Gold mining in Nevada
Gold mining in Nevada, a state of the United States, is a major industry, and one of the largest sources of gold in the world. In 2018 Nevada produced 5,581,160 troy ounces (173.6 tonnes), representing 78% of US gold and 5.0% of the world's production.[1][2][3] Total gold production recorded from Nevada from 1835 to 2017 totals 205,931,000 troy ounces (6,405.2 t), worth US$322.6 billion at 2020 values.[2][4] Much of Nevada's gold production comes from large open pit mining using heap leaching recovery.
The Nevada mining industry supported an average 14,787 direct employees in 2018, with about 75,000 additional jobs related to providing goods and services needed by the mining industry. The average pay for mining industry employees during this time was $97,600 per year, the third highest average private employment sector in the state.[2]
Major mining companies such as Newmont Goldcorp and Barrick Gold Corporation operate many of the state's gold mines. Active mines include those at Jerritt Canyon and the Carlin Trend.
Although Nevada was known much more for silver in the 19th century, many of the early silver mining districts also produced considerable quantities of gold. The Comstock Lode produced 8,600,000 troy ounces (270 t) of gold through 1959, and the Eureka district produced 1,200,000 troy ounces (37 t). The Robinson copper mine has produced well over 2,700,000 troy ounces (84 t) gold, along with over 4 billion pounds (1,500,000 tonnes) of copper.
Carlin Trend edit
Gold was discovered in the vicinity of Carlin in Eureka County in the 1870s, but production was small. Glacier deposits were discovered in 1907, but the deposits were too small to cause much excitement. It was not until 1961 that Newmont Mining Corporation discovered the large low-grade gold deposit at Carlin that the mining industry began to take notice. The Carlin mine began producing gold in 1965, but at a gold price of US$35 per troy ounce, ore grades were still too low to cause a rush to northern Nevada. It was not until the gold price escalated in the 1970s that mining companies began to target similar deposits.[6]
The Carlin Trend, part of what is also known as the Carlin Unconformity, is 5 miles (8 km) wide and 40 miles (60 km) long running northwest–southeast, has since produced more gold than any other mining district in the United States. Production from the trend surpassed 50,000,000 troy ounces (1,600 t) of gold in 2002. The Carlin and other mines along the trend pioneered the method of open-pit mining with cyanide heap leach recovery that is today used at large low-grade gold mines worldwide.
New ore deposits are still being discovered and developed along the trend. The South Arturo deposit was discovered by Barrick Gold in 2005. The deposit contains an estimated 1,300,000 troy ounces (40 t) of gold.[7]
Goldfield edit
Goldfield was discovered in 1902, and began major gold production in 1904. The ore occurs in altered shear zones in Tertiary dacite and andesite. Total gold production through 1959 was 4,200,000 troy ounces (130 t).[8]
Robinson/Ely edit
The Robinson district at Ely, Nevada produced about 3,000,000 troy ounces (93 t) of gold through 1990, as a byproduct of copper mining.[9]
In 2017 the Robinson Mine produced 112,633,428 pounds of copper, 37,897 troy ounces of gold and 652,763 pounds of molybdenite with 617 employees.[2]
Gold royalties edit
All mineral and gold production on public and private lands in Nevada is subject to a Net Royalty payable to the State. The gross proceeds from the sale of minerals minus allowable deductions determine the taxable net proceeds. If the net proceeds from sales by a mine in the taxable year total $4 million or more, the tax rate is 5%. For less profitable mines the tax rate is graduated down to 2%. Miners' net proceeds are also subject to federal corporate income tax of 21%.[10][11]
Because the NPM tax is an ad valorem property tax, the amount of the net proceeds times the property tax rate goes to the county where the mineral was extracted. Any additional amount of tax paid up to the 5% goes to the State.[10]
In 2017-2018 the Nevada net proceeds royalty raised $155.1 million (down from $255.6 million in 2012) from gold and silver production, of which the counties received $87.5 million (down from $127 million in 2012).[11]
Gold Mining Companies in Nevada edit
See also edit
References edit
- ^ George, Micheal W. (31 January 2018). "Mineral Commodity Summaries 2018" (pdf). Reston, Virginia: U.S. Geological Survey. pp. 70–71. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ^ a b c d Perry, Rick; Visher, Mike (2019). "Major mines of Nevada 2018: Mineral industries in Nevada's economy" (pdf). Nevada Division of Minerals. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ^ "Gold mine production". Goldhub. London: World Gold Council. 4 April 2019. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Coyner, Alan R. (4 December 2014). "Update on Nevada Mineral Production and Exploration" (ppt). State of Nevada Division of Minerals. Reno, NV: Northwest Mining Association. Retrieved 27 March 2019.
- ^ Gleeson, Daniel (24 February 2019). "Barrick cuts waste, boosts reserves from modified bench steepening at Goldstrike". International Mining. Berkhamsted, England. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
- ^ Donald M. Hausen and Paul F. Kerr (1969) "Fine gold Occurrence at Carlin, Nevada", in Ore Deposits of the United States, 1933–1968, New York: American Institute of Mining Engineers, pp. 908–940.
- ^ Ed Cope and others, "South Arturo: a recent gold discovery on the Carlin Trend," Mining Engineering, Jan. 2008, pp. 19–25.
- ^ A.H. Koschmann and M.H. Bergendahl, Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States, US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, pp. 177–178.
- ^ Laurence P. James, 1990, "Gold in the Ely (Robinson) copper district, White Pine County, Nevada," in Gold in Porphyry Copper Systems, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 1857-E, p.E28.
- ^ a b Understanding Nevada’s Net Proceeds of Minerals Tax (PDF). Carson City, NV: Nevada Taxpayers Association. 2008.
- ^ a b "2017-2018 Net Proceeds of Minerals Bulletin" (pdf). Nevada Department of Taxation. Carson City, NV: Division of Local Government Services. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
External links edit
- Gold Districts of Nevada, map & a brief writeup for 36 lode and 16 placer districts with significant production
- Nevada Gold Mines, joint venture between Barrick & Newmont
- Southern Nevada: The Boomtown Years 1900-1925
- , by Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology
- , by Nevada Bureau of Mines & Geology
- Nevada: A very modern gold rush at Mining Journal, 30 Mar 2012