be devotees of dharma and clever in matters of peace as well as war 19 The term Gurjaratra is first mentioned in the Ghatiyala inscription of Kakkuka Mandore Pratihara in 861 CE Kakkuka is said to have won the love of the people of Gurjaratra along with those Marumada Valla and Travani 20 Later records suggest that this Gurjaratra mandala was in the region of Didwana in the old Jodhpur State 21 In later times the term Gurjaratra is used to connote the present day Gujarat Jinadatta Suri 1075 1154 CE mentions a country of Gujaratta with its capital at Anahilapataka Patan in northern Gujarat The Chaulukyas Solankis are also referred to as Gurjaras in inscriptions and their country as Gurjaradesa 22 Culture and science editBhinmal was a great centre of learning According to Kanhadade Prabandha it had 45 000 Brahmins who never tired of studying the ancient sacred books 23 Brahmagupta the well known mathematicians astronomer was born in 598 CE in Bhinmal He is likely to have lived most of his life in the town during the empire of Harsha He wrote two texts on mathematics and astronomy The Brahma Sphuta Siddhanta in 628 and the Khandakhadyaka in 665 He made seminal contributions to mathematics including the first mathematical treatment of zero rules for manipulating positive and negative numbers as well as algorithms for algebraic operations on decimal numbers 24 His work on astronomy and mathematics was transmitted to the court of the Abbasid Caliph Al Mansur r 754 775 CE who had the Indian astronomical texts translated into Arabic Through these texts the decimal number system spread through the Arab world and later Europe 25 The Sanskrit poet Magha the author of Sisupalavadha lived here in 680 CE The Jain scholar Siddharshi Gani a resident of Bhinmal wrote Upmitibahava prapancha katha in 905 CE The Jain Ramayana was written by Jain monk Vijayagani in 1595 CE Jain acharya Udyotana Suri wrote Kuvalayamala here See also editRajasthani people Architecture of Rajasthan Brahmagupta Hindu Arabic numerals MandoreReferences edit Puri 1986 Chapter 1 a b c Puri 1986 p 9 Goyal Shankar 1991 Recent Historiography of the Age of Harṣa Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 72 73 1 4 331 361 JSTOR 41694902 Wink Andre 1991 Al hind The Making of the Indo islamic World BRILL ISBN 978 90 04 09249 5 a b Puri 1986 p 35 Smith Vincent A October 1907 White Hun Coin of Vyagrahamukha of the Chapa Gurjara Dynasty of Bhinmal Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland 923 928 doi 10 1017 S0035869X00036868 JSTOR 25210490 S2CID 161891450 Bhandarkar 1929 pp 29 30 Wink 2002 p 208 Blankinship 1994 pp 132 133 a b Blankinship 1994 p 133 Blankinship 1994 p 319 Puri 1986 p 34 Puri 1986 pp 37 39 Sanjay Sharma 2006 p 191 Puri 1986 p 41 Shanta Rani Sharma 2012 p 8 Sanjay Sharma 2006 p 204 Blankinship 1994 p 188 Puri 1986 chapters 3 4 V B Mishra 1954 pp 50 51 Manglani J J March 2012 Kuvalayamala A source of Social and Cultural History of Rajasthan PDF International Journal of Recent Research and Review 1 Puri 1986 p 8 Krishna Gopal Sharma 1993 p 15 Puri 1986 p 8 Puri 1986 pp 8 9 Padmanabha 1991 Kanhaḍade Prabandha India s Greatest Patriotic Saga of Medieval Times Padmanabha s Epic Account of Kanhaḍade Aditya Prakashan p 165 ISBN 978 81 85179 54 4 Sen Syamal K Agarwal Ravi P 6 November 2015 Zero A Landmark Discovery the Dreadful Void and the Ultimate Mind Elsevier Science pp 39 ISBN 978 0 12 804624 1 Avari Burjor 2013 Islamic Civilization in South Asia A history of Muslim power and presence in the Indian subcontinent Routledge p 32 ISBN 978 0 415 58061 8 Sources Bhandarkar D R 1929 Indian Studies No I Slow Progress of Islam Power in Ancient India Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 10 1 2 25 44 JSTOR 41682407 Blankinship Khalid Yahya 1994 The End of the Jihad State The Reign of Hisham Ibn Abd al Malik and the Collapse of the Umayyads SUNY Press ISBN 978 0 7914 1827 7 Retrieved 10 May 2015 Mishra V B 1954 Who were the Gurjara Pratiharas Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute 35 1 4 42 53 JSTOR 41784918 Puri Baij Nath 1986 The History of the Gurjara Pratiharas Delhi Munshiram Manoharlal Puri Baij Nath 1957 The history of the Gurjara Pratiharas Munshiram Manoharlal Sharma Krishna Gopal 1993 Early Jaina inscriptions of Rajasthan Volume 1 Navrang ISBN 8170130816 Sharma Sanjay 2006 Negotiating Identity and Status Legitimation and Patronage under the Gurjara Pratiharas of Kanauj Studies in History 22 22 181 220 doi 10 1177 025764300602200202 S2CID 144128358 Sharma Shanta Rani 2012 Exploding the Myth of the Gujara Identity of the Imperial Pratiharas Indian Historical Review 39 1 1 10 doi 10 1177 0376983612449525 S2CID 145175448 Wink Andre 2002 first published 1996 Al Hind The Making of the Indo Islamic World Brill ISBN 0391041738 Munshi K M 1944 The Glory That was Gurjardesha Part 3 Bombay Bhartiya Vidya Bhavan Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gurjaradesa amp oldid 1218806201, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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