fbpx
Wikipedia

Gibbs surround

A Gibbs surround or Gibbs Surround is a type of architectural frame surrounding a door, window or niche in the tradition of classical architecture otherwise known as a rusticated doorway or window. The formula is not fixed, but several of the following elements will be found. The door is surrounded by an architrave, or perhaps consists of, or is flanked by, pilasters or columns. These are with "blocking", where rectangular blocks stick out at intervals, usually alternating to represent half the surround. Above the opening there are large rusticated voussoirs and a keystone and a pediment above that.[1] The most essential element is the alternation of blocking with non-blocking elements.[2] Some definitions extend to including arches or square openings merely with alternate blocked elements that continue round the top in the same manner as the sides, as in the rectangular windows of the White House's north front basement level.[1][3]

Side door at Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire, by James Gibbs

Though intended for masonry in stone, the motif can be executed in other materials, especially brick, often masked in stucco, wood, or just paint.[1] British vernacular housing of the late 19th century often uses alternating coloured blocks, with little or no projection from the main wall plane, but emphasized by a different colour from the main wall. These can be seen even on small terraced houses, often using cast stone, and used on both the door and ground floor windows.

History edit

Gibbs surround is named after the architect James Gibbs, who often used it and popularized it in England, for example at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London. Here the side doors have surrounds with all the details including pediments, while the round-topped windows along the sides have Gibbs surrounds if the broadest definition is used. However, Gibbs certainly did not invent it.[1] The formula can be found in Ancient Roman architecture, and became popular in Renaissance architecture from the early 16th century. Gibbs illustrated a version in his pattern-book A Book of Architecture (1728), though there the blocking stopped at the edge of the architrave. More often the blocking overlies it. This was swiftly plagiarized by rival books such as William Salmon's Palladio Londinensis (1734), which credits Andrea Palladio (d. 1580) with the origin of what Salmon calls a "Rustick Window and door".[1]

The name is mainly used in Britain and other English-speaking countries, where the type was also most popular and long-lasting. As a relatively simple but effective way of ornamenting an opening it was widely used for minor doors or windows in grand buildings, and the main door of more modest ones.[1] The front door of Gibbs' medium-sized country house, Ditchley House, uses the device, which he also used in the Fellows' Building of King's College, Cambridge and Wimpole Hall, Cambridgeshire.

A version with columns rather than a moulded architrave was illustrated by Sebastiano Serlio in 1537, where the voussoirs but not the keystone push up past the bottom edge of the pediment. Variations of this style are seen, for example, in the upper-floor windows of Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza (apparently part of the additions by Palladio), where only the keystone breaks into the pediment.[1] The effect of a Gibbs surround is achieved round the doors of the south front of the Petit Trianon by stopping the horizontally banded rustication short in alternate levels.

Early examples in America, derived from the many English pattern-books used there, include the Aquia Church in Virginia of the 1750s and St. Paul's Chapel in Manhattan, completed in 1766.[1]

Notes edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Loth
  2. ^ Compare the stricter definition of the Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture, ed. Cyril M. Harris, p. 250, 2013 reprint, Courier Corporation, ISBN 9780486132112, "The framing of a door or window by a head composed of a triple keystone and by jambs that are bordered by protruding blocks of stone", with that of the Illustrated Dictionary of Building, by Peter Brett: "A door surround in the style of the architect James Gibb. It consists of large blocks of stone interrupting the architrave."
  3. ^ Chitham, 126, who uses this wide definition
  4. ^ National Tramway Museum

References edit

  • Chitham, Robert, The Classical Orders of Architecture (2007) Routledge ISBN 9781136358951, google books
  • Fleming, John, Hugh Honour, Nikolaus Pevsner (1998) The Penguin Dictionary of architecture and landscape architecture, Penguin Books, 5th edition ISBN 0670880175
  • Loth, Calder, "CLASSICAL COMMENTS: THE GIBBS SURROUND", Institute of Classical Architecture & Art

External links edit

  •   Media related to Gibbs surrounds at Wikimedia Commons

gibbs, surround, gibbs, surround, type, architectural, frame, surrounding, door, window, niche, tradition, classical, architecture, otherwise, known, rusticated, doorway, window, formula, fixed, several, following, elements, will, found, door, surrounded, arch. A Gibbs surround or Gibbs Surround is a type of architectural frame surrounding a door window or niche in the tradition of classical architecture otherwise known as a rusticated doorway or window The formula is not fixed but several of the following elements will be found The door is surrounded by an architrave or perhaps consists of or is flanked by pilasters or columns These are with blocking where rectangular blocks stick out at intervals usually alternating to represent half the surround Above the opening there are large rusticated voussoirs and a keystone and a pediment above that 1 The most essential element is the alternation of blocking with non blocking elements 2 Some definitions extend to including arches or square openings merely with alternate blocked elements that continue round the top in the same manner as the sides as in the rectangular windows of the White House s north front basement level 1 3 Side door at Wimpole Hall Cambridgeshire by James Gibbs Though intended for masonry in stone the motif can be executed in other materials especially brick often masked in stucco wood or just paint 1 British vernacular housing of the late 19th century often uses alternating coloured blocks with little or no projection from the main wall plane but emphasized by a different colour from the main wall These can be seen even on small terraced houses often using cast stone and used on both the door and ground floor windows Contents 1 History 2 Notes 3 References 4 External linksHistory editGibbs surround is named after the architect James Gibbs who often used it and popularized it in England for example at St Martin in the Fields in London Here the side doors have surrounds with all the details including pediments while the round topped windows along the sides have Gibbs surrounds if the broadest definition is used However Gibbs certainly did not invent it 1 The formula can be found in Ancient Roman architecture and became popular in Renaissance architecture from the early 16th century Gibbs illustrated a version in his pattern book A Book of Architecture 1728 though there the blocking stopped at the edge of the architrave More often the blocking overlies it This was swiftly plagiarized by rival books such as William Salmon s Palladio Londinensis 1734 which credits Andrea Palladio d 1580 with the origin of what Salmon calls a Rustick Window and door 1 The name is mainly used in Britain and other English speaking countries where the type was also most popular and long lasting As a relatively simple but effective way of ornamenting an opening it was widely used for minor doors or windows in grand buildings and the main door of more modest ones 1 The front door of Gibbs medium sized country house Ditchley House uses the device which he also used in the Fellows Building of King s College Cambridge and Wimpole Hall Cambridgeshire A version with columns rather than a moulded architrave was illustrated by Sebastiano Serlio in 1537 where the voussoirs but not the keystone push up past the bottom edge of the pediment Variations of this style are seen for example in the upper floor windows of Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza apparently part of the additions by Palladio where only the keystone breaks into the pediment 1 The effect of a Gibbs surround is achieved round the doors of the south front of the Petit Trianon by stopping the horizontally banded rustication short in alternate levels Early examples in America derived from the many English pattern books used there include the Aquia Church in Virginia of the 1750s and St Paul s Chapel in Manhattan completed in 1766 1 nbsp Serlio rusticated doorway with columns 1537 nbsp Palazzo Thiene in Vicenza Palladio mid 16th century nbsp Church door in Ireland with a Gibbs surround nbsp Russian window Yekaterinburg using Corinthian pilasters nbsp Aquia Church Virginia 1750s nbsp Georgian house in Worcester Cathedral Close nbsp Oxford Botanic Garden vermiculated blocks and no room for a pediment predating Gibbs nbsp Somerset House with vermiculated blocks nbsp Version with columns National Tramway Museum Relocated facade of the old Derby Assembly Rooms completed 1774 4 nbsp On the broadest definition the ground floor windows and the upper round window here have Gibbs surrounds nbsp Byelaw terraced house in Strood using cast stone nbsp Another Strood house 1896 Both of these have rusticated surface patterning on the shorter blocks Notes edit a b c d e f g h Loth Compare the stricter definition of the Illustrated Dictionary of Historic Architecture ed Cyril M Harris p 250 2013 reprint Courier Corporation ISBN 9780486132112 The framing of a door or window by a head composed of a triple keystone and by jambs that are bordered by protruding blocks of stone with that of the Illustrated Dictionary of Building by Peter Brett A door surround in the style of the architect James Gibb It consists of large blocks of stone interrupting the architrave Chitham 126 who uses this wide definition National Tramway MuseumReferences editChitham Robert The Classical Orders of Architecture 2007 Routledge ISBN 9781136358951 google books Fleming John Hugh Honour Nikolaus Pevsner 1998 The Penguin Dictionary of architecture and landscape architecture Penguin Books 5th edition ISBN 0670880175 Loth Calder CLASSICAL COMMENTS THE GIBBS SURROUND Institute of Classical Architecture amp Art English Heritage ThesaurusExternal links edit nbsp Media related to Gibbs surrounds at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Gibbs surround amp oldid 1163694343, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.