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Gloster E.28/39

January 17, 2024

The Gloster E.28/39, (also referred to as the Gloster Whittle, Gloster Pioneer, or Gloster G.40) was the first British turbojet-engined aircraft first flying in 1941. It was the third turbojet aircraft to fly after the German Heinkel He 178 (1939) and the German Heinkel He 280 (1941).

E.28/39
The first E.28/39 prototype W4041/G
Role Experimental prototype
National origin United Kingdom
Manufacturer Gloster Aircraft Company
Designer George Carter
First flight 15 May 1941[1]
Status Retired
Primary user Royal Aircraft Establishment (RAE)
Number built 2 prototypes[1]

The E.28/39 was the product of a specification which had been issued by the Air Ministry for a suitable aircraft to test the novel jet propulsion designs that Frank Whittle had been developing during the 1930s. Gloster and the company's chief designer, George Carter, worked with Whittle to develop an otherwise conventional aircraft fitted with a Power Jets W.1 turbojet engine. Flying for the first time on 15 May 1941, two E.28/39 aircraft were produced for the flight test programme. Following initial satisfactory reports, these aircraft continued to be flown to test increasingly refined engine designs and new aerodynamic features. Despite the loss of the second prototype, due to improper maintenance causing a critical aileron failure, the E.28/39 was considered to be a success.

The E.28/39 contributed valuable initial experience with the new type of propulsion and led to the development of the Gloster Meteor, the first operational jet fighter to enter service with the Allies. The first prototype continued test flying until 1944, after which it was withdrawn from service; in 1946, it was transferred to the Science Museum in London, where it has been on static display ever since; full-scale replicas have been created.

Development edit

Background edit

The development of the turbojet-powered E.28/39 was the product of a collaboration between the Gloster Aircraft Company and Sir Frank Whittle's firm, Power Jets Ltd. Whittle formed Power Jets Ltd in March 1936 to develop his ideas of jet propulsion, Whittle himself serving as the company's chief engineer.[2] For several years, attracting financial backers and aviation firms prepared to take on Whittle's radical ideas was difficult; in 1931, Armstrong-Siddeley had evaluated and rejected Whittle's proposal, finding it to be technically sound but at the limits of engineering capability.[3] Securing funding was a persistently worrying issue throughout the early development of the engine.[4] The first Whittle prototype jet engine, the Power Jets WU, began running trials in early 1937; shortly afterwards, both Sir Henry Tizard, chairman of the Aeronautical Research Committee, and the Air Ministry gave the project their support.[5]

On 28 April 1939, Whittle made a visit to the premises of the Gloster Aircraft Company, where he met several key figures, such as George Carter, Gloster's chief designer.[6] Carter took a keen interest in Whittle's project, particularly when he saw the operational Power Jets W.1 engine; Carter quickly made several rough proposals of various aircraft designs powered by the engine. Independently, Whittle had also been producing several proposals for a high-altitude jet-powered bomber; following the start of the Second World War and the Battle for France, a greater national emphasis on fighter aircraft arose.[7] Power Jets and Gloster quickly formed a mutual understanding around mid-1939.[8]

In September 1939, the Air Ministry issued a specification to Gloster for an aircraft to test one of Frank Whittle's turbojet designs in flight. The E.28/39 designation originates from the aircraft having been developed in conformance with the 28th "Experimental" specification issued by the Air Ministry in 1939. The E.28/39 specification required the aircraft to carry two 0.303 in (7.62 mm) Browning machine guns in each wing, along with 2,000 rounds of ammunition, but these were never fitted.[9] The second paragraph of the contract for the first aeroplane stated: "The primary object of this aeroplane will be to flight test the engine installation, but the design shall be based on requirements for a fixed gun interceptor fighter as far as the limitations of size and weight imposed by the power unit permit. The armament equipment called for in this specification will not be required for initial trials but the contractor will be required to make provision in the design for the weight and space occupied by these items..."[10]

Design effort edit

Early on, Gloster's chief designer, George Carter, worked closely with Whittle, and laid out a small low-wing aircraft of conventional configuration. The jet intake was located in the nose, while the single tail-fin and elevators were mounted above the jet-pipe, although due to uncertainty about the spinning characteristics of a jet aircraft, at an earlier design stage an alternative arrangement using twin fins and rudders was considered. Two jet pipe/rear fuselage arrangements were also originally considered, a normal fuselage with long jet-pipe and exhaust nozzle behind the tail, and a short fuselage and jet-pipe with the tail-plane supported on an extension boom. Flanagan[11] highlights the advantage of a short jet-pipe as incurring a lower thrust loss. Buttler[12] reports Gloster engineer Richard Walker considered a short fuselage would overcome structural, accessibility and maintenance difficulties and increase the maximum speed of the aircraft. Due to the unknown effects of the jet efflux on the boom-mounted tailplane, the long fuselage was selected. On 3 February 1940, a contract for two prototypes was signed by the Air Ministry.

Manufacture of the E.28/39 commenced at Brockworth near Gloucester and then moved to Regent Motors in Regent Street, Cheltenham (now the site of Regent Arcade), which was considered safer from bombing. Whittle was dissatisfied with the slowness of production, probably caused by the Battle of Britain as the area around nearby Coventry was subject to high levels of German bomber activity.[13] In April 1941, the first of the E.28/39 prototypes was completed but a flight-worthy W.1A engine was not available and a ground-use only W.1X unit was assembled and installed for taxiing tests only.[13]

While only two prototypes had been ordered, the operational philosophy was that, once the prototypes had proved the capabilities of the design, a more substantial programme would begin: even before the first flight of the E.28/39, this aircraft had been envisaged as being a considerably more elaborate twin-engined design, with all of the equipment required in a fighter aircraft.[9] This aircraft, also produced by Gloster, became the Meteor, the first production jet-propelled aircraft to enter service with the Allies.[14]

Design edit

The E.28/39 was a low-wing monoplane designed around the new jet engine.[9] It was described as possessing a slightly tubby appearance as a result of a round fuselage. Due to the elimination of any risk that would have been posed by propeller tips striking the ground, the E.28/39 had an unusually short undercarriage for the era.[9] It had a retractable undercarriage which was actuated by a hydraulic accumulator, with a manually-operated hand-pump to serve as a backup. Emergency actuation used compressed air.[15] The flaps were also hydraulically-actuated, using the hand-pump. Unusually, the nose wheel was steerable, using the rudder control, which aided in ground manoeuvring.[9]

The E.28/39 was powered by a Power Jets W.1 turbojet engine behind the pilot and the fuel tank.[9] The engine exhaust was directed through the centre of the fuselage, the jetpipe terminating about two feet behind the rudder. A nose air-intake led the air through bifurcated ducts around the cockpit.[9] A fuel tank, containing up to 82 Imp gal (372.8 litres), was behind the cockpit, supposed to have been adopted as a countermeasure against the impact of negative g, which posed the risk of causing the engine to flame out, which was hard to re-light during flight.[9]

The E.28/39 lacked features that would be expected for a fighter, such as a radio.[9] The original engine was started using an Austin Seven car engine, connected by a flexible drive; it was replaced on the flight engine with an electric starter that used a ground-cart battery. The cockpit, which had a sliding canopy, had no pressurisation or any form of climate control, such as heating.[9] Pilots were intended to wear electrically-heated flight suits but the lack of a generator and limited battery capacity, the latter being devoted to the automated sensors and recording devices that captured the results of each flight, meant this was not possible; pilots had to endure the cold cockpit.[9]

John Grierson said:

"The main impressions of my first jet-propelled flight were first of the simplicity of operation. The throttle was the only engine control; there were no mixture or propeller levers, supercharger or cooling-gill controls and the fuel system had simply one low-pressure valve between the tank and the engine pump, and one high-pressure valve between the pump and the engine. There was no electric booster pump. Secondly the absence of vibration or the sensation of effort being transmitted to the pilot's seat was outstanding."[16]

and

"The very favourable impressions of jet propulsion obtained ... have all been endorsed by subsequent flights ... The E.28 is a most pleasant little aeroplane to handle, particularly on account of the excellent field of vision from the pilot's seat ...."[17]

Testing edit

 
Statue in Coventry, England of Sir Frank Whittle observing the first British jet-powered flight

Although the initial flight tests were relatively early in the Second World War, the German Heinkel He 178 had been first test-flown on 27 August 1939, at Rostock-Marienehe on the Baltic Coast, days before the outbreak of the war.[11]

The E.28/39 was delivered to Brockworth for ground tests beginning on 7 April 1941, using a non-flightworthy version of the Power Jets W.1 engine.[18][13] Frank Whittle, who had been an RAF flying instructor and test pilot before specializing in engineering, did taxi runs on the grass airfield up to 60 mph (97 km/h) and Gloster's Chief Test Pilot, Flight Lieutenant Gerry Sayer did further taxi tests before becoming airborne for 200 to 300 yd (180 to 270 m), which he repeated two more times.[19]

Following the completion of these ground tests, the aircraft was fitted with a flightworthy engine rated for 10 hours use, and then partially dismantled and transported to RAF Cranwell, near Sleaford in Lincolnshire which had a long runway and no high ground in the vicinity.[20] On 15 May 1941, Gerry Sayer flew the aircraft under jet power for the first time, in a flight lasting 17 minutes. In this first series of test flights, a maximum true speed of 350 mph (560 km/h) was attained, in level flight at 25,000 ft (7,600 m) and 17,000 turbine revolutions per minute.[21][20] Tests continued with increasingly refined versions of the engine.[22][1] Small, auxiliary fins were added near the tips of the tailplanes to provide additional stability in high-speed flight.[23] John Grierson, in 1971, called these "end-plates" and wrote that their purpose was to increase the fin area due to the problem of rudder blanking in a side-slip.[24] On 21 October 1942, Sayer disappeared during a flight in a Hawker Typhoon, presumed killed in a collision and his assistant, Michael Daunt, took over testing of the E.28/39.[20][a] The oil system had been changed before he flew: after it was proven, the aircraft then being handed over to the RAE for testing by service pilots.

The second prototype E.28/39 (W4046) – initially powered by a Power Jets W.2 engine – joined the test programme on 1 March 1943. Flying of W4046 was by Gloster test pilots John Grierson and John Crosby Warren, because Michael Daunt was then involved with the F.9/40 (which would enter service as the Gloster Meteor). Testing revealed problems with engine oil and lubricants.[20] In April 1943, W4046 flew to Hatfield for a demonstration in front of the Prime Minister and members of the Air Staff.[13] It was taken to Farnborough and fitted with a 1,500 lbf (6.7 kN) W2.B and achieved 466 mph. On 30 July 1943, while on a high-altitude test flight, the second prototype was destroyed in a crash resulting from an aileron failure. The accident was attributed to the use of the wrong type of grease in the aileron controls; one aileron having "stuck in position, sending the aircraft out of control".[23] The test pilot, Squadron Leader Douglas Davie, bailed out from 33,000 ft (10,000 m), suffering frostbite on the way down.[22]

The first prototype was fitted with the 1,700 lbf (7.6 kN) thrust W2/500 and was flown to 42,000 ft (13,000 m), but level speed at altitude was not attempted, due to fuel shortage. The pilot commented in his report on a need for cockpit heating and a larger fuel tank. The aircraft continued flight tests until 1944.[26][page needed][27] By that time, more advanced turbojet-powered aircraft were available. The Gloster E.28/39 was later able to achieve high speeds, the highest being 505 mph (813 km/h) at 30,000 ft (9,100 m) with a W.2/700 engine and it proved to be a useful experimental aircraft with a "good climb rate and ceiling".[1][23] Experience with the E.28/39 paved the way for Britain's first operational jet fighter aircraft, the Gloster Meteor. The Meteor was powered by two Rolls-Royce Welland engines, which was the next stage in development from the Power Jets W.1.

Surviving aircraft edit

 
W4041 at the Science Museum in 2015
 
Full-scale model at the Jet Age Museum

In 1946, the first prototype (W4041) was placed in the Science Museum in Central London, where it is exhibited today in the Flight Gallery.[27] A full-size replica has been placed on an obelisk on a roundabout near the northern perimeter of Farnborough Airfield in Hampshire, as a memorial to Sir Frank Whittle. A similar full-size model is on display in the middle of a roundabout at Lutterworth in Leicestershire, where the aircraft's engine was produced.

A full-scale model taken from the same moulds, with authentic paint scheme and detailing, has been built by members of the Jet Age Museum in Gloucestershire. It has been on display in Brockworth, Gloucester, Kemble (at both the Kemble Air Day and the MVT Show), and formed part of the display for the Sir Frank Whittle Centenary commemorations at RAF Cranwell in June 2007.

Operators edit

  United Kingdom

Specifications (Gloster E.28/39 with W.2/500 engine) edit

 

Data from Gloster Aircraft since 1917 [28]

General characteristics

  • Crew: 1
  • Length: 25 ft 3.75 in (7.7153 m)
  • Wingspan: 29 ft 0 in (8.84 m)
  • Height: 9 ft 3 in (2.82 m)
  • Wing area: 146.5 sq ft (13.61 m2)
  • Aspect ratio: 5.75
  • Airfoil: NACA 23012 (12% root: 9% tip) or root: EC(12.5)40/0640; tip: EC1040/0640[29][b]
  • Empty weight: 2,886 lb (1,309 kg)
  • Gross weight: 3,748 lb (1,700 kg)
  • Fuel capacity: 81 imp gal (97 US gal; 370 L)
  • Powerplant: 1 × Power Jets W.2/500 centrifugal flow turbojet engine, 1,760 lbf (7.8 kN) thrust

Performance

  • Maximum speed: 466 mph (750 km/h, 405 kn) at 10,000 ft (3,000 m)
  • Landing speed: 86 mph (75 kn; 138 km/h)
  • Range: 410 mi (660 km, 360 nmi)
  • Endurance: 56 minutes
  • Service ceiling: 32,000 ft (9,800 m)
  • Rate of climb: 1,063 ft/min (5.40 m/s)
  • Time to altitude: 10,000 ft (3,000 m) in 22 minutes
  • Thrust/weight: 0.21

Armament

See also edit

External videos
  Period United News broadcast, officially revealing the existence of the E.28/39
  Compilation of footage, showing the fitting of the engine, rolling out and take-off of the aircraft along with several fly pasts
  Report by the Army Pictorial Service on the E.28/39

Related lists

Notes edit

  1. ^ Blackburn says Sayer was practising attacks and presumed to have collided with other aircraft [25]
  2. ^ There were two sets of wings built, both of which were flown at various times

References edit

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d Flight 11 May 1951, p. 553.
  2. ^ Pavelec 2007, pp. 45–46.
  3. ^ Pavelec 2007, pp. 43–44.
  4. ^ Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 92–94.
  5. ^ Pavelec 2007, pp. 48–50.
  6. ^ Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 139.
  7. ^ Golley and Gunston 2010, pp. 156, 165.
  8. ^ Golley and Gunston 2010, p. 127.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Flight International 13 May 1971, p. 677.
  10. ^ Grierson, John. Jet Flight. London: Sampson Low, Marston and Co. Ltd, 1946.
  11. ^ a b Flanagan 2017, p. 35.
  12. ^ Buttler, Tony (2004). British Secret Projects Fighters and Bombers 1935-1950. Midland. p. 191. ISBN 1-85780-179-2.
  13. ^ a b c d Flanagan 2017, p. 39.
  14. ^ Jackson 2007, p. 119.
  15. ^ Flight International 13 May 1971, pp. 677-678a.
  16. ^ Flight International 13 May 1971, pp. 678–678a.
  17. ^ Blackburn 1949, citing Grierson Jet Flight (1945).
  18. ^ Flight International 13 May 1971, pp. 677–678.
  19. ^ Jet, Sir Frank Whittle, Pan Books Ltd., London, 1957, p.148
  20. ^ a b c d Flight International. 13 May 1971, p. 678.
  21. ^ T.N.A. AIR62/42/198
  22. ^ a b Flight International 13 May 1971, p. 678a.
  23. ^ a b c Winchester 2005, p. 83.
  24. ^ Flight International 13 May 1971, p. 679.
  25. ^ Blackburn. 1949 p557
  26. ^ Flight 1949
  27. ^ a b Flight 11 May 1951, p. 554.
  28. ^ James, Derek N. (1987). Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam. pp. 237–245. ISBN 978-0-85177-807-5.
  29. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019.

Bibliography edit

  • Blackburn, Robert J. (27 October 1949). Flight. pp. 553–558. Archived from the original on 6 November 2019.
  • . Flight. 11 May 1951. pp. 553–554. Archived from the original on 16 January 2017.
  • Flanagan, William A. Aviation Records in the Jet Age: The Planes and Technologies Behind the Breakthroughs. Specialty Press, 2017. ISBN 1-58007-230-5.
  • Golly, John and Bill Gunston. Jet. Eloy Gutierrez, 2010. ISBN 1-907472-00-2.
  • Grierson, John (13 May 1971). . Flight International. pp. 677–679. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016.
  • Jackson, Robert. Britain's Greatest Aircraft. Pen and Sword, 2007. ISBN 1-84415-600-1.
  • James, Derek N. Gloster Aircraft since 1917. London: Putnam, 1987. ISBN 0-85177-807-0.
  • Mondey, David. The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II. London: Chancellor Press, 1994. ISBN 1-85152-668-4.
  • Morgan, Eric B. "A New Concept of Flight." Twentyfirst Profile, Vol. 1, No. 8. New Milton, UK: 21st Profile Ltd. ISSN 0961-8120.
  • Pavelec, Sterling Michael. The Jet Race and the Second World War. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-275-99355-8.
  • Swanborough, Gordon. British Aircraft at War, 1939–1945. East Sussex, UK: HPC Publishing, 1997. ISBN 0-9531421-0-8.
  • Winchester, Jim. X-Planes and Prototypes. London: Amber Books Ltd., 2005. ISBN 1-904687-40-7.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloster E.28/39.
  • Meteor Flight
  • Model replica
  • "E.28/39 Fin Arrangement and Spinning Characteristics" a 2012 JAH paper on the E.28/39

January 17, 2024
gloster, also, referred, gloster, whittle, gloster, pioneer, gloster, first, british, turbojet, engined, aircraft, first, flying, 1941, third, turbojet, aircraft, after, german, heinkel, 1939, german, heinkel, 1941, 39the, first, prototype, w4041, grole, exper. The Gloster E 28 39 also referred to as the Gloster Whittle Gloster Pioneer or Gloster G 40 was the first British turbojet engined aircraft first flying in 1941 It was the third turbojet aircraft to fly after the German Heinkel He 178 1939 and the German Heinkel He 280 1941 E 28 39The first E 28 39 prototype W4041 GRole Experimental prototypeNational origin United KingdomManufacturer Gloster Aircraft CompanyDesigner George CarterFirst flight 15 May 1941 1 Status RetiredPrimary user Royal Aircraft Establishment RAE Number built 2 prototypes 1 The E 28 39 was the product of a specification which had been issued by the Air Ministry for a suitable aircraft to test the novel jet propulsion designs that Frank Whittle had been developing during the 1930s Gloster and the company s chief designer George Carter worked with Whittle to develop an otherwise conventional aircraft fitted with a Power Jets W 1 turbojet engine Flying for the first time on 15 May 1941 two E 28 39 aircraft were produced for the flight test programme Following initial satisfactory reports these aircraft continued to be flown to test increasingly refined engine designs and new aerodynamic features Despite the loss of the second prototype due to improper maintenance causing a critical aileron failure the E 28 39 was considered to be a success The E 28 39 contributed valuable initial experience with the new type of propulsion and led to the development of the Gloster Meteor the first operational jet fighter to enter service with the Allies The first prototype continued test flying until 1944 after which it was withdrawn from service in 1946 it was transferred to the Science Museum in London where it has been on static display ever since full scale replicas have been created Contents 1 Development 1 1 Background 1 2 Design effort 2 Design 3 Testing 4 Surviving aircraft 5 Operators 6 Specifications Gloster E 28 39 with W 2 500 engine 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 9 1 Citations 9 2 Bibliography 10 External linksDevelopment editBackground edit The development of the turbojet powered E 28 39 was the product of a collaboration between the Gloster Aircraft Company and Sir Frank Whittle s firm Power Jets Ltd Whittle formed Power Jets Ltd in March 1936 to develop his ideas of jet propulsion Whittle himself serving as the company s chief engineer 2 For several years attracting financial backers and aviation firms prepared to take on Whittle s radical ideas was difficult in 1931 Armstrong Siddeley had evaluated and rejected Whittle s proposal finding it to be technically sound but at the limits of engineering capability 3 Securing funding was a persistently worrying issue throughout the early development of the engine 4 The first Whittle prototype jet engine the Power Jets WU began running trials in early 1937 shortly afterwards both Sir Henry Tizard chairman of the Aeronautical Research Committee and the Air Ministry gave the project their support 5 On 28 April 1939 Whittle made a visit to the premises of the Gloster Aircraft Company where he met several key figures such as George Carter Gloster s chief designer 6 Carter took a keen interest in Whittle s project particularly when he saw the operational Power Jets W 1 engine Carter quickly made several rough proposals of various aircraft designs powered by the engine Independently Whittle had also been producing several proposals for a high altitude jet powered bomber following the start of the Second World War and the Battle for France a greater national emphasis on fighter aircraft arose 7 Power Jets and Gloster quickly formed a mutual understanding around mid 1939 8 In September 1939 the Air Ministry issued a specification to Gloster for an aircraft to test one of Frank Whittle s turbojet designs in flight The E 28 39 designation originates from the aircraft having been developed in conformance with the 28th Experimental specification issued by the Air Ministry in 1939 The E 28 39 specification required the aircraft to carry two 0 303 in 7 62 mm Browning machine guns in each wing along with 2 000 rounds of ammunition but these were never fitted 9 The second paragraph of the contract for the first aeroplane stated The primary object of this aeroplane will be to flight test the engine installation but the design shall be based on requirements for a fixed gun interceptor fighter as far as the limitations of size and weight imposed by the power unit permit The armament equipment called for in this specification will not be required for initial trials but the contractor will be required to make provision in the design for the weight and space occupied by these items 10 Design effort edit Early on Gloster s chief designer George Carter worked closely with Whittle and laid out a small low wing aircraft of conventional configuration The jet intake was located in the nose while the single tail fin and elevators were mounted above the jet pipe although due to uncertainty about the spinning characteristics of a jet aircraft at an earlier design stage an alternative arrangement using twin fins and rudders was considered Two jet pipe rear fuselage arrangements were also originally considered a normal fuselage with long jet pipe and exhaust nozzle behind the tail and a short fuselage and jet pipe with the tail plane supported on an extension boom Flanagan 11 highlights the advantage of a short jet pipe as incurring a lower thrust loss Buttler 12 reports Gloster engineer Richard Walker considered a short fuselage would overcome structural accessibility and maintenance difficulties and increase the maximum speed of the aircraft Due to the unknown effects of the jet efflux on the boom mounted tailplane the long fuselage was selected On 3 February 1940 a contract for two prototypes was signed by the Air Ministry Manufacture of the E 28 39 commenced at Brockworth near Gloucester and then moved to Regent Motors in Regent Street Cheltenham now the site of Regent Arcade which was considered safer from bombing Whittle was dissatisfied with the slowness of production probably caused by the Battle of Britain as the area around nearby Coventry was subject to high levels of German bomber activity 13 In April 1941 the first of the E 28 39 prototypes was completed but a flight worthy W 1A engine was not available and a ground use only W 1X unit was assembled and installed for taxiing tests only 13 While only two prototypes had been ordered the operational philosophy was that once the prototypes had proved the capabilities of the design a more substantial programme would begin even before the first flight of the E 28 39 this aircraft had been envisaged as being a considerably more elaborate twin engined design with all of the equipment required in a fighter aircraft 9 This aircraft also produced by Gloster became the Meteor the first production jet propelled aircraft to enter service with the Allies 14 Design editThe E 28 39 was a low wing monoplane designed around the new jet engine 9 It was described as possessing a slightly tubby appearance as a result of a round fuselage Due to the elimination of any risk that would have been posed by propeller tips striking the ground the E 28 39 had an unusually short undercarriage for the era 9 It had a retractable undercarriage which was actuated by a hydraulic accumulator with a manually operated hand pump to serve as a backup Emergency actuation used compressed air 15 The flaps were also hydraulically actuated using the hand pump Unusually the nose wheel was steerable using the rudder control which aided in ground manoeuvring 9 The E 28 39 was powered by a Power Jets W 1 turbojet engine behind the pilot and the fuel tank 9 The engine exhaust was directed through the centre of the fuselage the jetpipe terminating about two feet behind the rudder A nose air intake led the air through bifurcated ducts around the cockpit 9 A fuel tank containing up to 82 Imp gal 372 8 litres was behind the cockpit supposed to have been adopted as a countermeasure against the impact of negative g which posed the risk of causing the engine to flame out which was hard to re light during flight 9 The E 28 39 lacked features that would be expected for a fighter such as a radio 9 The original engine was started using an Austin Seven car engine connected by a flexible drive it was replaced on the flight engine with an electric starter that used a ground cart battery The cockpit which had a sliding canopy had no pressurisation or any form of climate control such as heating 9 Pilots were intended to wear electrically heated flight suits but the lack of a generator and limited battery capacity the latter being devoted to the automated sensors and recording devices that captured the results of each flight meant this was not possible pilots had to endure the cold cockpit 9 John Grierson said The main impressions of my first jet propelled flight were first of the simplicity of operation The throttle was the only engine control there were no mixture or propeller levers supercharger or cooling gill controls and the fuel system had simply one low pressure valve between the tank and the engine pump and one high pressure valve between the pump and the engine There was no electric booster pump Secondly the absence of vibration or the sensation of effort being transmitted to the pilot s seat was outstanding 16 and The very favourable impressions of jet propulsion obtained have all been endorsed by subsequent flights The E 28 is a most pleasant little aeroplane to handle particularly on account of the excellent field of vision from the pilot s seat 17 Testing edit nbsp Statue in Coventry England of Sir Frank Whittle observing the first British jet powered flightAlthough the initial flight tests were relatively early in the Second World War the German Heinkel He 178 had been first test flown on 27 August 1939 at Rostock Marienehe on the Baltic Coast days before the outbreak of the war 11 The E 28 39 was delivered to Brockworth for ground tests beginning on 7 April 1941 using a non flightworthy version of the Power Jets W 1 engine 18 13 Frank Whittle who had been an RAF flying instructor and test pilot before specializing in engineering did taxi runs on the grass airfield up to 60 mph 97 km h and Gloster s Chief Test Pilot Flight Lieutenant Gerry Sayer did further taxi tests before becoming airborne for 200 to 300 yd 180 to 270 m which he repeated two more times 19 Following the completion of these ground tests the aircraft was fitted with a flightworthy engine rated for 10 hours use and then partially dismantled and transported to RAF Cranwell near Sleaford in Lincolnshire which had a long runway and no high ground in the vicinity 20 On 15 May 1941 Gerry Sayer flew the aircraft under jet power for the first time in a flight lasting 17 minutes In this first series of test flights a maximum true speed of 350 mph 560 km h was attained in level flight at 25 000 ft 7 600 m and 17 000 turbine revolutions per minute 21 20 Tests continued with increasingly refined versions of the engine 22 1 Small auxiliary fins were added near the tips of the tailplanes to provide additional stability in high speed flight 23 John Grierson in 1971 called these end plates and wrote that their purpose was to increase the fin area due to the problem of rudder blanking in a side slip 24 On 21 October 1942 Sayer disappeared during a flight in a Hawker Typhoon presumed killed in a collision and his assistant Michael Daunt took over testing of the E 28 39 20 a The oil system had been changed before he flew after it was proven the aircraft then being handed over to the RAE for testing by service pilots The second prototype E 28 39 W4046 initially powered by a Power Jets W 2 engine joined the test programme on 1 March 1943 Flying of W4046 was by Gloster test pilots John Grierson and John Crosby Warren because Michael Daunt was then involved with the F 9 40 which would enter service as the Gloster Meteor Testing revealed problems with engine oil and lubricants 20 In April 1943 W4046 flew to Hatfield for a demonstration in front of the Prime Minister and members of the Air Staff 13 It was taken to Farnborough and fitted with a 1 500 lbf 6 7 kN W2 B and achieved 466 mph On 30 July 1943 while on a high altitude test flight the second prototype was destroyed in a crash resulting from an aileron failure The accident was attributed to the use of the wrong type of grease in the aileron controls one aileron having stuck in position sending the aircraft out of control 23 The test pilot Squadron Leader Douglas Davie bailed out from 33 000 ft 10 000 m suffering frostbite on the way down 22 The first prototype was fitted with the 1 700 lbf 7 6 kN thrust W2 500 and was flown to 42 000 ft 13 000 m but level speed at altitude was not attempted due to fuel shortage The pilot commented in his report on a need for cockpit heating and a larger fuel tank The aircraft continued flight tests until 1944 26 page needed 27 By that time more advanced turbojet powered aircraft were available The Gloster E 28 39 was later able to achieve high speeds the highest being 505 mph 813 km h at 30 000 ft 9 100 m with a W 2 700 engine and it proved to be a useful experimental aircraft with a good climb rate and ceiling 1 23 Experience with the E 28 39 paved the way for Britain s first operational jet fighter aircraft the Gloster Meteor The Meteor was powered by two Rolls Royce Welland engines which was the next stage in development from the Power Jets W 1 Surviving aircraft edit nbsp W4041 at the Science Museum in 2015 nbsp Full scale model at the Jet Age MuseumIn 1946 the first prototype W4041 was placed in the Science Museum in Central London where it is exhibited today in the Flight Gallery 27 A full size replica has been placed on an obelisk on a roundabout near the northern perimeter of Farnborough Airfield in Hampshire as a memorial to Sir Frank Whittle A similar full size model is on display in the middle of a roundabout at Lutterworth in Leicestershire where the aircraft s engine was produced A full scale model taken from the same moulds with authentic paint scheme and detailing has been built by members of the Jet Age Museum in Gloucestershire It has been on display in Brockworth Gloucester Kemble at both the Kemble Air Day and the MVT Show and formed part of the display for the Sir Frank Whittle Centenary commemorations at RAF Cranwell in June 2007 Operators edit nbsp United KingdomRoyal Aircraft EstablishmentSpecifications Gloster E 28 39 with W 2 500 engine edit nbsp Data from Gloster Aircraft since 1917 28 General characteristicsCrew 1 Length 25 ft 3 75 in 7 7153 m Wingspan 29 ft 0 in 8 84 m Height 9 ft 3 in 2 82 m Wing area 146 5 sq ft 13 61 m2 Aspect ratio 5 75 Airfoil NACA 23012 12 root 9 tip or root EC 12 5 40 0640 tip EC1040 0640 29 b Empty weight 2 886 lb 1 309 kg Gross weight 3 748 lb 1 700 kg Fuel capacity 81 imp gal 97 US gal 370 L Powerplant 1 Power Jets W 2 500 centrifugal flow turbojet engine 1 760 lbf 7 8 kN thrustPerformance Maximum speed 466 mph 750 km h 405 kn at 10 000 ft 3 000 m Landing speed 86 mph 75 kn 138 km h Range 410 mi 660 km 360 nmi Endurance 56 minutes Service ceiling 32 000 ft 9 800 m Rate of climb 1 063 ft min 5 40 m s Time to altitude 10 000 ft 3 000 m in 22 minutes Thrust weight 0 21Armament Guns None fitted but provision for four 0 303 in 7 7 mm Browning machine gunsSee also editExternal videos nbsp Period United News broadcast officially revealing the existence of the E 28 39 nbsp Compilation of footage showing the fitting of the engine rolling out and take off of the aircraft along with several fly pasts nbsp Report by the Army Pictorial Service on the E 28 39Bell P 59A first US turbojet fighter Gloster E 1 44 Gloster s third turbojet aircraft Gloster Meteor only operational British turbojet fighter in the Second World War Heinkel He 178 world s first turbojet aircraft Heinkel He 280 world s first turbojet fighter did not enter service Lockheed P 80 Shooting Star first US operational turbojet fighter Messerschmitt Me 262 world s first operational turbojet fighter Related lists List of jet aircraft of World War IINotes edit Blackburn says Sayer was practising attacks and presumed to have collided with other aircraft 25 There were two sets of wings built both of which were flown at various timesReferences editCitations edit a b c d Flight 11 May 1951 p 553 Pavelec 2007 pp 45 46 Pavelec 2007 pp 43 44 Golley and Gunston 2010 pp 92 94 Pavelec 2007 pp 48 50 Golley and Gunston 2010 p 139 Golley and Gunston 2010 pp 156 165 Golley and Gunston 2010 p 127 a b c d e f g h i j k Flight International 13 May 1971 p 677 Grierson John Jet Flight London Sampson Low Marston and Co Ltd 1946 a b Flanagan 2017 p 35 Buttler Tony 2004 British Secret Projects Fighters and Bombers 1935 1950 Midland p 191 ISBN 1 85780 179 2 a b c d Flanagan 2017 p 39 Jackson 2007 p 119 Flight International 13 May 1971 pp 677 678a Flight International 13 May 1971 pp 678 678a Blackburn 1949 p 557 citing Grierson Jet Flight 1945 Flight International 13 May 1971 pp 677 678 Jet Sir Frank Whittle Pan Books Ltd London 1957 p 148 a b c d Flight International 13 May 1971 p 678 T N A AIR62 42 198 a b Flight International 13 May 1971 p 678a a b c Winchester 2005 p 83 Flight International 13 May 1971 p 679 Blackburn 1949 p557 Flight 1949 a b Flight 11 May 1951 p 554 James Derek N 1987 Gloster Aircraft since 1917 London Putnam pp 237 245 ISBN 978 0 85177 807 5 Lednicer David The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage m selig ae illinois edu Retrieved 16 April 2019 Bibliography edit Blackburn Robert J 27 October 1949 No Airscrew Necessary Flight pp 553 558 Archived from the original on 6 November 2019 Britain s Turbine Aircraft Flight 11 May 1951 pp 553 554 Archived from the original on 16 January 2017 Flanagan William A Aviation Records in the Jet Age The Planes and Technologies Behind the Breakthroughs Specialty Press 2017 ISBN 1 58007 230 5 Golly John and Bill Gunston Jet Eloy Gutierrez 2010 ISBN 1 907472 00 2 Grierson John 13 May 1971 Britain s First Jet Aeroplane Flight International pp 677 679 Archived from the original on 6 March 2016 Jackson Robert Britain s Greatest Aircraft Pen and Sword 2007 ISBN 1 84415 600 1 James Derek N Gloster Aircraft since 1917 London Putnam 1987 ISBN 0 85177 807 0 Mondey David The Hamlyn Concise Guide to British Aircraft of World War II London Chancellor Press 1994 ISBN 1 85152 668 4 Morgan Eric B A New Concept of Flight Twentyfirst Profile Vol 1 No 8 New Milton UK 21st Profile Ltd ISSN 0961 8120 Pavelec Sterling Michael The Jet Race and the Second World War Westport Connecticut Greenwood Publishing 2007 ISBN 0 275 99355 8 Swanborough Gordon British Aircraft at War 1939 1945 East Sussex UK HPC Publishing 1997 ISBN 0 9531421 0 8 Winchester Jim X Planes and Prototypes London Amber Books Ltd 2005 ISBN 1 904687 40 7 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gloster E 28 39 Meteor Flight Model replica E 28 39 Fin Arrangement and Spinning Characteristics a 2012 JAH paper on the E 28 39 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gloster E 28 39 amp oldid 1193010755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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