List of colonial governors of New Hampshire

The territory of the present United States state of New Hampshire has a colonial history dating back to the 1620s. This history is significantly bound to that of the neighboring Massachusetts, whose colonial precursors either claimed the New Hampshire territory, or shared governors with it. First settled in the 1620s under a land grant to John Mason, the colony consisted of a small number of settlements near the seacoast before growing further inland in the 18th century. Mason died in 1635, and the colonists appropriated a number of his holdings. Thomas Roberts served as the last Colonial Governor of the Dover Colony before it became part of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1641 the New Hampshire colonists agreed to be ruled by Massachusetts Bay Colony, which also claimed the territory. Massachusetts governed the New Hampshire settlements until 1680, when it became the royally chartered Province of New Hampshire. In 1686 the territory became part of the Dominion of New England, which was effectively disbanded in 1689 following the 1688 Glorious Revolution in England. After an interregnum under de facto rule from Massachusetts, Samuel Allen, who had acquired the Mason land claims, became governor. From 1699 to 1741 the governorships of New Hampshire and the Province of Massachusetts Bay were shared.

Boundary disputes between the two colonies prompted King George II to appoint separate governors in 1741, commissioning Portsmouth native Benning Wentworth as governor. In 1775, with the advent of the American Revolutionary War, the province's last royal governor, John Wentworth, fled the colony. Under a state constitution drafted in early 1776, Meshech Weare was chosen the first President of the independent state of New Hampshire.

Lower plantation governors, 1630–1641

Permanent English settlement began after land grants were issued in 1622 to John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges for the territory between the Merrimack and Sagadahoc (Kennebec) rivers, roughly encompassing present-day New Hampshire and western Maine. Settlers, whose early leaders included David Thomson, Edward Hilton, and Thomas Hilton, began settlements on the New Hampshire coast and islands as early as 1623, that eventually expanded along the shores of the Piscataqua River and the Great Bay. Mason and Gorges, neither of whom ever came to New England, divided their claims along the Piscataqua River in 1629.^[1] Mason took the territory between the Piscataqua and Merrimack, and called it "New Hampshire", after the English county of Hampshire.^[2]

Conflicts between holders of grants issued by Mason and Gorges concerning their boundaries eventually led to a need for more active management. Captain Walter Neale was appointed in 1630 by the proprietors of the Strawbery Banke (or "Lower") plantation (present-day Portsmouth and nearby communities) as agent and governor of that territory. Neale returned to England in 1633, and John Mason appointed Francis Williams to govern the lower plantation in 1634.^[3][4] Early New Hampshire historian Jeremy Belknap called Williams the governor of the lower plantation, and claimed that he served until the New Hampshire plantations came under Massachusetts rule, at which time he became a magistrate in the Massachusetts government.^[5] However, Belknap's claim is disputed by historian Charles Tuttle, who observes that there are no records prior to 1640 in which Mason or Gorges refer to Williams as governor.^[6] Tuttle claims that Mason appointed Henry Josselyn to succeed Neale,^[7] and that Mason's widow appointed Francis Norton, a Massachusetts resident, in 1638 to oversee the estate's interests, although when his stewardship ends is unclear.^[8]

Governor	Took office	Left office	Ref
Walter Neale	1630	1633	^[3]^[4]
Francis Williams	1634?	1641	^[5]^[6]
Henry Josselyn	1634	1638	^[9]
Francis Norton	1638	1640?	^[8]

Upper plantation governors, 1631–1641

The first governor of the "Dover" or "Upper Plantation" was Captain Thomas Wiggin. The exact date of his appointment is uncertain. He was known to be in the area in 1629 and 1631, when Belknap suggests he was appointed governor by Mason and Gorges.^[10] He received a more definite appointment for administration of this plantation by 1633, when he was commissioned by Lords Brooke and Say and Sele, who had purchased land in the area from Mason.^[11]

The territory then comprised modern-day Dover, Durham, and Stratham. Wiggin is styled in some histories as a governor, and was referred to in contemporary documentation as "[having the] power of Governor hereabouts". However, his powers appear to have been limited to transacting the proprietors' business, including the granting of land, and the proprietors themselves did not possess the power of government.^[12] Wiggin and Walter Neale apparently disagreed on territorial boundaries of their respective domains, and supposedly almost came to blows, although whether this occurred in 1632 or 1633 is unclear.^[13] In the fall of 1637 the upper communities banded together and formed a government headed by the Rev. George Burdett.^[14]

Governor	Took office	Left office	Ref
Thomas Wiggin	1633?	1637	^[11]
George Burdett	1637	1641	^[14]

Massachusetts governors, 1641–1680

See also: Massachusetts Bay Colony

Mason's widow decided in 1638 to abandon financial support of the colony. After shifting for themselves for a time (during which much of the Mason property was appropriated by the colonists),^[15] the plantations of New Hampshire agreed in 1641 to join with the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The towns of New Hampshire sent representatives to the Massachusetts legislature, and were governed by its governors, who were elected annually.^[16][17]

Governor		Took office	Left office	Deputy governor
Thomas Dudley		May 13, 1640	June 2, 1641	Richard Bellingham
Richard Bellingham		June 2, 1641	May 18, 1642	John Endecott
John Winthrop		May 18, 1642	May 29, 1644	John Endecott
John Endecott		May 29, 1644	May 14, 1645	John Winthrop
Thomas Dudley		May 14, 1645	May 6, 1646	John Winthrop
John Winthrop		May 6, 1646	May 2, 1649	Thomas Dudley
John Endecott		May 2, 1649	May 22, 1650	Thomas Dudley
Thomas Dudley		May 22, 1650	May 7, 1651	John Endecott^[18]
John Endecott		May 7, 1651	May 3, 1654	Thomas Dudley
Richard Bellingham		May 3, 1654	May 23, 1655	John Endecott
John Endecott		May 23, 1655	May 3, 1665	Richard Bellingham
Richard Bellingham		May 3, 1665	December 12, 1672	Francis Willoughby (1665–71)
				John Leverett (1671–72)
John Leverett		December 12, 1672 (acting until May 7, 1673)	May 28, 1679	Samuel Symonds (1673–78)
				Simon Bradstreet (1678–80)
Simon Bradstreet		May 28, 1679	January 21, 1680^[19]	Thomas Danforth
Sources unless otherwise cited: Capen, pp. 53–54; Hart, p. 1:607

First provincial period, 1680–1689

In 1679, King Charles II issued a royal charter for the Province of New Hampshire.^[20] John Cutt was appointed president, and took office on January 21, 1680.^[19] He was succeeded after his death by his deputy, Richard Waldron.^[21] At the urging of the heirs of John Mason, who were trying to recover their inherited claims, Charles issued a new charter in 1682, with Edward Cranfield as lieutenant governor. This government survived until the Dominion of New England was introduced in 1686, although Cranfield departed the province in 1685, replaced in the interim by his deputy, Walter Barefoote.^[22][23]

Lieutenant-Governor	Commissioned	Took office	Left office
John Cutt (as president)	September 18, 1679	January 21, 1680	March 1681
Richard Waldron (as president)	January 22, 1680^[19]	March 1681	October 4, 1682
Edward Cranfield	May 9, 1682	October 4, 1682	June 1685^[24]
Walter Barefoote (acting)	–	June 1685^[24]	May 25, 1686
Source unless otherwise cited: Fry, p. 523

Dominion of New England and interregnum

See also: Dominion of New England

From 1686 to 1689 the province was joined into the Dominion of New England. After the dominion collapsed in April 1689, the New Hampshire communities were left without government. Although they briefly established a government in January 1690, they petitioned Massachusetts for protection, and Massachusetts Governor Simon Bradstreet de facto governed the colony from March 1690.^[25]

Governor		Took office	Left office	Lieutenant Governor
Joseph Dudley (as President of the Council of New England)		May 25, 1686^[26]	December 20, 1686^[27]	William Stoughton (as Deputy President)^[28]
Sir Edmund Andros		December 20, 1686^[27]	April 18, 1689^[29]	Francis Nicholson (appointed April 1688)^[30]
Simon Bradstreet (as de facto governor)		March 19, 1690^[31]	1692	Thomas Danforth

Second provincial period, 1692–1775

From 1692 to 1699, Samuel Allen was the governor of New Hampshire. For most of his tenure, he remained in London, pursuing legal actions relevant to proprietary land claims he had purchased from the Masons, but he came to the colony briefly before the arrival of his replacement as governor, the Earl of Bellomont.^[32] From 1699 to 1741, the governor of the Province of Massachusetts Bay was also commissioned as governor of New Hampshire.^[33] The lieutenant governor controlled the province, acting as governor unless the commissioned governor was present.^[34] In 1741 the governance of Massachusetts and New Hampshire was divided.^[35] As a result, during the tenures of the last two governors, Benning and John Wentworth, the role of the lieutenant governor diminished. John Temple, the last lieutenant governor, apparently held the office in title only.^[36]

One commission was issued but not used. On February 8, 1715/6, Colonel Elizeus Burges was appointed to succeed Joseph Dudley as governor of both Massachusetts and New Hampshire.^[37] Before coming to North America, Burges was bribed by Massachusetts operatives to resign his commissions; Colonel Samuel Shute was then chosen to replace Dudley.^[35]

The column labeled "Commissioned" indicates the date when the governor's commission was issued in London, and does not represent when the governor arrived in the province to formally take up the government. The column labeled "Left office" shows the date when the individual was replaced by the arrival of his successor, with a few exceptions. Two governors, Bellomont and William Burnet, died while still holding their commissions (although neither was in the province at the time).^[38][39] Governor Shute effectively abandoned his office by abruptly departing Boston for England on January 1, 1723.^[40] His administration effectively came to an end then, but he was technically the office holder until Burnet was commissioned in 1728.^[41][42] The last governor, John Wentworth, fled the province in August 1775, after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War brought threats to his rule and family.^[43] The province was thereafter governed provisionally until January 1776, when Meshech Weare was elected the independent state's first president under a new state constitution.^[44]

Governor		Commissioned	Left office	Lieutenant Governor	Notes
Samuel Allen		March 1, 1691/2	July 31, 1699	John Usher (1692–97)	Allen was largely absentee, only arriving in the province in September 1698, well after Bellomont's appointment was known.^[32]
				William Partridge (1699–1701)
Richard Coote, 1st Earl of Bellomont		June 18, 1697	March 5, 1701/2		Bellomont was only in the province from July 31 to August 18, 1699. He died on March 5, 1701/2.
Vacant
Joseph Dudley		April 1, 1702	October 7, 1716	John Usher (1702–1715)
Vacant				George Vaughan (1715–17)
Samuel Shute		May 10, 1716	January 1, 1723
				John Wentworth (elder) (1717–30)
Vacant
William Burnet		December 19, 1727?^[45]	September 7, 1729		Burnet was only in the province from April to May 1729, and died the following September.
Vacant					Wentworth's lieutenant governorship briefly overlapped Belcher's administration.
Jonathan Belcher		December 11, 1729	December 12, 1741	David Dunbar (1730–37)
				Vacant
Benning Wentworth		June 4, 1741	July 30, 1767		Wentworth was a son of the elder John Wentworth.^[46]
				John Temple (titular only, 1762–74)^[47]^[48]
John Wentworth (younger)		August 11, 1766	August 24, 1775		Wentworth was grandson of the elder John Wentworth and nephew to Benning Wentworth.^[49]
Source unless otherwise cited: The Federal and State Constitutions, Volume 4, pp. 2527–2531

Notes

1. Clark, pp. 17–18
2. "Fast New Hampshire Facts". State of New Hampshire. Retrieved 2011-07-09.
3. Drake, p. 133
4. Belknap, pp. 1:21,25–26
5. Belknap, pp. 1:44,50
6. Tuttle (1887), p. 89
7. Tuttle (1887), p. 79
8. Tuttle (1887), p. 86
9. Tuttle (1887), pp. 79, 86
10. Belknap, pp. 1:21,291
11. Fry, p. 34
12. Quint, p. 17
13. Tuttle (1887), p. 69
14. Fry, p. 35
15. Fry, p. 37
16. Fry, p. 38
17. Hart, pp. 1:112, 1:607
18. Capen (p. 54) incorrectly lists Dudley as deputy; it was in fact Endecott. Davis, p. 163
19. Fry, p. 66
20. Fry, p. 65
21. Fry, p. 69
22. Fry, p. 70
23. Belknap, p. 1:178
24. Sanborn, pp. 109–110
25. Tuttle (1888), pp. 1–12
26. Barnes, p. 54
27. Barnes, p. 69
28. Barnes, p. 55
29. Moore, p. 385
30. Barnes, p. 72
31. Tuttle (1888), p. 11
32. The American Quarterly Register, pp. 272–273
33. Clark, p. 62
34. Fry, p. 85
35. Fry, p. 84
36. Fry, p. 93
37. The Federal and State Constitutions, p. 2529
38. Fry, p. 258
39. Barry, pp. 66, 128
40. Barry, p. 119
41. Barry, p. 122
42. Fry, p. 104
43. Mayo, pp. 160–161
44. Sanborn, p. 217
45. Fry, p. 523. Extant copies of Burnet's commission have no date, but has a marginal annotation suggesting it was issued December 19, 1727.
46. Clark, p. 97
47. Wilson, p. 106
48. Fry, p. 87
49. The American Quarterly Register, p. 409

References

• The American Quarterly Register, Volume 13. Boston: American Education Society. 1841. OCLC 1480639.
• Barnes, Viola Florence (1960) [1923]. The Dominion of New England: A Study in British Colonial Policy. New York: Frederick Ungar. ISBN 978-0-8044-1065-6. OCLC 395292.
• Barry, John Stetson (1856). The History of Massachusetts. Boston: Phillips, Sampson and Company. p. 119. OCLC 19089435. shute.
• Belknap, Jeremy (1813). The History of New-Hampshire. Boston: Bradford and Read. OCLC 193666. Volume 1
• Capen, Nahum, ed. (1851). The Massachusetts State Record, Volume 5. Boston: James French. OCLC 1770853.
• Clark, Charles E (1970). The Eastern Frontier: The Settlement of Northern New England 1610–1763. New York: Knopf. OCLC 582073285.
• Davis, William Thomas (1895). Bench and Bar of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, Volume 1. Boston, MA: The Boston History Company. OCLC 15711603.
• Drake, Samuel Adams (1886). The Making of New England. New York: C. Scribner's. OCLC 24334696.
• Fry, William Henry (1908). New Hampshire as a Royal Province. New York: Columbia University. OCLC 1981065.
• Hart, Albert Bushnell, ed. (1927). Commonwealth History of Massachusetts. New York: The States History Company. OCLC 1543273.
• Mayo, Lawrence Shaw (1921). John Wentworth, Governor of New Hampshire: 1767–1775. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. OCLC 1609815.
• Moore, Jacob Bailey (1851). Lives of the Governors of New Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay. Boston: C. D. Strong. p. 273. OCLC 11362972.
• Quint, Alonzo; Scales, John (2009) [1900]. Historical Memoranda Concerning Persons and Places in Old Dover, New Hampshire. Westminster, MD: Heritage Books. ISBN 978-0-7884-4382-4. OCLC 179483796.
• Sanborn, Frederick (1904). New Hampshire: an Epitome of Popular Government. Boston and New York: Houghton, Mifflin. p. 109. OCLC 1225004.
• Tuttle, Charles Wesley (1880). New Hampshire Without Provincial Government, 1689–1690: an Historical Sketch. Cambridge, MA: J. Wilson and Son. OCLC 12783351.
• Tuttle, Charles Wesley (1887). Capt. John Mason, the Founder of New Hampshire. Boston: Prince Society. p. 89. OCLC 17821309.
• The Federal and State Constitutions, Colonial Charters, and Other Organic Laws of the State, Territories, and Colonies Now or Heretofore Forming the United States of America. Washington, DC: United States Government. 1909. OCLC 519706.
• Wilson, James Grant (1893). The Memorial History of New York. New York: New-York History Co. OCLC 318372973.