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Greenwich Hospital, London

December 18, 2023

This article is about the historic Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich. For other uses, see Greenwich Hospital (disambiguation).

Greenwich Hospital was a permanent home for retired sailors of the Royal Navy, which operated from 1692 to 1869. Its buildings, in Greenwich, London, were later used by the Royal Naval College, Greenwich and the University of Greenwich, and are now known as the Old Royal Naval College. The word "hospital" was used in its original sense of a place providing hospitality for those in need of it, and did not refer to medical care, although the buildings included an infirmary which, after Greenwich Hospital closed, operated as Dreadnought Seaman's Hospital until 1986.

Greenwich Hospital, in the painting London from Greenwich Park, in 1809, by William Turner
Detail in the Chapel of Saint Peter and Saint Paul

The foundation which operated the hospital still exists, for the benefit of former Royal Navy personnel and their dependants. It now provides sheltered housing on other sites.

History edit

The hospital was created as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich on the instructions of Queen Mary II, who had been inspired by the sight of wounded sailors returning from the Battle of La Hogue in 1692. She ordered the King Charles wing of the palace—originally designed by architect John Webb for King Charles II in 1664—to be remodelled as a naval hospital to provide a counterpart for the Chelsea Hospital for soldiers. Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor gave their services free of charge as architects of the new Royal Hospital. Sir John Vanbrugh succeeded Wren as architect, completing the complex to Wren's original plans.[1]

 
The Painted Hall

An early controversy arose when it emerged that the original plans for the hospital would have blocked the riverside view from the Queen's House. Queen Mary II therefore ordered that the buildings be split, providing an avenue leading from the river through the hospital grounds up to the Queen's House and Greenwich Hill beyond. This gave the hospital its distinctive look, with its buildings arranged in a number of quadrants. Its four main buildings (the "Courts") are bisected north–south by a Grand Square and processional route, and east–west by an internal road from the East Gate (and gate-house) to the West Gate (and gate-house) by Greenwich Market in Greenwich town centre. The Grand Square and processional route running north–south maintained access to, and a river view from, the Queen's House and Greenwich Park beyond.[2]

Greenwich Hospital, etc. Act 1695
Act of Parliament
 
Long titleAn Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen.
Citation7 & 8 Will. 3. c. 21
Dates
Royal assent10 April 1696
Other legislation
Repealed byGreenwich Hospital Act 1834
Status: Repealed
Greenwich Hospital, etc. Act 1696
Act of Parliament
 

Construction was financed through an endowment, financed through the transfer of £19,500 in fines paid by merchants convicted of smuggling in 1695, a public fundraising appeal which brought in £9,000, and a £2,000 annual contribution from Treasury. Parliament passed the Greenwich Hospital, etc. Act 1695 (7 & 8 Will. 3. c. 21), long titled An Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen, which established the basic rules of use and benefits for seamen,[3] and amended it the following year by the Greenwich Hospital, etc. Act 1696.[4] In 1705 an additional £6,472 was paid into the fund, comprising the liquidated value of estates belonging to the recently hanged pirate Captain William Kidd.[5]

The first of the principal buildings constructed was the King Charles Court (the oldest part dating back to the restoration), completed in March 1705.[6]

The other principal buildings constructed included:

  • Queen Mary Court (planned by Wren and Hawksmoor, but not built until after Wren's death, by Thomas Ripley), completed in 1742,
  • Queen Anne Court (architects: Wren and Hawksmoor)
  • King William Court (designed by Wren, but completed by Hawksmoor and Sir John Vanbrugh)[7]
 
Chapel, as refitted by James Stuart after a fire

Queen Mary Court houses the hospital's chapel (designed by Wren but not completed until 1742). Its present appearance dates from 1779 to 1789, when it was rebuilt to a design by James "Athenian" Stuart after a devastating fire. The ornate plasterwork was created by John Papworth.[8]

King William Court is famous for its baroque Painted Hall, which was painted by Sir James Thornhill in honour of King William III and Queen Mary II (the ceiling of the Lower Hall), of Queen Anne and her husband, Prince George of Denmark (the ceiling of the Upper Hall) and George I (the north wall of the Upper Hall). The Painted Hall was deemed too magnificent for the pensioned seamen's refectory and was never regularly used as such. It became a tourist destination, opened for viewing. On 5 January 1806, Lord Nelson's body lay in state in the Painted Hall of the Greenwich Hospital before being taken up the river Thames to St Paul's Cathedral for a state funeral. Nelson's Pediment in the William Courtyard was sculpted in Coade stone in 1813 as a public memorial,[9] and was regarded by the Coade workers as the finest of all their work.[10] In 1824 a National Gallery of Naval Art was created in the Painted Hall, where it remained until 1936, when the collection was transferred to the National Maritime Museum, newly established in the Queen's House and adjacent buildings.[11]

On the riverside front of the north-east corner of King Charles Court is an obelisk, designed by Philip Hardwick and unveiled in 1855, erected in memory of the Arctic explorer Joseph René Bellot, who died in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the members of John Franklin's ill-fated expedition to open a Northwest Passage in northern Canada.[12]

The first governor, Sir William Gifford, took up office in 1708.[13] In 1774, the then Lieutenant Governor, Captain Thomas Baillie made allegations of mismanagement of the hospital's affairs, which led to a celebrated court case.[14]

A Royal Hospital School opened on the site in 1712 to provide assistance and education to the orphans of seafarers in the Royal and Merchant Navies. In 1933 it moved to Holbrook, Suffolk (where it remains today); the old school buildings were reopened the following year as the National Maritime Museum.[15]

The Greenwich Hospital buildings included an infirmary, constructed in the 1760s to a design also by James Stuart,[16] where pensioners were attended by trained medical staff (Sir John Liddell was for a time senior medical officer). After some adaptation and rebuilding this became the Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital in 1870 (taking its name from a hospital ship moored off Greenwich). The treatment for tropical diseases moved in 1919 to the Seamen's Hospital Society hospital near Euston Square, in central London, to form the Hospital for Tropical Diseases. The Dreadnought Seaman's Hospital closed in 1986, with special services for seamen and their families then provided by the Dreadnought Unit at St Thomas's Hospital in Lambeth.[17]

Greenwich Hospital closed in 1869, with the buildings being taken over by the Royal Naval College, Greenwich in 1873.[18]

Due to railway construction, the remains of thousands of sailors and officers, including many of those who had fought in the Battle of Trafalgar, were removed from the hospital site in 1875 and reinterred in East Greenwich Pleasaunce also called Pleasaunce Park (named after the former Palace of Placentia which had been on the site of the hospital).[19]

Governors edit

 
Memorial to Sir Thomas Hardy in Chapel at Greenwich's Old Royal Naval College.

Governors included:[13]

Greenwich Hospital: the charity edit

The charitable foundation of Greenwich Hospital still exists, although it is no longer based at the original site. It is now a Crown Charity for the benefit of seafarers and their dependants, with the Secretary of State for Defence acting as The Crown's sole trustee. The charity now funds sheltered housing for former Royal Navy personnel and the school it spawned, the Royal Hospital School, now at Holbrook in Suffolk. The charity's head office is located in the City of London.[21]

 
Greenwich Hospital

The charity derives some of its funds from properties in and around the hospital site. The core hospital buildings are let on a 150-year lease to the University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban College of Music. Greenwich Promenade is let to the Port of London Authority, while retail and residential properties in central Greenwich, including Greenwich Market, form the charity's core investment portfolio.[22]

In August 2020, several market traders warned they might have to cease trading after Greenwich Hospital's managing agent Knight Frank informed them of steep rent increases during the COVID-19 pandemic.[23][24] After complaints, it was reported in September 2020 that the rent hikes would be reversed.[25][26]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ J. Bold, P. Guillery, D. Kendall, Greenwich: an architectural history of the Royal Hospital for Seamen and the Queen's House (Yale University Press) 2001.
  2. ^ "Happy birthday Sir Christopher Wren". The Telegraph. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  3. ^ Raithby, John. "'William III, 1695-6: An Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen. Chapter XXI. Rot. Parl. 7&8 Gul.III.p.5.nu.7.', in Statutes of the Realm: Volume 7, 1695-1701". pp. 98–102. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  4. ^ Raithby, John. "'William III, 1696-7: An Act to enforce the Act for the Encrease and Encouragement of Seamen. Chapter XXIII. Rot. Parl. 8 & 9 Gul. III. p. 8. nu. 1.', in Statutes of the Realm: Volume 7, 1695-1701". pp. 257–259. Retrieved 29 August 2018.
  5. ^ Kemp, Peter (1970). The British Sailor: a Social History of the Lower Deck. Aldine Press. p. 64. ISBN 0460039571.
  6. ^ Davies, J. H. V. (18 July 2014). "The Dating of the Buildings of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich". Archaeological Journal. 113: 126–136. doi:10.1080/00665983.1956.10854107. Retrieved 19 August 2020.
  7. ^ . Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  8. ^ Millar, William (2016). Plastering: Plain and Decorative. Routledge. p. 34. ISBN 978-1-317-74168-8.
  9. ^ "International Women's Day: Remembering Eleanor Coade". Old Royal Naval College Greenwich. Retrieved 8 March 2022.
  10. ^ The Landmark Trust, Where to find Coade stone
  11. ^ . National Maritime Museum. Archived from the original on 12 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  12. ^ "Memorial to Joseph René Bellot". Victorian Web. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  13. ^ a b "Memorial: M2378". Maritime Memorials. National Maritime Museum. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
  14. ^ "Baillie, Thomas" . Dictionary of National Biography. London: Smith, Elder & Co. 1885–1900.
  15. ^ "A Brief History of The Royal Hospital School". Mariners. Retrieved 12 November 2016.
  16. ^ "Greenwich Hospital from the West [with the Infirmary]". The Collection. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London. Retrieved 6 October 2015.
  17. ^ . Seamen’s Hospital Society. Archived from the original on 7 November 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2013.
  18. ^ "Royal Naval College, Greenwich". Royal Museums, Greenwich. Retrieved 29 July 2021.
  19. ^ Park Explorer- East Greenwich Pleasaunce 2007-09-30 at the Wayback Machine,– East Greenwich Pleasaunce 2011-09-27 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Davies, J. D. "Hopson, Sir Thomas". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/13768. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  21. ^ "Greenwich Hospital – Welcome". Greenwich Hospital. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  22. ^ "Greenwich Estate". Greenwich Hospital. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  23. ^ Butler, Sarah (19 August 2020). "London's Greenwich Market stalls fear closure following huge rent increase". Guardian. Retrieved 20 August 2020.
  24. ^ Wehner, Piers (20 August 2020). "Greenwich Market stall face huge rent hikes". Estates Gazette. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  25. ^ Bennett-Ness, Jamie (2 September 2020). "'Unjust' rent hike at Greenwich Market to be scrapped". News Shopper. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  26. ^ "Greenwich Market update (3 September 2020)". Ashburnham Triangle Association. Retrieved 23 December 2020.

Further reading edit

  • Walford, Edward (1878). "Greenwich: The hospital for seamen". Old and New London, Vol. 6. London: Cassell, Petter & Galpin. pp. 177–190.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenwich Hospital.
  • Greenwich Hospital charity
  • Greenwich in-pensioners website

51°28′56″N 0°00′24″W / 51.48222°N 0.00667°W / 51.48222; -0.00667

December 18, 2023
greenwich, hospital, london, this, article, about, historic, royal, hospital, seamen, greenwich, other, uses, greenwich, hospital, disambiguation, greenwich, hospital, permanent, home, retired, sailors, royal, navy, which, operated, from, 1692, 1869, buildings. This article is about the historic Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich For other uses see Greenwich Hospital disambiguation Greenwich Hospital was a permanent home for retired sailors of the Royal Navy which operated from 1692 to 1869 Its buildings in Greenwich London were later used by the Royal Naval College Greenwich and the University of Greenwich and are now known as the Old Royal Naval College The word hospital was used in its original sense of a place providing hospitality for those in need of it and did not refer to medical care although the buildings included an infirmary which after Greenwich Hospital closed operated as Dreadnought Seaman s Hospital until 1986 Greenwich Hospital in the painting London from Greenwich Park in 1809 by William TurnerDetail in the Chapel of Saint Peter and Saint PaulThe foundation which operated the hospital still exists for the benefit of former Royal Navy personnel and their dependants It now provides sheltered housing on other sites Contents 1 History 2 Governors 3 Greenwich Hospital the charity 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External linksHistory editThe hospital was created as the Royal Hospital for Seamen at Greenwich on the instructions of Queen Mary II who had been inspired by the sight of wounded sailors returning from the Battle of La Hogue in 1692 She ordered the King Charles wing of the palace originally designed by architect John Webb for King Charles II in 1664 to be remodelled as a naval hospital to provide a counterpart for the Chelsea Hospital for soldiers Sir Christopher Wren and his assistant Nicholas Hawksmoor gave their services free of charge as architects of the new Royal Hospital Sir John Vanbrugh succeeded Wren as architect completing the complex to Wren s original plans 1 nbsp The Painted HallAn early controversy arose when it emerged that the original plans for the hospital would have blocked the riverside view from the Queen s House Queen Mary II therefore ordered that the buildings be split providing an avenue leading from the river through the hospital grounds up to the Queen s House and Greenwich Hill beyond This gave the hospital its distinctive look with its buildings arranged in a number of quadrants Its four main buildings the Courts are bisected north south by a Grand Square and processional route and east west by an internal road from the East Gate and gate house to the West Gate and gate house by Greenwich Market in Greenwich town centre The Grand Square and processional route running north south maintained access to and a river view from the Queen s House and Greenwich Park beyond 2 Greenwich Hospital etc Act 1695Act of Parliament nbsp Parliament of EnglandLong titleAn Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen Citation7 amp 8 Will 3 c 21DatesRoyal assent10 April 1696Other legislationRepealed byGreenwich Hospital Act 1834Status RepealedGreenwich Hospital etc Act 1696Act of Parliament nbsp Parliament of EnglandConstruction was financed through an endowment financed through the transfer of 19 500 in fines paid by merchants convicted of smuggling in 1695 a public fundraising appeal which brought in 9 000 and a 2 000 annual contribution from Treasury Parliament passed the Greenwich Hospital etc Act 1695 7 amp 8 Will 3 c 21 long titled An Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen which established the basic rules of use and benefits for seamen 3 and amended it the following year by the Greenwich Hospital etc Act 1696 4 In 1705 an additional 6 472 was paid into the fund comprising the liquidated value of estates belonging to the recently hanged pirate Captain William Kidd 5 The first of the principal buildings constructed was the King Charles Court the oldest part dating back to the restoration completed in March 1705 6 The other principal buildings constructed included Queen Mary Court planned by Wren and Hawksmoor but not built until after Wren s death by Thomas Ripley completed in 1742 Queen Anne Court architects Wren and Hawksmoor King William Court designed by Wren but completed by Hawksmoor and Sir John Vanbrugh 7 nbsp Chapel as refitted by James Stuart after a fireQueen Mary Court houses the hospital s chapel designed by Wren but not completed until 1742 Its present appearance dates from 1779 to 1789 when it was rebuilt to a design by James Athenian Stuart after a devastating fire The ornate plasterwork was created by John Papworth 8 King William Court is famous for its baroque Painted Hall which was painted by Sir James Thornhill in honour of King William III and Queen Mary II the ceiling of the Lower Hall of Queen Anne and her husband Prince George of Denmark the ceiling of the Upper Hall and George I the north wall of the Upper Hall The Painted Hall was deemed too magnificent for the pensioned seamen s refectory and was never regularly used as such It became a tourist destination opened for viewing On 5 January 1806 Lord Nelson s body lay in state in the Painted Hall of the Greenwich Hospital before being taken up the river Thames to St Paul s Cathedral for a state funeral Nelson s Pediment in the William Courtyard was sculpted in Coade stone in 1813 as a public memorial 9 and was regarded by the Coade workers as the finest of all their work 10 In 1824 a National Gallery of Naval Art was created in the Painted Hall where it remained until 1936 when the collection was transferred to the National Maritime Museum newly established in the Queen s House and adjacent buildings 11 On the riverside front of the north east corner of King Charles Court is an obelisk designed by Philip Hardwick and unveiled in 1855 erected in memory of the Arctic explorer Joseph Rene Bellot who died in an unsuccessful attempt to rescue the members of John Franklin s ill fated expedition to open a Northwest Passage in northern Canada 12 The first governor Sir William Gifford took up office in 1708 13 In 1774 the then Lieutenant Governor Captain Thomas Baillie made allegations of mismanagement of the hospital s affairs which led to a celebrated court case 14 A Royal Hospital School opened on the site in 1712 to provide assistance and education to the orphans of seafarers in the Royal and Merchant Navies In 1933 it moved to Holbrook Suffolk where it remains today the old school buildings were reopened the following year as the National Maritime Museum 15 The Greenwich Hospital buildings included an infirmary constructed in the 1760s to a design also by James Stuart 16 where pensioners were attended by trained medical staff Sir John Liddell was for a time senior medical officer After some adaptation and rebuilding this became the Dreadnought Seamen s Hospital in 1870 taking its name from a hospital ship moored off Greenwich The treatment for tropical diseases moved in 1919 to the Seamen s Hospital Society hospital near Euston Square in central London to form the Hospital for Tropical Diseases The Dreadnought Seaman s Hospital closed in 1986 with special services for seamen and their families then provided by the Dreadnought Unit at St Thomas s Hospital in Lambeth 17 Greenwich Hospital closed in 1869 with the buildings being taken over by the Royal Naval College Greenwich in 1873 18 Due to railway construction the remains of thousands of sailors and officers including many of those who had fought in the Battle of Trafalgar were removed from the hospital site in 1875 and reinterred in East Greenwich Pleasaunce also called Pleasaunce Park named after the former Palace of Placentia which had been on the site of the hospital 19 Governors edit nbsp Memorial to Sir Thomas Hardy in Chapel at Greenwich s Old Royal Naval College Governors included 13 Vice Admiral Thomas Hopsonn 1704 1708 20 Captain Sir William Gifford 1708 1714 Vice Admiral Lord Aylmer 1714 1720 Admiral Sir John Jennings 1720 1743 Admiral Sir John Balchen 1743 1744 Captain Lord Archibald Hamilton 1746 1754 Admiral Isaac Townsend 1754 1765 Admiral Sir George Rodney 1765 1770 Admiral Sir Francis Holburne 1771 Admiral Sir Charles Hardy 1771 1780 Admiral Sir Hugh Palliser 1780 1796 Admiral Viscount Hood 1796 1816 Admiral Sir John Colpoys 1816 1821 Admiral Sir Richard Keats 1821 1834 Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Hardy 1834 1839 Admiral Sir Robert Stopford 1841 1847 Admiral Sir Charles Adam 1847 1853 Admiral Sir James Gordon 1853 1869 Admiral Sir Houston Stewart 1869 1872 Admiral Sir Sydney Dacres 1872 1884 Admiral Sir Lewis Jones 1884 1895 Greenwich Hospital the charity editThe charitable foundation of Greenwich Hospital still exists although it is no longer based at the original site It is now a Crown Charity for the benefit of seafarers and their dependants with the Secretary of State for Defence acting as The Crown s sole trustee The charity now funds sheltered housing for former Royal Navy personnel and the school it spawned the Royal Hospital School now at Holbrook in Suffolk The charity s head office is located in the City of London 21 nbsp Greenwich HospitalThe charity derives some of its funds from properties in and around the hospital site The core hospital buildings are let on a 150 year lease to the University of Greenwich and Trinity Laban College of Music Greenwich Promenade is let to the Port of London Authority while retail and residential properties in central Greenwich including Greenwich Market form the charity s core investment portfolio 22 In August 2020 several market traders warned they might have to cease trading after Greenwich Hospital s managing agent Knight Frank informed them of steep rent increases during the COVID 19 pandemic 23 24 After complaints it was reported in September 2020 that the rent hikes would be reversed 25 26 See also editHealthcare in London List of hospitals in EnglandReferences edit J Bold P Guillery D Kendall Greenwich an architectural history of the Royal Hospital for Seamen and the Queen s House Yale University Press 2001 Happy birthday Sir Christopher Wren The Telegraph Retrieved 9 October 2013 Raithby John William III 1695 6 An Act for the Increase and Encouragement of Seamen Chapter XXI Rot Parl 7 amp 8 Gul III p 5 nu 7 in Statutes of the Realm Volume 7 1695 1701 pp 98 102 Retrieved 29 August 2018 Raithby John William III 1696 7 An Act to enforce the Act for the Encrease and Encouragement of Seamen Chapter XXIII Rot Parl 8 amp 9 Gul III p 8 nu 1 in Statutes of the Realm Volume 7 1695 1701 pp 257 259 Retrieved 29 August 2018 Kemp Peter 1970 The British Sailor a Social History of the Lower Deck Aldine Press p 64 ISBN 0460039571 Davies J H V 18 July 2014 The Dating of the Buildings of the Royal Hospital at Greenwich Archaeological Journal 113 126 136 doi 10 1080 00665983 1956 10854107 Retrieved 19 August 2020 Conference Facilities at Maritime Greenwich Archived from the original on 19 October 2013 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Millar William 2016 Plastering Plain and Decorative Routledge p 34 ISBN 978 1 317 74168 8 International Women s Day Remembering Eleanor Coade Old Royal Naval College Greenwich Retrieved 8 March 2022 The Landmark Trust Where to find Coade stone The National Gallery of Naval Art National Maritime Museum Archived from the original on 12 November 2013 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Memorial to Joseph Rene Bellot Victorian Web Retrieved 9 October 2013 a b Memorial M2378 Maritime Memorials National Maritime Museum Retrieved 29 March 2016 Baillie Thomas Dictionary of National Biography London Smith Elder amp Co 1885 1900 A Brief History of The Royal Hospital School Mariners Retrieved 12 November 2016 Greenwich Hospital from the West with the Infirmary The Collection National Maritime Museum Greenwich London Retrieved 6 October 2015 History of the Seamen s Hospital Society Seamen s Hospital Society Archived from the original on 7 November 2013 Retrieved 9 October 2013 Royal Naval College Greenwich Royal Museums Greenwich Retrieved 29 July 2021 Park Explorer East Greenwich Pleasaunce Archived 2007 09 30 at the Wayback Machine East Greenwich Pleasaunce Archived 2011 09 27 at the Wayback Machine Davies J D Hopson Sir Thomas Oxford Dictionary of National Biography online ed Oxford University Press doi 10 1093 ref odnb 13768 Subscription or UK public library membership required Greenwich Hospital Welcome Greenwich Hospital Retrieved 20 August 2020 Greenwich Estate Greenwich Hospital Retrieved 20 August 2020 Butler Sarah 19 August 2020 London s Greenwich Market stalls fear closure following huge rent increase Guardian Retrieved 20 August 2020 Wehner Piers 20 August 2020 Greenwich Market stall face huge rent hikes Estates Gazette Retrieved 23 December 2020 Bennett Ness Jamie 2 September 2020 Unjust rent hike at Greenwich Market to be scrapped News Shopper Retrieved 23 December 2020 Greenwich Market update 3 September 2020 Ashburnham Triangle Association Retrieved 23 December 2020 Further reading editWalford Edward 1878 Greenwich The hospital for seamen Old and New London Vol 6 London Cassell Petter amp Galpin pp 177 190 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Greenwich Hospital Greenwich Hospital charity Greenwich in pensioners website Design drawings in evolution 51 28 56 N 0 00 24 W 51 48222 N 0 00667 W 51 48222 0 00667 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Greenwich Hospital London amp oldid 1169309212, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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