Gosling Emacs
Gosling Emacs (often shortened to "Gosmacs" or "gmacs") is a discontinued Emacs implementation written in 1981 by James Gosling in C.[1]
| Original author(s) | James Gosling |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | UniPress |
| Initial release | 1981 |
| Written in | C |
| Operating system | Unix, VMS |
| Type | Text editor |
Gosling initially allowed Gosling Emacs to be redistributed with no formal restrictions, as required by the "Emacs commune" since the 1970s,[2] only asking for a letter acknowledging his authorship.[3] Later, wishing to move on, he sold his version of Emacs to UniPress. The dispute between Richard Stallman and UniPress inspired the creation of the first formal license for Emacs, which later became the GPL, as Congress had introduced copyright for software in 1980.[4]
Features edit
Gosling Emacs was especially noteworthy because of the effective redisplay code,[5] which used a dynamic programming technique to solve the classical string-to-string correction problem. The algorithm was quite sophisticated; that section of the source was headed by a skull-and-crossbones in ASCII art,[6] warning any would-be improver that even if they thought they understood how the display code worked, they probably did not.[7]
Distribution edit
Since Gosling had permitted its unrestricted redistribution, Richard Stallman used some Gosling Emacs code in the initial version of GNU Emacs.[8][9] Among other things, he rewrote part of the Gosling code headed by the skull-and-crossbones comment and made it "...shorter, faster, clearer and more extensible."[7]
In 1983 UniPress began selling Gosling Emacs on Unix for $395 and on VMS for $2,500, marketing it as "EMACS–multi-window text editor (Gosling version)".[10]
Controversially, Unipress asked Stallman to stop distributing his version of Emacs for Unix.[11] UniPress never took legal action against Stallman or his nascent Free Software Foundation,[citation needed] believing "hobbyists and academics could never produce an Emacs that could compete" with their product.[citation needed] All Gosling Emacs code was removed from GNU Emacs by version 16.56 (July 1985),[12] with the possible exception of a few particularly involved sections of the display code.[citation needed] The latest versions of GNU Emacs (since August 2004) do not feature the skull-and-crossbones warning.[citation needed]
Extension language edit
Its extension language, Mocklisp, has a syntax that appears similar to Lisp, but Mocklisp does not have lists, only strings and arrays. The Mocklisp interpreter, built by Gosling and a collaborator, was replaced by a full Lisp interpreter in GNU Emacs.[11]
References edit
- ^ Stallman, Richard (28 October 2002), My Lisp Experiences and the Development of GNU Emacs
- ^ Sam Williams (2002). "6. The Emacs Commune". Free as in freedom. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
- ^ Hansen Hsu and Marc Weber (10 October 2019). "Oral History of James Gosling, part 1 of 2". youtube. Computer History Museum. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
- ^ Sam Williams (2002). "9. The GNU General Public License". Free as in freedom. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
- ^ Gosling, James (June 1981), "A Redisplay Algorithm", ACM SIGPLAN Notices, 16 (6), Proceedings of the ACM SIGPLAN Symposium on Text Manipulation: 123–129, doi:10.1145/872730.806463
- ^ "Ultra-hot screen management package". n.d. Retrieved 12 February 2022.
- ^ a b Stallman, Richard (7 January 2013), samzenpus (ed.), Richard Stallman Answers Your Questions, Slashdot,
The last piece of Gosmacs code that I replaced was the serial terminal scrolling optimizer, a few pages of Gosling's code which was proceeded by a comment with a skull and crossbones, meaning that it was so hard to understand that it was poison. I had to replace it, but worried that the job would be hard. I found a simpler algorithm and got it to work in a few hours, producing code that was shorter, faster, clearer, and more extensible. Then I made it use the terminal commands to insert or delete multiple lines as a single operation, which made screen updating far more efficient.
- ^ Christopher Kelty; Mario Biagioli; Peter Jaszi; Martha Woodmansee (2015). Making and Unmaking Intellectual Property. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226172491.
...Stallman was using code from Gosling, based on permission that Gosling had given to Labalme, but Labalme had written code for Gosling that he had commercialized without telling Labalme.
- ^ Oral History of James Gosling, part 1 of 2, archived from the original on 11 December 2021, retrieved 14 October 2019
- ^ "Unix Spoken Here / and MS-DOS, and VMS too!". BYTE (advertisement). December 1983. p. 334. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
- ^ a b Sam Williams (2002). "7. A Stark Moral Choice". Free as in freedom. "O'Reilly Media, Inc.". ISBN 0-596-00287-4.
According to the developer, Gosling, while a PhD student at Carnegie Mellon, had assured early collaborators that their work would remain accessible. When UniPress caught wind of Stallman's project, however, the company threatened to enforce the copyright...In the course of reverse-engineering Gosling's interpreter, Stallman would create a fully functional Lisp interpreter, rendering the need for Gosling's original interpreter moot.
- ^ Jamie Zawinski (8 March 1999). "Emacs timeline".
- Christopher Kelty, "EMACS, grep, and UNIX: authorship, invention and translation in software",