The Goschen formula (or Goschen proportions) was a ratio devised by George Goschen when Chancellor of the Exchequer, to allocate funding for services in Scotland and Ireland compared with England and Wales, and used from 1888.[1]
The Goschen proportions were originally set at 80:11:9, for England & Wales, Scotland, and Ireland respectively.[1] There is disagreement as to whether this was to reflect the proportions in which the three major territories paid probate duty,[2] or whether the ratio was based on population shares.[1][3]
The populations of England & Wales, Scotland, and Ireland in the 1891 census are given as 29.0m, 4.0m and 4.7m respectively.[4][5] This means that Goschen initially gave England & Wales 80% of the funds for 76.9% of the population, Scotland 11% of the funds for 10.6% of the population, and Ireland 9% of the funds for 12.5% of the population.
Development prior to Irish independenceedit
The following decades saw the percentage population shares of Scotland and Ireland decline, while England's population share increased. In 1911, which was the last full government census which included the whole of Ireland (the 1921 census was cancelled in Ireland because of widespread IRA activity[6]), the populations of England & Wales, Scotland, and Ireland are given as 36.07m (79.8%), 4.76m (10.5%), and 4.39m (9.7%) respectively.[4]
Development after Irish independenceedit
After the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922, Scottish politicians and civil servants continued to insist that Scotland was entitled to at least its Goschen proportion (11/80ths of England & Wales's amount, i.e. 12.1% of the England, Scotland and Wales total). This meant that Scotland began this period with a higher spend per head: in the 1921 census, Scotland's population (4.88m) was only 11.4% of the England, Scotland and Wales total (42.77m).[4] This gap widened further over the subsequent decades, because while the Goschen proportion was fixed, Scotland's population growth lagged far behind that of England & Wales: In 1971, the last census before the Goschen formula was succeeded by the Barnett formula in 1978, Scotland's population (5.24m) was down to only 9.6% of the England, Scotland and Wales total (54.39m).[7]
In addition to this demographic effect, 'After World War II successive Scottish Secretaries of State negotiated additional allocations for their territorial departments by arguing special needs, such as sparsity of population in the remote areas and density and poor housing in the central belt.'[1]
goschen, formula, goschen, proportions, ratio, devised, george, goschen, when, chancellor, exchequer, allocate, funding, services, scotland, ireland, compared, with, england, wales, used, from, 1888, contents, original, formulation, development, prior, irish, . The Goschen formula or Goschen proportions was a ratio devised by George Goschen when Chancellor of the Exchequer to allocate funding for services in Scotland and Ireland compared with England and Wales and used from 1888 1 Contents 1 Original formulation 2 Development prior to Irish independence 3 Development after Irish independence 4 ReferencesOriginal formulation editThe Goschen proportions were originally set at 80 11 9 for England amp Wales Scotland and Ireland respectively 1 There is disagreement as to whether this was to reflect the proportions in which the three major territories paid probate duty 2 or whether the ratio was based on population shares 1 3 The populations of England amp Wales Scotland and Ireland in the 1891 census are given as 29 0m 4 0m and 4 7m respectively 4 5 This means that Goschen initially gave England amp Wales 80 of the funds for 76 9 of the population Scotland 11 of the funds for 10 6 of the population and Ireland 9 of the funds for 12 5 of the population Development prior to Irish independence editThe following decades saw the percentage population shares of Scotland and Ireland decline while England s population share increased In 1911 which was the last full government census which included the whole of Ireland the 1921 census was cancelled in Ireland because of widespread IRA activity 6 the populations of England amp Wales Scotland and Ireland are given as 36 07m 79 8 4 76m 10 5 and 4 39m 9 7 respectively 4 Development after Irish independence editAfter the formation of the Irish Free State in 1922 Scottish politicians and civil servants continued to insist that Scotland was entitled to at least its Goschen proportion 11 80ths of England amp Wales s amount i e 12 1 of the England Scotland and Wales total This meant that Scotland began this period with a higher spend per head in the 1921 census Scotland s population 4 88m was only 11 4 of the England Scotland and Wales total 42 77m 4 This gap widened further over the subsequent decades because while the Goschen proportion was fixed Scotland s population growth lagged far behind that of England amp Wales In 1971 the last census before the Goschen formula was succeeded by the Barnett formula in 1978 Scotland s population 5 24m was down to only 9 6 of the England Scotland and Wales total 54 39m 7 In addition to this demographic effect After World War II successive Scottish Secretaries of State negotiated additional allocations for their territorial departments by arguing special needs such as sparsity of population in the remote areas and density and poor housing in the central belt 1 References edit a b c d HoL Select Committee on the Barnet Formula Paragraph 23 https publications parliament uk pa ld200809 ldselect ldbarnett 139 13907 htm National Assembly for Wales The Barnett Formula funding the devolved administrations chapter 3 paragraph 1 http www assembly wales 09 012 pdf IPPR Fair Shares Barnett and the politics of public expenditure Box 3 1 a b c Archived copy Archived from the original on 2015 10 23 Retrieved 2015 10 12 a href Template Cite web html title Template Cite web cite web a CS1 maint archived copy as title link Vision of Britain 1921 Census General Table 1 www visionofbritain org uk Retrieved 2016 10 13 National Archives History of Irish census records www census nationalarchives ie Retrieved 2016 10 13 ONS Population Estimates for UK England and Wales Scotland and Northern Ireland http www ons gov uk ons publications re reference tables html edition tcm 3A77 247414 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Goschen formula amp oldid 1128535346, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
