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Giffard Le Quesne Martel

March 17, 2024

Lieutenant-General Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel KCB KBE DSO MC MIMechE (10 October 1889 – 3 September 1958) was a British Army officer who served in both the First and Second World Wars. Familiarly known as "Q Martel" or just "Q", he was a pioneering British military engineer and tank strategist.

Early life and military career edit

Born into a traditional military family he was the son of Brigadier-General Sir Charles Philip Martel who was Chief Superintendent of Ordnance Factories. He married Maud Mackenzie on 29 July 1922 and they had one son.[5]

Martel entered the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich in 1908 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the British Army's Royal Engineers on 23 July 1909.[6] Martel was instrumental in the establishment of The Royal Navy and Army Boxing Association in 1911[7] and was Army and Inter Services boxing champion both before and after World War I.[8]

First World War edit

 
A young Lt Martel (furthest right), October 1914.[9]

Martel deployed for the First World War with 9th Field Company RE, serving in the Great Retreat, First Battle of the Marne, First Battle of the Aisne, the Battle of Armentières and the Second Battle of Ypres. He commanded the 9th Field Company from October 1915 to July 1916.[3]

In 1916, as a sapper officer with direct experience of the first British use of tanks on the Somme, Martel was put in charge of recreating a 1.5-mile (2.4 km) wide replica of the British and German trench systems, complete with no man's land, at Elveden, Norfolk, as part of a tank training ground.[10]

There he developed a keen interest in tank theory believing them to be the future of warfare and in November 1916 he wrote a paper, A Tank Army, suggesting an army composed entirely of armoured vehicles. As J. F. C. Fuller's GSO3 the wide-ranging ideas set out in this paper profoundly influenced Fuller's thinking which at the time simply regarded the tank as no more than a useful adjunct to infantry on the battlefield.[11] Martel was also interested in the construction of wire net roads as deployed in the British Army's 1917–1918 campaign in the Sinai and Palestine and their use in supporting tracked vehicles.[12]

In late 1916, Martel was on Hugh Elles' staff at Bermicourt in France assisting Fuller on the operational planning.[13]

In addition to his MC (1915) and DSO (1916),[14] in the course of the war Martel was mentioned in dispatches five times.[15][4]

Between the wars edit

After the Armistice with Germany, now a major, Martel was able to combine his two interests of tanks and military bridging when he became head of the Experimental Bridging Establishment at Christchurch, Hampshire, which researched the possibilities of using tanks for battlefield engineering purposes such as bridge-laying and mine-clearing.[16] Here he continued trials on modified Mark V tanks. The bridging component involved an assault bridge, designed by Major Charles Inglis RE, the Canal Lock Bridge, which had sufficient length to span a canal lock.[17]

Martel, who attended the Staff College, Camberley, from 1921 to 1922, also developed his new bridging concept at the EBE, the Martel bridge, a modular box girder bridge suitable for military use.[4] The Martel bridge was adopted by the British Army in 1925 as the "Large Box Girder Bridge".[18] A smaller version, the Small Box Girder Bridge, was also formally adopted by the Army in 1932 and copied by many countries, including Germany, who called their version the Kastenrager-Gerät (K-Gerät for short).[18] The United States created a copy, the H-20. The modular construction of the basic Martel bridge was also used for the Bailey bridge. In 1954, the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded Martel £500 for infringement on the design of his bridge by the designer of the Bailey bridge, Donald Bailey.[19]

Martel also continued to pursue his interest in tanks independently. In 1925 he built, in his own garage, a one-man tankette powered by a car engine and capable of a speed of 15 mph (24 km/h).[20] After a demonstration to the War Office, Morris Commercial Cars was contracted to build four test models, the first of which was delivered in 1926. Carden Loyd Tractors[21] built a similar one-man machine, the Carden Loyd One Man Tankette.[22]

In 1927, eight more Martel tankettes were ordered to assess their potential role in forward reconnaissance. They were tested along with two-man Carden Loyd tankettes in manoeuvres with the Experimental Mechanized Force on Salisbury Plain in 1927 and 1928.[23]

The idea for a single-man fighting vehicle was soon dropped as it became apparent that one operator could not control the vehicle at the same time as firing a weapon and the British Army requirement for a light tank, the Light Tank Mark I, was a development of the Carden Loyd tankette.[24] Morris Motors tried developing a two-man version of the Martel design and Crossley Motors a further version - the Morris-Martel - in 1927 with Kégresse rubber tracks but after two prototypes were tested the project was abandoned.[25][26]

In 1928, the Tank and Tracked Transport Advisory Committee that Martel was a member of became the Mechanical Warfare Board which was to liaise with industry and to advise on technical matters relating to "mechanised transport".[27] In 1929, Martel was seconded to the King George V's Own Bengal Sappers and Miners and then served as an instructor at the British Indian Army's Staff College in Quetta from 1930 until 1934, after which he attended the Imperial Defence College.[4] From 1936 until 1939, Martel served at the War Office, first as Assistant Director of Mechanisation, then from 1938 as the Deputy Director with the temporary rank of Brigadier.[28][2]

In 1936, he attended along with Wavell a large-scale tank exercise in the Belorussian Military District of the Soviet Union in which large numbers of the Soviet BT tanks took part. Martel pressured for a similar fast tank design to be investigated for addition to British tank brigades and convinced the General Staff to issue a specification for a cruiser tank.[29]

Martel was appointed General Officer Commanding the 50th Northumbrian Division, Territorial Army in February 1939 with the rank of major-general.[30][31] The division had been converted from October 1938 to "motorised" with the whole of the infantry being carried by large lorries.[32]

Second World War edit

 
After a tank demonstration near Frensham, Surrey; Martel, Władysław Sikorski (Prime Minister of the Polish Government-in-Exile and C-in-C of the Polish Armed Forces), Winston Churchill, General Charles de Gaulle (C-in-C of the Free French Forces) and Willoughby Norrie (GOC 1st Armoured Division), February 1941.

The 50th Division embarked for France on 14 September 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF). There, on 21 May 1940 during the Battle of France, Martel directed the tank attack on the 7th Panzer Division in the Battle of Arras in which the German frontline was driven back eight miles.[5][33]

Following the BEF's evacuation, Martel became the Commander of the Royal Armoured Corps in 1940 where he put his theories of armoured warfare to good use.[34][35] In March 1941, he gave the military attaché of the neutral United States in London, Brigadier General Raymond E. Lee, a report outlining his experiences and assessment of the German armoured tactics in France.[36]

In March 1943, Martel became the Head of the Military Mission to the Soviet Union.[37] He assessed the effectiveness of the Soviet order of battle and tactics during a visit to the front line in the Kursk-Oryol region between 11 and 19 May 1943.[38][39]

His reports based on his visit to the Soviet front line and his discussions with the Red Army Tank Directorate concluded that the Soviet battlefield experience would be far more relevant to armoured tactics in the forthcoming Operation Overlord than that of the experience of the British Army in the North African campaign. Martel's intelligence-gathering and his clear and perceptive analyses of the Soviet military position were commended by his superiors at the War Office but with the arrival of the new and overtly anti-communist Head of RAF Mission, Air Marshal Sir John Babington in September 1943 his working relationship with the Soviets deteriorated with a marked decline in co-operation. He was recalled, being replaced by Lieutenant-General Montagu Burrows and left Moscow on 7 February 1944.[40] Later that month, he lost his right eye as a result of a German bombing raid on London.[41]

Subsequent life edit

Martel was knighted in 1943,[42] with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath following in 1944.[5] He retired from the army in 1945 with the rank of lieutenant-general.[43][39][44] He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative Party candidate for the Barnard Castle constituency in the 1945 UK General Election.[45][44]

On his retirement, Martel wrote on military matters. He died at his home in Camberley, Surrey, on 3 September 1958.[46]

References edit

  1. ^ Mead 2007, p. 285.
  2. ^ a b The Times, Saturday, 22 Jan 1938; pg. 7; Issue 47899; col G
  3. ^ a b "The Balswins: A Family of Royal Engineers". RE Ubique. Retrieved 3 March 2024.
  4. ^ a b c d Smart 2005, p. 210.
  5. ^ a b c "Obituary, WORLD-FAMOUS EXPERT ON TANK WARFARE", The Herald, Glasgow, 4 September 1958
  6. ^ "No. 28282". The London Gazette. 24 August 1909. p. 6448.
  7. ^ Tony Mason, Eliza Riedi (2010). Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces 1880-1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139788977. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  8. ^ Hamilton, Nigel (1981). Monty: The Making of a General 1887-1942. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p. 352.
  9. ^ Young, B. K. (March 1934). "The Diary of an R.E. Subaltern with the B.E.F. in 1914" (PDF). The Royal Engineers Journal (contd.). 48: 16. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
  10. ^ Christy Campbell (2008). Band of Brigands: The First Men in Tanks. Harper Perennial. ISBN 9780007325856. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  11. ^ Azar Gat (2001). A History of Military Thought: From the Enlightenment to the Cold War. OUP Oxford. ISBN 9780199247622. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  12. ^ LIDDELL: 15/12/13 1922–1925 – King's College London, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives
  13. ^ Men, Ideas, and Tanks: British Military Thought and Armoured Forces, 1903–1939 By J. P. Harris, pg. 80
  14. ^ "No. 12947". The Edinburgh Gazette. 5 June 1916. p. 994.
  15. ^ "The Army Director of Personal Services" The Times, Saturday, 22 Jan 1938; pg. 7; Issue 47899; col G
  16. ^ , Royal Engineers Museum, 7 February 2007, archived from the original on 1 May 2008
  17. ^ "The Inglis Bridges". Think Defence. 9 December 2017. Retrieved 31 October 2021.
  18. ^ a b Think Defence (30 December 2011). "UK Military Bridging – Equipment (Pre WWII Equipment Bridging)". thinkdefence.co.uk. Retrieved 8 May 2017. Adopted by the Army in 1925 the Large Box Girder Bridge was adaptable and relatively cheap, able to carry loads of up to 40 tonnes, it remained in service until replaced by the Bailey.
  19. ^ "Bridge Claim By General 'Used As Basis For Bailey Design'". The Times. 26 July 1955. p. 4 col E.
  20. ^ B T White, British Tanks 1915–1945, pg. 11
  21. ^ named for its founders Sir John Carden and Vivian Loyd who joined forces to make military tracked vehicles
  22. ^ . Florida State University. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  23. ^ White, pg. 11
  24. ^ . Florida State University. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  25. ^ . Tanks! Armoured Warfare Prior to 1946. William A. Kirk Jr. Archived from the original on 11 December 2012. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  26. ^ "Crossley Military Vehicles After WW1". Crossley Motors Ltd. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  27. ^ The Times, Tuesday, 20 March 1928; pg. 16; Issue 44846; col F
  28. ^ The Times, Saturday, 8 Feb 1936; pg. 17; Issue 47293; col D
  29. ^ Milsom, John; Sandars, John; Scarborough, Gerald (1976). Crusader. Classic Armoured Fighting Vehicles: Their History and How to Model Them. Cambridge: Patrick Stephens in association with Airfix. p. 5–7. ISBN 0-85059-194-5.
  30. ^ "Changes in the Army" The Times, Thursday, 15 Dec 1938; pg. 22; Issue 48178; col A
  31. ^ "No. 34600". The London Gazette. 21 February 1939. p. 1209.
  32. ^ "Motorized" T.A. Divisions The Times, Tuesday, 10 Jan 1939; pg. 6; Issue 48199; col F
  33. ^ Mead 2007, p. 286−287.
  34. ^ "Battle of Britain Brains Utilized", The Virgin Islands Daily News, 7 January 1941
  35. ^ Mead 2007, p. 287.
  36. ^ Mahnken, Thomas G. (2009). Uncovering Ways of War: U.S. Intelligence and Foreign Military Innovation. Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0801439865. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  37. ^ "British General Sent to Moscow". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 22 March 1943.
  38. ^ Searle, D. Alaric (2007). (PDF). pp. 12–13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 31 October 2021. Retrieved 31 October 2021 – via University of Salford.
  39. ^ a b Mead 2007, p. 288.
  40. ^ Stoker, Donald J. (2010). Military Advising and Assistance: From Mercenaries to Privatization, 1815-2007. Routledge. ISBN 9780415770156. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  41. ^ Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel (1949). An Outspoken Soldier:His Views And Memoirs. Sifton. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  42. ^ "No. 36033". The London Gazette (Supplement). 2 June 1943. p. 2424.
  43. ^ MARTEL, Sir Giffard Le Quesne (1889–1958), Lieutenant-General – King's College London, Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives.
  44. ^ a b Smart 2005, p. 211.
  45. ^ . Political Science Resources. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. Retrieved 29 December 2012.
  46. ^ "British tank expert dead", The Bulletin, Glasgow, p. 2, 4 September 1958 – via Google News

Publications edit

  • Bridging in the Field. The Institution. 1922. ASIN B0008CIUZW.
  • In the Wake of the Tank: The First Eighteen Years of Mechanization in the British Army. Sifton, Praed & Co. 1935. ASIN B000881E7W.
  • Our Armoured Forces. An account of their operations during the war of 1939–45. Faber & Faber. 1945. ASIN B0014MI8UC.
  • The Problem of Security. Michael Joseph. 1945. ASIN B0014MCXIA.
  • The Russian Outlook. Michael Joseph. 1947. ASIN B001A8T5FW.
  • An Outspoken Soldier, His Views and Memoirs. Sifton Praed & Co. 1949. ASIN B0007J06CQ.
  • East Versus West. Museum Press. 1952. ASIN B0006DAA6K.

Bibliography edit

  • Converse, Alan (2011). Armies of Empire: The 9th Australian and 50th British Divisions in Battle 1939–1945. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521194808.
  • Mead, Richard (2007). Churchill's Lions: a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II. Stroud (UK): Spellmount. ISBN 978-1-86227-431-0.
  • Smart, Nick (2005). Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War. Barnsley, South Yorkshire: Pen and Sword Books. ISBN 1844150496.
  • Tucker, Spencer (2001) Who's Who in Twentieth Century Warfare, Psychology Press ISBN 9780415234979

External links edit

  • Martel, Sir Giffard Le Quesne (1889–1958) History and the Headlines ABC CLIO
  • Image of Le Q Martel at National Portrait Gallery
  • Generals of World War II
Military offices
Preceded by GOC 50th (Northumbrian) Infantry Division
1939–1940 		Succeeded by

March 17, 2024
giffard, quesne, martel, lieutenant, general, mimeche, october, 1889, september, 1958, british, army, officer, served, both, first, second, world, wars, familiarly, known, martel, just, pioneering, british, military, engineer, tank, strategist, lieutenant, gen. Lieutenant General Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel KCB KBE DSO MC MIMechE 10 October 1889 3 September 1958 was a British Army officer who served in both the First and Second World Wars Familiarly known as Q Martel or just Q he was a pioneering British military engineer and tank strategist Sir Giffard Le Quesne MartelLieutenant General Sir Giffard Martel pictured here in 1942 Nickname s Q Martel Q 1 Born10 October 1889 2 Millbrook Southampton Hampshire EnglandDied3 September 1958 aged 68 Camberley Surrey EnglandAllegiance United KingdomService wbr branch British ArmyYears of service1908 1945RankLieutenant GeneralService number6628UnitRoyal EngineersRoyal Tank RegimentCommands held9th Field Company RE 3 50th Northumbrian Infantry DivisionRoyal Armoured CorpsBattles warsFirst World WarSecond World WarAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathKnight Commander of the Order of the British EmpireDistinguished Service OrderMilitary CrossMentioned in dispatches 5 4 Contents 1 Early life and military career 2 First World War 3 Between the wars 4 Second World War 5 Subsequent life 6 References 7 Publications 8 Bibliography 9 External linksEarly life and military career editBorn into a traditional military family he was the son of Brigadier General Sir Charles Philip Martel who was Chief Superintendent of Ordnance Factories He married Maud Mackenzie on 29 July 1922 and they had one son 5 Martel entered the Royal Military Academy Woolwich in 1908 and was commissioned as a second lieutenant into the British Army s Royal Engineers on 23 July 1909 6 Martel was instrumental in the establishment of The Royal Navy and Army Boxing Association in 1911 7 and was Army and Inter Services boxing champion both before and after World War I 8 First World War edit nbsp A young Lt Martel furthest right October 1914 9 Martel deployed for the First World War with 9th Field Company RE serving in the Great Retreat First Battle of the Marne First Battle of the Aisne the Battle of Armentieres and the Second Battle of Ypres He commanded the 9th Field Company from October 1915 to July 1916 3 In 1916 as a sapper officer with direct experience of the first British use of tanks on the Somme Martel was put in charge of recreating a 1 5 mile 2 4 km wide replica of the British and German trench systems complete with no man s land at Elveden Norfolk as part of a tank training ground 10 There he developed a keen interest in tank theory believing them to be the future of warfare and in November 1916 he wrote a paper A Tank Army suggesting an army composed entirely of armoured vehicles As J F C Fuller s GSO3 the wide ranging ideas set out in this paper profoundly influenced Fuller s thinking which at the time simply regarded the tank as no more than a useful adjunct to infantry on the battlefield 11 Martel was also interested in the construction of wire net roads as deployed in the British Army s 1917 1918 campaign in the Sinai and Palestine and their use in supporting tracked vehicles 12 In late 1916 Martel was on Hugh Elles staff at Bermicourt in France assisting Fuller on the operational planning 13 In addition to his MC 1915 and DSO 1916 14 in the course of the war Martel was mentioned in dispatches five times 15 4 Between the wars editAfter the Armistice with Germany now a major Martel was able to combine his two interests of tanks and military bridging when he became head of the Experimental Bridging Establishment at Christchurch Hampshire which researched the possibilities of using tanks for battlefield engineering purposes such as bridge laying and mine clearing 16 Here he continued trials on modified Mark V tanks The bridging component involved an assault bridge designed by Major Charles Inglis RE the Canal Lock Bridge which had sufficient length to span a canal lock 17 Martel who attended the Staff College Camberley from 1921 to 1922 also developed his new bridging concept at the EBE the Martel bridge a modular box girder bridge suitable for military use 4 The Martel bridge was adopted by the British Army in 1925 as the Large Box Girder Bridge 18 A smaller version the Small Box Girder Bridge was also formally adopted by the Army in 1932 and copied by many countries including Germany who called their version the Kastenrager Gerat K Gerat for short 18 The United States created a copy the H 20 The modular construction of the basic Martel bridge was also used for the Bailey bridge In 1954 the Royal Commission on Awards to Inventors awarded Martel 500 for infringement on the design of his bridge by the designer of the Bailey bridge Donald Bailey 19 Martel also continued to pursue his interest in tanks independently In 1925 he built in his own garage a one man tankette powered by a car engine and capable of a speed of 15 mph 24 km h 20 After a demonstration to the War Office Morris Commercial Cars was contracted to build four test models the first of which was delivered in 1926 Carden Loyd Tractors 21 built a similar one man machine the Carden Loyd One Man Tankette 22 In 1927 eight more Martel tankettes were ordered to assess their potential role in forward reconnaissance They were tested along with two man Carden Loyd tankettes in manoeuvres with the Experimental Mechanized Force on Salisbury Plain in 1927 and 1928 23 The idea for a single man fighting vehicle was soon dropped as it became apparent that one operator could not control the vehicle at the same time as firing a weapon and the British Army requirement for a light tank the Light Tank Mark I was a development of the Carden Loyd tankette 24 Morris Motors tried developing a two man version of the Martel design and Crossley Motors a further version the Morris Martel in 1927 with Kegresse rubber tracks but after two prototypes were tested the project was abandoned 25 26 In 1928 the Tank and Tracked Transport Advisory Committee that Martel was a member of became the Mechanical Warfare Board which was to liaise with industry and to advise on technical matters relating to mechanised transport 27 In 1929 Martel was seconded to the King George V s Own Bengal Sappers and Miners and then served as an instructor at the British Indian Army s Staff College in Quetta from 1930 until 1934 after which he attended the Imperial Defence College 4 From 1936 until 1939 Martel served at the War Office first as Assistant Director of Mechanisation then from 1938 as the Deputy Director with the temporary rank of Brigadier 28 2 In 1936 he attended along with Wavell a large scale tank exercise in the Belorussian Military District of the Soviet Union in which large numbers of the Soviet BT tanks took part Martel pressured for a similar fast tank design to be investigated for addition to British tank brigades and convinced the General Staff to issue a specification for a cruiser tank 29 Martel was appointed General Officer Commanding the 50th Northumbrian Division Territorial Army in February 1939 with the rank of major general 30 31 The division had been converted from October 1938 to motorised with the whole of the infantry being carried by large lorries 32 Second World War edit nbsp After a tank demonstration near Frensham Surrey Martel Wladyslaw Sikorski Prime Minister of the Polish Government in Exile and C in C of the Polish Armed Forces Winston Churchill General Charles de Gaulle C in C of the Free French Forces and Willoughby Norrie GOC 1st Armoured Division February 1941 The 50th Division embarked for France on 14 September 1939 as part of the British Expeditionary Force BEF There on 21 May 1940 during the Battle of France Martel directed the tank attack on the 7th Panzer Division in the Battle of Arras in which the German frontline was driven back eight miles 5 33 Following the BEF s evacuation Martel became the Commander of the Royal Armoured Corps in 1940 where he put his theories of armoured warfare to good use 34 35 In March 1941 he gave the military attache of the neutral United States in London Brigadier General Raymond E Lee a report outlining his experiences and assessment of the German armoured tactics in France 36 In March 1943 Martel became the Head of the Military Mission to the Soviet Union 37 He assessed the effectiveness of the Soviet order of battle and tactics during a visit to the front line in the Kursk Oryol region between 11 and 19 May 1943 38 39 His reports based on his visit to the Soviet front line and his discussions with the Red Army Tank Directorate concluded that the Soviet battlefield experience would be far more relevant to armoured tactics in the forthcoming Operation Overlord than that of the experience of the British Army in the North African campaign Martel s intelligence gathering and his clear and perceptive analyses of the Soviet military position were commended by his superiors at the War Office but with the arrival of the new and overtly anti communist Head of RAF Mission Air Marshal Sir John Babington in September 1943 his working relationship with the Soviets deteriorated with a marked decline in co operation He was recalled being replaced by Lieutenant General Montagu Burrows and left Moscow on 7 February 1944 40 Later that month he lost his right eye as a result of a German bombing raid on London 41 Subsequent life editMartel was knighted in 1943 42 with the Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath following in 1944 5 He retired from the army in 1945 with the rank of lieutenant general 43 39 44 He stood unsuccessfully as the Conservative Party candidate for the Barnard Castle constituency in the 1945 UK General Election 45 44 On his retirement Martel wrote on military matters He died at his home in Camberley Surrey on 3 September 1958 46 References edit Mead 2007 p 285 a b The Times Saturday 22 Jan 1938 pg 7 Issue 47899 col G a b The Balswins A Family of Royal Engineers RE Ubique Retrieved 3 March 2024 a b c d Smart 2005 p 210 a b c Obituary WORLD FAMOUS EXPERT ON TANK WARFARE The Herald Glasgow 4 September 1958 No 28282 The London Gazette 24 August 1909 p 6448 Tony Mason Eliza Riedi 2010 Sport and the Military The British Armed Forces 1880 1960 Cambridge University Press ISBN 9781139788977 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Hamilton Nigel 1981 Monty The Making of a General 1887 1942 McGraw Hill Book Company p 352 Young B K March 1934 The Diary of an R E Subaltern with the B E F in 1914 PDF The Royal Engineers Journal contd 48 16 Retrieved 29 February 2024 Christy Campbell 2008 Band of Brigands The First Men in Tanks Harper Perennial ISBN 9780007325856 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Azar Gat 2001 A History of Military Thought From the Enlightenment to the Cold War OUP Oxford ISBN 9780199247622 Retrieved 29 December 2012 LIDDELL 15 12 13 1922 1925 King s College London Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives Men Ideas and Tanks British Military Thought and Armoured Forces 1903 1939 By J P Harris pg 80 No 12947 The Edinburgh Gazette 5 June 1916 p 994 The Army Director of Personal Services The Times Saturday 22 Jan 1938 pg 7 Issue 47899 col G Corps History Part 15 The Corps between the wars 1919 39 Royal Engineers Museum 7 February 2007 archived from the original on 1 May 2008 The Inglis Bridges Think Defence 9 December 2017 Retrieved 31 October 2021 a b Think Defence 30 December 2011 UK Military Bridging Equipment Pre WWII Equipment Bridging thinkdefence co uk Retrieved 8 May 2017 Adopted by the Army in 1925 the Large Box Girder Bridge was adaptable and relatively cheap able to carry loads of up to 40 tonnes it remained in service until replaced by the Bailey Bridge Claim By General Used As Basis For Bailey Design The Times 26 July 1955 p 4 col E B T White British Tanks 1915 1945 pg 11 named for its founders Sir John Carden and Vivian Loyd who joined forces to make military tracked vehicles British Tankettes Carden Loyd One Man Tankette Florida State University Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2012 White pg 11 Martel Morris Martel One Man Tankette Florida State University Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Morris Martel Two Man Tankette Tanks Armoured Warfare Prior to 1946 William A Kirk Jr Archived from the original on 11 December 2012 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Crossley Military Vehicles After WW1 Crossley Motors Ltd Retrieved 29 December 2012 The Times Tuesday 20 March 1928 pg 16 Issue 44846 col F The Times Saturday 8 Feb 1936 pg 17 Issue 47293 col D Milsom John Sandars John Scarborough Gerald 1976 Crusader Classic Armoured Fighting Vehicles Their History and How to Model Them Cambridge Patrick Stephens in association with Airfix p 5 7 ISBN 0 85059 194 5 Changes in the Army The Times Thursday 15 Dec 1938 pg 22 Issue 48178 col A No 34600 The London Gazette 21 February 1939 p 1209 Motorized T A Divisions The Times Tuesday 10 Jan 1939 pg 6 Issue 48199 col F Mead 2007 p 286 287 Battle of Britain Brains Utilized The Virgin Islands Daily News 7 January 1941 Mead 2007 p 287 Mahnken Thomas G 2009 Uncovering Ways of War U S Intelligence and Foreign Military Innovation Cornell University Press ISBN 978 0801439865 Retrieved 29 December 2012 British General Sent to Moscow Pittsburgh Post Gazette 22 March 1943 Searle D Alaric 2007 Uneasy intelligence collaboration genuine ill will with an admixture of ideology the British Military Mission to the Soviet Union 1941 1945 PDF pp 12 13 Archived from the original PDF on 31 October 2021 Retrieved 31 October 2021 via University of Salford a b Mead 2007 p 288 Stoker Donald J 2010 Military Advising and Assistance From Mercenaries to Privatization 1815 2007 Routledge ISBN 9780415770156 Retrieved 29 December 2012 Sir Giffard Le Quesne Martel 1949 An Outspoken Soldier His Views And Memoirs Sifton Retrieved 29 December 2012 No 36033 The London Gazette Supplement 2 June 1943 p 2424 MARTEL Sir Giffard Le Quesne 1889 1958 Lieutenant General King s College London Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives a b Smart 2005 p 211 UK General Election results July 1945 Political Science Resources Archived from the original on 25 May 2015 Retrieved 29 December 2012 British tank expert dead The Bulletin Glasgow p 2 4 September 1958 via Google NewsPublications editBridging in the Field The Institution 1922 ASIN B0008CIUZW In the Wake of the Tank The First Eighteen Years of Mechanization in the British Army Sifton Praed amp Co 1935 ASIN B000881E7W Our Armoured Forces An account of their operations during the war of 1939 45 Faber amp Faber 1945 ASIN B0014MI8UC The Problem of Security Michael Joseph 1945 ASIN B0014MCXIA The Russian Outlook Michael Joseph 1947 ASIN B001A8T5FW An Outspoken Soldier His Views and Memoirs Sifton Praed amp Co 1949 ASIN B0007J06CQ East Versus West Museum Press 1952 ASIN B0006DAA6K Bibliography editConverse Alan 2011 Armies of Empire The 9th Australian and 50th British Divisions in Battle 1939 1945 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0521194808 Mead Richard 2007 Churchill s Lions a biographical guide to the key British generals of World War II Stroud UK Spellmount ISBN 978 1 86227 431 0 Smart Nick 2005 Biographical Dictionary of British Generals of the Second World War Barnsley South Yorkshire Pen and Sword Books ISBN 1844150496 Tucker Spencer 2001 Who s Who in Twentieth Century Warfare Psychology Press ISBN 9780415234979External links editMartel Sir Giffard Le Quesne 1889 1958 History and the Headlines ABC CLIO Image of Le Q Martel at National Portrait Gallery Generals of World War IIMilitary officesPreceded byWilliam Herbert GOC 50th Northumbrian Infantry Division1939 1940 Succeeded byWilliam Ramsden Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Giffard Le Quesne Martel amp oldid 1211697594, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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