Gnus (/ɡəˈnuːz,ˈɡnuːz/), or Gnus Network User Services, is a message reader which is part of GNU Emacs. It supports reading and composing both e-mail and news and can also act as an RSS reader, web processor, and directory browser for both local and remote filesystems.
Gnus blurs the distinction between news and e-mail, treating them both as "articles" that come from different sources. News articles are kept separate by group, and e-mail can be split into arbitrary groups, similar to folders in other mail readers. In addition, Gnus is able to use a number of web-based sources as inputs for its groups.
treating a directory of files, either local or remote (via FTP or other method) as articles to browse
reading Usenet News, including the Gmane and Gwene mail-to-news archives of mailing lists
searching local or remote indices of emails or news items, e.g. via Notmuch[2]
simple or advanced mail splitting (automatic sorting of incoming mail to user-defined groups)
incoming mail can be set to expire instead of just plain deletion
custom posting styles (e.g. a different From address, .signature etc.) for each group
virtual groups (e.g., directory on the computer can be read as a group)
an advanced message scoring system
user-defined hooks for almost any method (in emacs lisp)
many of the parameters (e.g., expiration, posting style) can be specified individually for all of the groups
integration with the Insidious Big Brother Database (BBDB) to handle contacts in a highly automated fashion.
integration with other Emacs packages, such as the W3 web browser, LDAP lookup code, etc.
As part of Emacs, Gnus' features can be extended indefinitely through Emacs lisp.
To quote the Gnus Manual:
"You know that Gnus gives you all the opportunity you'd ever want for shooting yourself in the foot. Some people call it flexibility. Gnus is also customizable to a great extent, which means that the user has a say on how Gnus behaves. Other newsreaders might unconditionally shoot you in your foot, but with Gnus, you have a choice!"[1]
Note that the composition of HTML email messages (as users of more WYSIWYG editors may be used to) is not included by default; the lack of this "ability" is counted as a feature by Gnus' traditional user base.
Historyedit
Gnus is a rewrite of GNUS by Masanobu Umeda, which ceased to be developed in 1992. In autumn 1994, Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen started the rewrite under the name (ding) which is a recursive acronym for ding is not Gnus, intending to produce a version for which the interface and configuration would work almost exactly the same, but the internals would be completely revamped and improved. The new version proved to be popular and has undergone constant expansion and enhancement. Ingebrigtsen is also programmer of eww.
Versionsedit
In general, users receive Gnus bundled with their copy of GNU Emacs and only need to worry about version numbers if they want to upgrade to newer versions themselves instead of receiving updates through Emacs or their operating system's packaging system.
The following versions have been released:
Gnus 5 ((ding) Gnus) – November 1995
Gnus 5.1 rebranded 5.0.13 bundled with GNU Emacs 19.30/19.31[3]
Gnus 5.2 (September Gnus) – May 1996
Gnus 5.3, a rebranded 5.2.38 bundled with GNU Emacs 19.32 and all later versions of GNU Emacs 19.x[3]
Gnus 5.4 (Red Gnus) – January 25, 1997
Gnus 5.5, a rebranded 5.4 bundled with GNU Emacs 20.1 (September 17, 1997) and also included in XEmacs 20.4
Gnus 5.6 (Quassia Gnus) – March 8, 1998
Gnus 5.8 (Pterodactyl Gnus) – December 3, 1999
Gnus 5.10 (Oort Gnus) – May 1, 2003
Gnus 5.11, a rebranded 5.10 bundled with GNU Emacs 22.1 (June 2, 2007). 5.10/5.11 development from the "Oort" development branch wrapped up around 2008. Some 5.11 versions, such as that packaged by Ubuntu Linux as "5.11+v0.10", are actually based on the later "No Gnus" development branch.
Gnus 5.13 (No Gnus) - bundled with GNU Emacs 23.1 (July 29, 2009)
The "No Gnus" development branch began January 4, 2004, and wrapped up in early 2012, with version 0.19.
Gnus 5.14, Ma Gnus (or 真 Gnus),[4] is the current[5] development version, v0.7 first released in May 2013.[6]
The odd minor version numbers, like 5.3 and 5.5 are for the Gnus versions bundled with GNUEmacs. The even version numbers are the unbundled releases. So for example, Gnus 5.5 is similar to Gnus 5.4, but bundled with Emacs 20.1.
Development is done using "named versions", whose first letters run backwards in the alphabet; "No Gnus" v0.19 was released in early 2012, and development transitioned to "Ma Gnus". No named version ever reaches 1.0, instead when it is considered stable enough for general release, it sheds its name and gets packaged with as simply "Gnus <version number>". Entering the "V" command in the Groups buffer of a running copy of Gnus will usually cause it to divulge a version number, but there is no easy way for an end user to know if, for example, "No Gnus 0.9" is older or newer than "Gnus 5.10.8".
After being developed separately for 22 years, the developer of Gnus announced that further development would take place inside Gnu Emacs' git tree. A side effect of this change is that support for XEmacs and older versions of Gnu Emacs will be dropped.[7]
^Ma Gnus 0.7 Release Announcement December 29, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
^"It's about ethics in Gnus development". January 2016. Gnus (and a couple of other Emacs packages) are dropping XEmacs support.
External linksedit
Official website
March 16, 2024
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For gnus the animals see wildebeest Gnus ɡ e ˈ n uː z ˈ ɡ n uː z or Gnus Network User Services is a message reader which is part of GNU Emacs It supports reading and composing both e mail and news and can also act as an RSS reader web processor and directory browser for both local and remote filesystems GnusGnus 5 11 under GNU Emacs and FedoraDeveloper s Gnus teamInitial release1987 37 years ago 1987 1 Repositorygit wbr savannah wbr gnu wbr org wbr cgit wbr emacs wbr git wbr tree wbr lisp wbr gnus wbr Operating systemCross platformTypeE mail client and news clientLicenseGPL 3 0 or laterWebsitewww wbr gnus wbr orgGnus blurs the distinction between news and e mail treating them both as articles that come from different sources News articles are kept separate by group and e mail can be split into arbitrary groups similar to folders in other mail readers In addition Gnus is able to use a number of web based sources as inputs for its groups Contents 1 Features 2 History 2 1 Versions 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksFeatures editSome Gnus features a range of backends that support any or all of reading email from the local filesystem or over a network via IMAP or POP3 reading web pages via an RSS feed treating a directory of files either local or remote via FTP or other method as articles to browse reading Usenet News including the Gmane and Gwene mail to news archives of mailing lists searching local or remote indices of emails or news items e g via Notmuch 2 simple or advanced mail splitting automatic sorting of incoming mail to user defined groups incoming mail can be set to expire instead of just plain deletion custom posting styles e g a different From address signature etc for each group virtual groups e g directory on the computer can be read as a group an advanced message scoring system user defined hooks for almost any method in emacs lisp many of the parameters e g expiration posting style can be specified individually for all of the groups integration with the Insidious Big Brother Database BBDB to handle contacts in a highly automated fashion integration with other Emacs packages such as the W3 web browser LDAP lookup code etc As part of Emacs Gnus features can be extended indefinitely through Emacs lisp To quote the Gnus Manual You know that Gnus gives you all the opportunity you d ever want for shooting yourself in the foot Some people call it flexibility Gnus is also customizable to a great extent which means that the user has a say on how Gnus behaves Other newsreaders might unconditionally shoot you in your foot but with Gnus you have a choice 1 Note that the composition of HTML email messages as users of more WYSIWYG editors may be used to is not included by default the lack of this ability is counted as a feature by Gnus traditional user base History editGnus is a rewrite of GNUS by Masanobu Umeda which ceased to be developed in 1992 In autumn 1994 Lars Magne Ingebrigtsen started the rewrite under the name ding which is a recursive acronym for ding is not Gnus intending to produce a version for which the interface and configuration would work almost exactly the same but the internals would be completely revamped and improved The new version proved to be popular and has undergone constant expansion and enhancement Ingebrigtsen is also programmer of eww Versions edit In general users receive Gnus bundled with their copy of GNU Emacs and only need to worry about version numbers if they want to upgrade to newer versions themselves instead of receiving updates through Emacs or their operating system s packaging system The following versions have been released Gnus 5 ding Gnus November 1995 Gnus 5 1 rebranded 5 0 13 bundled with GNU Emacs 19 30 19 31 3 Gnus 5 2 September Gnus May 1996 Gnus 5 3 a rebranded 5 2 38 bundled with GNU Emacs 19 32 and all later versions of GNU Emacs 19 x 3 Gnus 5 4 Red Gnus January 25 1997 Gnus 5 5 a rebranded 5 4 bundled with GNU Emacs 20 1 September 17 1997 and also included in XEmacs 20 4 Gnus 5 6 Quassia Gnus March 8 1998 Gnus 5 8 Pterodactyl Gnus December 3 1999 Gnus 5 10 Oort Gnus May 1 2003 Gnus 5 11 a rebranded 5 10 bundled with GNU Emacs 22 1 June 2 2007 5 10 5 11 development from the Oort development branch wrapped up around 2008 Some 5 11 versions such as that packaged by Ubuntu Linux as 5 11 v0 10 are actually based on the later No Gnus development branch Gnus 5 13 No Gnus bundled with GNU Emacs 23 1 July 29 2009 The No Gnus development branch began January 4 2004 and wrapped up in early 2012 with version 0 19 Gnus 5 14 Ma Gnus or 真 Gnus 4 is the current 5 development version v0 7 first released in May 2013 6 The odd minor version numbers like 5 3 and 5 5 are for the Gnus versions bundled with GNU Emacs The even version numbers are the unbundled releases So for example Gnus 5 5 is similar to Gnus 5 4 but bundled with Emacs 20 1 Development is done using named versions whose first letters run backwards in the alphabet No Gnus v0 19 was released in early 2012 and development transitioned to Ma Gnus No named version ever reaches 1 0 instead when it is considered stable enough for general release it sheds its name and gets packaged with as simply Gnus lt version number gt Entering the V command in the Groups buffer of a running copy of Gnus will usually cause it to divulge a version number but there is no easy way for an end user to know if for example No Gnus 0 9 is older or newer than Gnus 5 10 8 After being developed separately for 22 years the developer of Gnus announced that further development would take place inside Gnu Emacs git tree A side effect of this change is that support for XEmacs and older versions of Gnu Emacs will be dropped 7 See also edit nbsp Free and open source software portalComparison of e mail clients Text based email client Comparison of feed aggregators List of Usenet newsreaders Comparison of Usenet newsreadersReferences edit GNUS a NNTP based news reader for GNU Emacs 1 of 2 Retrieved 2015 12 28 Ingebrigtsen Lars Magne 2015 The Gnus Newsreader Free Software Foundation Inc Retrieved 2016 11 21 a b Gnus Emacs Newsreader FAQ Internet FAQ Archives Gnus manual 11 2 8 8 Ma Gnus the master Gnus git repository changelog Archived from the original on 2016 03 04 Ma Gnus 0 7 Release Announcement Archived December 29 2016 at the Wayback Machine It s about ethics in Gnus development January 2016 Gnus and a couple of other Emacs packages are dropping XEmacs support External links editOfficial website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gnus amp oldid 1092661847, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
